![Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023
ISSN: 2456-883X
105
Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between
2010-2021 from Sivas Province in Turkey
S. Dirican1*
1
Associate Professor, Department of Crop and Animal Production, Sivas Technical Sciences Vocational School, Sivas
Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey. Corresponding Author (S. Dirican) - Email: sdirican48@gmail.com*
DOI: https://doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2023.7109
Copyright: © 2023 S.Dirican. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Article Received: 24 January 2023 Article Accepted: 28 February 2023 Article Published: 16 March 2023
░ 1. Introduction
Climate is the long-term average weather conditions in a geographic area. Temperature, precipitation, relative
humidity, sunshine duration, sunshine intensity, pressure, wind direction, wind speed, evaporation are the factors
affecting the climate. Turkey is located between the temperate zone and the subtropical zone. Different climate
types are seen among the geographical regions of Turkey. The reason for this difference is that it is surrounded by
the sea on three sides, the extension of the mountains and the landforms. The landforms of a place are closely
related to the climate of that region.
As the landforms affect the climate formation, the climate and land structure also affect the economic activities of
that region. Turkey generally has a mountainous terrain. Animal husbandry in the mountainous regions, forestry in
the humid regions and agricultural activities in many regions are carried out. The difference in latitude, the distance
of the inner regions to the sea and the difference in altitude affect the temperature. The temperature difference is felt
more in the interior than in the coastal areas [1]. The location of Çamlıgöze Lake, chosen as the research area, is
located on the transition line between the temperate climate of the Black Sea Region of Turkey and the continental
climate of the Central Anatolia Region.
Turkey is a bridge between east and west. The 3% of Turkey's surface area is located in the European Continent
(Thrace) and the rest is in the Asian Continent (Anatolia). The surface area of Turkey is 783.562 km2
. The 11.4% of
this area consists of lakes and swamps, 28.8% is forest land, 35.8% is arable land, 19% is grassland, and 5% is
residential and other areas. In addition, Turkey's population reached 84.34 million as of 2020 and it is estimated that
the population will be 104.8 million in 2050. Turkey has 112 billion m3
of consumable surface and underground
water potential. Of this, 94 billion m3
is surface water and 18 billion m3
is groundwater. The annual amount of water
per person is 1,403 m3
. The 40 billion m3
of 112 billion m3
of water is used for irrigation, 7 billion m3
is used as
ABSTRACT
With the increasing world population, the importance of dam lakes is increasing within the framework of more effective and efficient use of water
resources. This study focuses on the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, located in Turkey, between the years 2010-2021. The annual
average water occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 was calculated as 69.55 percent. This shows that approximately seventy
percent of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was full between 2010-2021. According to these values, it was determined that the water occupancy rates of
Çamlıgöze Dam Lake did not face a serious decrease between 2010-2021. As a result, there is no short term problem in terms of water occupancy
rates in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, but this does not mean that it will not be a problem in the long term. For this reason, it should not be abandoned to use
the water of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake effectively, economically and consciously.
Keywords: Climate change; Çamlıgöze dam lake; Water; Occupancy; Rates; Turkey.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/83469-230419150805-ecc76fd2/85/Assessment-of-Water-Occupancy-Rates-of-the-Camligoze-Dam-Lake-between-2010-2021-from-Sivas-Province-in-Turkey-1-320.jpg)
![Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023
ISSN: 2456-883X
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drinking water and 7 billion m3
of water is used in industry. The 72.2% of the consumed water is obtained from
surface waters and 28.8% from groundwater [2]. The flow rates/regimes of the rivers, the amount of water they
carry and their erosional power vary throughout the year due to the fact that the precipitation in Turkey is variable
according to the regions and seasons and the bed slopes of the rivers vary. Due to the high bed slopes of the streams,
there are potentials such as hydroelectric power generation, agricultural irrigation and drinking water supply from
the rivers.
The 82% of the electrical energy consumed in the world is from fossil-based sources and nuclear sources; the
remaining 18% is supplied from hydraulic and renewable energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal) [3]. The largest
share in greenhouse gas emissions, which are considered to cause climate change, belongs to energy production and
conversion processes. In recent years, energy has become a problematic area both in the world and in Turkey. Fossil
fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are generally used in the supply of electrical energy.
In addition to the supply security problem in the field of energy, the fact that the use of fossil fuels is the main cause
of climate change, as well as the emission of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, creates a new
limiting factor. In this regard, attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, will be an
important factor that will affect policies in the energy sector. In addition, the energy sector is also affected by the
possible consequences of climate change. Dam lakes built in various regions are basically built for purposes such as
collecting the water potential around them and preserving the water, such as energy, drinking water, agricultural
irrigation. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, built in the Suşehri district of Sivas province, has started to hold water since 1998.
In the study, the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 were investigated in Sivas
province of Turkey.
░ 2. Materials and Methods
The study area is Çamlıgöze Dam Lake; It is located within the borders of Suşehri district of Sivas province in the
Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is located on the Kelkit Stream, one of the most
important branches of the Yeşilırmak River, approximately 10 km from the Suşehri district of Sivas province. Some
technical features of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are shown in Table 1. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was built between
1987-1998 in order to generate energy. It is built of clay core rock fill body type. The height of the dam lake from
the creek bed is 38.00 m. At the normal water level of the Çamlıgöze Dam, the lake volume and lake area are
59,000,000 m³ and 4.70 km², respectively. The maximum depth of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is 30 m. The installed
power of Çamlıgöze Hydroelectric Power Plant is 33.00 MW and produces 102.00 GW of energy annually (Table
1). Flow is observed throughout the year in Kelkit Stream feeding Çamlıgöze Dam Lake.
Suşehri district of Sivas province, where Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is located, is located in the northeastern part of
Turkey, at the intersection of 38.04 east longitude and 40.08 north latitude. The climate of the district is on the
transition line between the temperate climate of the Black Sea Region and the continental climate of the Central
Anatolia Region. For this reason, summers are dry and winters are warm compared to Central Anatolia. In winter,
precipitation is usually in the form of snow. The most abundant rain falls in the spring, while the autumn is
short-lived. The fact that the climate affecting the district is open to many different factors has also diversified the](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/83469-230419150805-ecc76fd2/85/Assessment-of-Water-Occupancy-Rates-of-the-Camligoze-Dam-Lake-between-2010-2021-from-Sivas-Province-in-Turkey-2-320.jpg)
![Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023
ISSN: 2456-883X
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vegetation. Tatar and Karacaören regions in the south of the district are covered with forests. The areas outside the
forest areas are partly covered with bushes and heaths, partly with meadows and pastures [4]. The main livelihood
of the district is agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture.
Table 1. Some technical features of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake
S.No. Property Value
1 Province Sivas
2 District Suşehri
3 Date of Construction Start 28.08.1987
4 Date of Construction End 16.05.1998
5 Purpose of the Dam Energy
6 Stream Kelkit Stream
7 Body Fill Type Clay Core Rock Fill
8 Height 38 m
9 Lake Volume 59.000.000 m3
10 Lake Area 4.70 km2
11 Maximum Depth 30 m
12 Installed Power 33.00 MW
13 Annual Production 102.00 GWh
In this study, water occupancy rate data between 2010 and 2021 obtained from the General Directorate of State
Hydraulic Works in Turkey for Çamlıgöze Dam Lake were used. The occupancy rate includes the data of the
monitored dams (with an active water volume of 3 million m3
and above). With these data obtained, the changes in
the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake were investigated between 2010 and 2021. The changes in the
water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake were analyzed and synthesized in accordance with the purpose of
the study. Occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was calculated as the ratio of active dam volume to total active
dam volume. The occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is expressed in %.
░ 3. Results and Discussion
Changes in the annual average water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010 and 2021 are
presented in Figure 1. According to the data of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works in Turkey, the
water occupancy rate in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was 63.41% in 2010, 61.90% in 2011, 70.90% in 2012, 64.30% in
2013, 67.80% in 2014, 55.00% in 2015, 57.10% in 2016, 71.60% in 2017, 86.00% in 2018, 55.00% in 2019,
86.00% in 2020 and 95.60% in 2021. While the highest water occupancy rate was determined as 95.60% in 2021,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/83469-230419150805-ecc76fd2/85/Assessment-of-Water-Occupancy-Rates-of-the-Camligoze-Dam-Lake-between-2010-2021-from-Sivas-Province-in-Turkey-3-320.jpg)
![Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023
ISSN: 2456-883X
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the lowest water occupancy rate was determined as 55.00% in 2015 and 2019 years (Figure 1). The average annual
water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake were calculated as 69.55 and the standard deviation was ±13.25 for
the period between 2010-2021. Accordingly, the water occupancy rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are in good
condition.
In this study, it has been determined that approximately 70 percent of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is full, according to the
water occupancy rates between 2010-2021. The slope line in Figure 1 is also upwards. This indicates that the
occupancy rates of the waters of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are at a good level. Therefore, water levels in Çamlıgöze
Dam Lake are quite normal for energy and for rainbow trout production in cages. Currently, there is no short-term
risk for Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in the production of rainbow trout in energy and cages.
Figure 1. Changes in the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in the period 2010-2021
Four kilometers above Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, Kılıçkaya Dam Lake with a depth of approximately 100 meters is
located. Kelkit Stream and other spring waters accumulate in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, and the rested and clean water
from here comes to Çamlıgöze Dam Lake. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake water level almost does not change during the
year. Because the water released from Kılıçkaya Dam comes to Çamlıgöze Dam Lake and the same amount of
water is used in Çamlıgöze Hydroelectric Power Plant and released back to the stream bed. Therefore, Çamlıgöze
Dam Lake has a stream feature. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake waters are slightly colder due to the fact that they come from
the depths of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake waters and the distance between the two dam lakes is short [5]. With these
features, Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is one of the rare dam lakes in Turkey.
According to the projections of the Turkish Statistical Institute, it is estimated that Turkey's population will reach
approximately 93 million in 2030. In this case, the amount of water per capita, which is currently 1,302 m3
/year,
will decrease to 1,204 m3
/year in 2030. It is possible to estimate the pressures on water resources with the effect of
factors such as the current growth rate of the country and the change in water consumption habits. In addition, all
these estimates can arise if available resources are transferred without destruction by that year. In this sense,
contrary to common belief, Turkey is not a water-rich country in terms of water per capita. According to the
63.41 61.9
70.9
64.3
67.8
55 57.1
71.6
86
55
86
95.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Water
Occupancy
Rates
(%)
Years](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/83469-230419150805-ecc76fd2/85/Assessment-of-Water-Occupancy-Rates-of-the-Camligoze-Dam-Lake-between-2010-2021-from-Sivas-Province-in-Turkey-4-320.jpg)
![Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023
ISSN: 2456-883X
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Falkenmark index, which classifies countries in terms of water potential per capita, Turkey is a country with "water
stress" as it has a water potential of 1,000-1,500 m3
per capita per year, and the amount of water per capita is below
the world average [2]. The nature, culture, history and environmental richness of a country are the elements that
provide the integration between the past and the future of that country. All kinds of investment planning should be
done without ignoring the fact that societies ensure their continuity by preserving and developing this wealth. Dam
lakes are multi-purpose structures. They serve many sectors and are instrumental in economic vitality in the sectors
they serve. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake Hydroelectric Power Plant produces 102.00 GW of energy annually (Table 1).
The water of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is mainly used for electricity generation, commercial fishing, aquaculture,
irrigation and recreation [6]. Starting to discuss the environmental effects of energy consumption results in reducing
the dependence on fossil fuels in energy policies and giving more importance to environmentally friendly energy
sources. Renewable energy should also play a major role in reducing poverty through sustainable development so
that people can more easily respond to the changes brought about by global warming and climate change. Because
renewable energy reduces poverty and reduces the likelihood of conflict over non-renewable energy sources [7].
Catfish, carp and rainbow trout constitute the majority of fish species caught in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake. In addition to
economic activities such as energy production and fishing in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, rainbow trout farming in cages
also provides very important contributions to the local economy in Suşehri district and Sivas province.
Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, located on Kelkit Stream, one of the most important branches of Yeşilırmak River, which is
the third largest river flowing into the Black Sea after Kızılırmak and Sakarya Rivers in Turkey, is in the
"Mesotrophic Lake" class [8]. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake has first class water quality and the annual average nitrate
value is 2.2 mg/L [9]. According to TWPCR [10], the water of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, which has first class water
quality, can be disinfected and used not only for drinking purposes, but also for recreational purposes, rainbow trout
farming, animal production and other purposes. Therefore, Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is an important water source for
the region and Turkey. The natural structure, water quality and ecological structure of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is very
suitable for rainbow trout farming. The waters of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are first class, that is, high quality water,
and are suitable for rainbow trout farming. The cold water released from the depths of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake comes
to Çamlıgöze Dam Lake and the same amount of water is used in Çamlıgöze Hydroelectric Power Plant and
released back to the stream bed. Thus, the continuous circulation of the waters of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake creates a
great potential for rainbow trout farming. According to the data of 2021 in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake; Approximately
4000 tons/year of rainbow trout is produced in a total of 155 cages [5].
Events within the context of climate change will affect the infrastructure, the areas where cultivation is carried out
and the transportation routes. At the same time, many communities living in aquatic ecosystems will be at risk in
terms of security. Water scarcity and difficulties in accessing water resources and competition will affect
aquaculture in marine and inland waters [11]. Rainbow trout farming in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is carried out
successfully with floating net cage systems. Rainbow trout farming in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake has a great importance
in terms of domestic consumption, contribution to export and employment, food security and socio-economic
aspects. It is important for the national economy to make the growth in the rainbow trout farming sector sustainable
in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake. With the increasing demand from domestic and foreign markets in recent years, rainbow](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/83469-230419150805-ecc76fd2/85/Assessment-of-Water-Occupancy-Rates-of-the-Camligoze-Dam-Lake-between-2010-2021-from-Sivas-Province-in-Turkey-5-320.jpg)
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trout production in net cages in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake has increased to significant levels. Rainbow trout farming in
cages is dependent on the waters of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake. Due to rainbow trout farming activities, there may be
negative changes in the ecosystem of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake over time. Monitoring and keeping these changes under
control is extremely important for sustainable aquaculture.
While it is observed that the water occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 is quite good, it has
been determined that the water occupancy rate, which was 55 percent in 2019, increased to 86.00 percent in 2020
and to 95.60 percent in 2021. The water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake increased in 2020 and 2021
compared to previous years. It has been observed that the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are
generally in good condition in the short term between 2010-2021 and there are no problems with the water
occupancy rates. The biggest threat to life on earth is global warming and climate change.
In recent years, the effects of global warming are observed not only in terrestrial regions, but also in wet areas such
as oceans, seas and lakes [12]. Meteorological data are constantly changing, so the situation of water occupancy
rates between 2010-2021 in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is good, but despite everything, using water sparingly and
consciously should not be abandoned. Water, an indispensable element for the continuation of life, is a natural and
scarce resource that cannot be replaced. Water is important not only for humans, but also for all living creatures and
the continuation of the habitable environment on earth. Limited, wasteful and polluted water, the use of which is not
given much attention today, will pose a great danger to humanity and cause irreversible results if precautions are not
taken. Although water covers a large part of the world, the scarcity of usable water resources needs to be recognized
now and it emerges that breakthroughs should be made in that direction. Increasing individual awareness will make
significant contributions to the more accurate and efficient use of water.
░ 4. Conclusion
With this study, it was determined that the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake did not face a serious
decrease between 2010-2021. Water is essential for the continuity of life. However, the amount, sources and quality
of water all over the world are under threat due to the negative effects of climate change. Natural disasters such as
floods and droughts experienced on a global scale in recent years threaten the ecosystem and water resources,
especially human life. Increases are observed in the incidence, impact and duration of these disasters. It is now
widely accepted that one of the main reasons that increase the severity of these threats is climate change. Climate
change is no longer an environmental problem, but a development problem. Since the living standards of our future
generations are directly dependent on our water resources and the effective management of water, precautions
should be taken against all hazards on the waters. As a result, decision makers should be forced to combine a
rational water management and physical planning, which also takes into account the amount of water, in the
planning of human development.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research work did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public or not-for-profit sectors.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/83469-230419150805-ecc76fd2/85/Assessment-of-Water-Occupancy-Rates-of-the-Camligoze-Dam-Lake-between-2010-2021-from-Sivas-Province-in-Turkey-6-320.jpg)
![Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023
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Competing Interests Statement
Author has declared no competing interests.
Consent for Publication
The author declares that he/she consented to the publication of this research work.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works of the Republic of Turkey for their
help in information sharing and data access.
References
[1] B.B. Mete, (2022). Climate change and its effects on agriculture in Turkey. Kırklareli University Institute of
Social Sciences, Department of Economics, Master's Thesis, Turkey, Pages 132.
[2] Anonymous, (2018). Turkey's seventh national statement. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and
Urbanization, General Directorate of Environmental Management, Department of Climate Change, Ankara,
Turkey, Pages 261.
[3] İ, Çolak, R. Bayındır, and M. Demirtaş, (2008). Energy future of Turkey. TÜBAV Journal of Science, 1(2):
36-44.
[4] S. Avan, (2010). Monograph of Suşehri. Niğde University, Social Sciences Institute, M.Sc. Thesis, Pages 217.
[5] S. Dirican, (2021). Cage aquaculture in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake (Sivas-Turkey): challenges and opportunities.
International Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 14(3): 247-254.
[6] S. Dirican, (2018). A study on reservoirs and intended purposes in Suşehri, Sivas, Turkey. Journal of Water
Pollution and Control, 1(2): 1-4.
[7] S. Doğan, and M. Tüzer, (2011). Global climate change and its potential effects. Journal of Economics and
Administrative Sciences, 12(1): 21-34.
[8] S. Dirican, H. Musul, and S. Çilek, (2009). Some physico-chemical characteristics and rotifers of Camligoze
Dam Lake, Susehri, Sivas, Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(4): 715-719.
[9] SEP, (2021). Sivas province 2020 environmental report. Republic of Turkey Sivas Governorship Provincial
Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, Branch Directorate of Environmental Impact
Assessment and Environmental Permits, Sivas, Turkey, Pages 188.
[10] TWPCR, (2008). Turkish water pollution control regulation. Ministry of Environment and Forest, The
Republic of Turkey Official Journal No: 26786, Pages 1-76.
[11] H.H. Atar, and T.G. Ataman, (2016). The effects of climate change on aquaculture. Journal of Agricultural
Engineering, 363: 17-22.
[12] F.E. Kayhan, G. Kaymak, Ş. Tatar, C. Akbulut, H.E. Esmer, and N.D.Y. Ertuğ, (2015). Effects of global
warming on fish and marine ecosystems. Erciyes University Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 31(3):
128-134.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/83469-230419150805-ecc76fd2/85/Assessment-of-Water-Occupancy-Rates-of-the-Camligoze-Dam-Lake-between-2010-2021-from-Sivas-Province-in-Turkey-7-320.jpg)
Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 from Sivas Province in Turkey
- 1. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023 ISSN: 2456-883X 105 Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 from Sivas Province in Turkey S. Dirican1* 1 Associate Professor, Department of Crop and Animal Production, Sivas Technical Sciences Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey. Corresponding Author (S. Dirican) - Email: [email protected]* DOI: https://doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2023.7109 Copyright: © 2023 S.Dirican. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Article Received: 24 January 2023 Article Accepted: 28 February 2023 Article Published: 16 March 2023 ░ 1. Introduction Climate is the long-term average weather conditions in a geographic area. Temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, sunshine duration, sunshine intensity, pressure, wind direction, wind speed, evaporation are the factors affecting the climate. Turkey is located between the temperate zone and the subtropical zone. Different climate types are seen among the geographical regions of Turkey. The reason for this difference is that it is surrounded by the sea on three sides, the extension of the mountains and the landforms. The landforms of a place are closely related to the climate of that region. As the landforms affect the climate formation, the climate and land structure also affect the economic activities of that region. Turkey generally has a mountainous terrain. Animal husbandry in the mountainous regions, forestry in the humid regions and agricultural activities in many regions are carried out. The difference in latitude, the distance of the inner regions to the sea and the difference in altitude affect the temperature. The temperature difference is felt more in the interior than in the coastal areas [1]. The location of Çamlıgöze Lake, chosen as the research area, is located on the transition line between the temperate climate of the Black Sea Region of Turkey and the continental climate of the Central Anatolia Region. Turkey is a bridge between east and west. The 3% of Turkey's surface area is located in the European Continent (Thrace) and the rest is in the Asian Continent (Anatolia). The surface area of Turkey is 783.562 km2 . The 11.4% of this area consists of lakes and swamps, 28.8% is forest land, 35.8% is arable land, 19% is grassland, and 5% is residential and other areas. In addition, Turkey's population reached 84.34 million as of 2020 and it is estimated that the population will be 104.8 million in 2050. Turkey has 112 billion m3 of consumable surface and underground water potential. Of this, 94 billion m3 is surface water and 18 billion m3 is groundwater. The annual amount of water per person is 1,403 m3 . The 40 billion m3 of 112 billion m3 of water is used for irrigation, 7 billion m3 is used as ABSTRACT With the increasing world population, the importance of dam lakes is increasing within the framework of more effective and efficient use of water resources. This study focuses on the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, located in Turkey, between the years 2010-2021. The annual average water occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 was calculated as 69.55 percent. This shows that approximately seventy percent of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was full between 2010-2021. According to these values, it was determined that the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake did not face a serious decrease between 2010-2021. As a result, there is no short term problem in terms of water occupancy rates in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, but this does not mean that it will not be a problem in the long term. For this reason, it should not be abandoned to use the water of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake effectively, economically and consciously. Keywords: Climate change; Çamlıgöze dam lake; Water; Occupancy; Rates; Turkey.
- 2. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023 ISSN: 2456-883X 106 drinking water and 7 billion m3 of water is used in industry. The 72.2% of the consumed water is obtained from surface waters and 28.8% from groundwater [2]. The flow rates/regimes of the rivers, the amount of water they carry and their erosional power vary throughout the year due to the fact that the precipitation in Turkey is variable according to the regions and seasons and the bed slopes of the rivers vary. Due to the high bed slopes of the streams, there are potentials such as hydroelectric power generation, agricultural irrigation and drinking water supply from the rivers. The 82% of the electrical energy consumed in the world is from fossil-based sources and nuclear sources; the remaining 18% is supplied from hydraulic and renewable energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal) [3]. The largest share in greenhouse gas emissions, which are considered to cause climate change, belongs to energy production and conversion processes. In recent years, energy has become a problematic area both in the world and in Turkey. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are generally used in the supply of electrical energy. In addition to the supply security problem in the field of energy, the fact that the use of fossil fuels is the main cause of climate change, as well as the emission of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, creates a new limiting factor. In this regard, attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, will be an important factor that will affect policies in the energy sector. In addition, the energy sector is also affected by the possible consequences of climate change. Dam lakes built in various regions are basically built for purposes such as collecting the water potential around them and preserving the water, such as energy, drinking water, agricultural irrigation. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, built in the Suşehri district of Sivas province, has started to hold water since 1998. In the study, the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 were investigated in Sivas province of Turkey. ░ 2. Materials and Methods The study area is Çamlıgöze Dam Lake; It is located within the borders of Suşehri district of Sivas province in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is located on the Kelkit Stream, one of the most important branches of the Yeşilırmak River, approximately 10 km from the Suşehri district of Sivas province. Some technical features of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are shown in Table 1. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was built between 1987-1998 in order to generate energy. It is built of clay core rock fill body type. The height of the dam lake from the creek bed is 38.00 m. At the normal water level of the Çamlıgöze Dam, the lake volume and lake area are 59,000,000 m³ and 4.70 km², respectively. The maximum depth of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is 30 m. The installed power of Çamlıgöze Hydroelectric Power Plant is 33.00 MW and produces 102.00 GW of energy annually (Table 1). Flow is observed throughout the year in Kelkit Stream feeding Çamlıgöze Dam Lake. Suşehri district of Sivas province, where Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is located, is located in the northeastern part of Turkey, at the intersection of 38.04 east longitude and 40.08 north latitude. The climate of the district is on the transition line between the temperate climate of the Black Sea Region and the continental climate of the Central Anatolia Region. For this reason, summers are dry and winters are warm compared to Central Anatolia. In winter, precipitation is usually in the form of snow. The most abundant rain falls in the spring, while the autumn is short-lived. The fact that the climate affecting the district is open to many different factors has also diversified the
- 3. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023 ISSN: 2456-883X 107 vegetation. Tatar and Karacaören regions in the south of the district are covered with forests. The areas outside the forest areas are partly covered with bushes and heaths, partly with meadows and pastures [4]. The main livelihood of the district is agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture. Table 1. Some technical features of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake S.No. Property Value 1 Province Sivas 2 District Suşehri 3 Date of Construction Start 28.08.1987 4 Date of Construction End 16.05.1998 5 Purpose of the Dam Energy 6 Stream Kelkit Stream 7 Body Fill Type Clay Core Rock Fill 8 Height 38 m 9 Lake Volume 59.000.000 m3 10 Lake Area 4.70 km2 11 Maximum Depth 30 m 12 Installed Power 33.00 MW 13 Annual Production 102.00 GWh In this study, water occupancy rate data between 2010 and 2021 obtained from the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works in Turkey for Çamlıgöze Dam Lake were used. The occupancy rate includes the data of the monitored dams (with an active water volume of 3 million m3 and above). With these data obtained, the changes in the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake were investigated between 2010 and 2021. The changes in the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake were analyzed and synthesized in accordance with the purpose of the study. Occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was calculated as the ratio of active dam volume to total active dam volume. The occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is expressed in %. ░ 3. Results and Discussion Changes in the annual average water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010 and 2021 are presented in Figure 1. According to the data of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works in Turkey, the water occupancy rate in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was 63.41% in 2010, 61.90% in 2011, 70.90% in 2012, 64.30% in 2013, 67.80% in 2014, 55.00% in 2015, 57.10% in 2016, 71.60% in 2017, 86.00% in 2018, 55.00% in 2019, 86.00% in 2020 and 95.60% in 2021. While the highest water occupancy rate was determined as 95.60% in 2021,
- 4. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023 ISSN: 2456-883X 108 the lowest water occupancy rate was determined as 55.00% in 2015 and 2019 years (Figure 1). The average annual water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake were calculated as 69.55 and the standard deviation was ±13.25 for the period between 2010-2021. Accordingly, the water occupancy rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are in good condition. In this study, it has been determined that approximately 70 percent of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is full, according to the water occupancy rates between 2010-2021. The slope line in Figure 1 is also upwards. This indicates that the occupancy rates of the waters of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are at a good level. Therefore, water levels in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are quite normal for energy and for rainbow trout production in cages. Currently, there is no short-term risk for Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in the production of rainbow trout in energy and cages. Figure 1. Changes in the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake in the period 2010-2021 Four kilometers above Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, Kılıçkaya Dam Lake with a depth of approximately 100 meters is located. Kelkit Stream and other spring waters accumulate in Kılıçkaya Dam Lake, and the rested and clean water from here comes to Çamlıgöze Dam Lake. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake water level almost does not change during the year. Because the water released from Kılıçkaya Dam comes to Çamlıgöze Dam Lake and the same amount of water is used in Çamlıgöze Hydroelectric Power Plant and released back to the stream bed. Therefore, Çamlıgöze Dam Lake has a stream feature. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake waters are slightly colder due to the fact that they come from the depths of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake waters and the distance between the two dam lakes is short [5]. With these features, Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is one of the rare dam lakes in Turkey. According to the projections of the Turkish Statistical Institute, it is estimated that Turkey's population will reach approximately 93 million in 2030. In this case, the amount of water per capita, which is currently 1,302 m3 /year, will decrease to 1,204 m3 /year in 2030. It is possible to estimate the pressures on water resources with the effect of factors such as the current growth rate of the country and the change in water consumption habits. In addition, all these estimates can arise if available resources are transferred without destruction by that year. In this sense, contrary to common belief, Turkey is not a water-rich country in terms of water per capita. According to the 63.41 61.9 70.9 64.3 67.8 55 57.1 71.6 86 55 86 95.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Water Occupancy Rates (%) Years
- 5. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023 ISSN: 2456-883X 109 Falkenmark index, which classifies countries in terms of water potential per capita, Turkey is a country with "water stress" as it has a water potential of 1,000-1,500 m3 per capita per year, and the amount of water per capita is below the world average [2]. The nature, culture, history and environmental richness of a country are the elements that provide the integration between the past and the future of that country. All kinds of investment planning should be done without ignoring the fact that societies ensure their continuity by preserving and developing this wealth. Dam lakes are multi-purpose structures. They serve many sectors and are instrumental in economic vitality in the sectors they serve. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake Hydroelectric Power Plant produces 102.00 GW of energy annually (Table 1). The water of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is mainly used for electricity generation, commercial fishing, aquaculture, irrigation and recreation [6]. Starting to discuss the environmental effects of energy consumption results in reducing the dependence on fossil fuels in energy policies and giving more importance to environmentally friendly energy sources. Renewable energy should also play a major role in reducing poverty through sustainable development so that people can more easily respond to the changes brought about by global warming and climate change. Because renewable energy reduces poverty and reduces the likelihood of conflict over non-renewable energy sources [7]. Catfish, carp and rainbow trout constitute the majority of fish species caught in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake. In addition to economic activities such as energy production and fishing in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, rainbow trout farming in cages also provides very important contributions to the local economy in Suşehri district and Sivas province. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, located on Kelkit Stream, one of the most important branches of Yeşilırmak River, which is the third largest river flowing into the Black Sea after Kızılırmak and Sakarya Rivers in Turkey, is in the "Mesotrophic Lake" class [8]. Çamlıgöze Dam Lake has first class water quality and the annual average nitrate value is 2.2 mg/L [9]. According to TWPCR [10], the water of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, which has first class water quality, can be disinfected and used not only for drinking purposes, but also for recreational purposes, rainbow trout farming, animal production and other purposes. Therefore, Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is an important water source for the region and Turkey. The natural structure, water quality and ecological structure of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is very suitable for rainbow trout farming. The waters of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are first class, that is, high quality water, and are suitable for rainbow trout farming. The cold water released from the depths of Kılıçkaya Dam Lake comes to Çamlıgöze Dam Lake and the same amount of water is used in Çamlıgöze Hydroelectric Power Plant and released back to the stream bed. Thus, the continuous circulation of the waters of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake creates a great potential for rainbow trout farming. According to the data of 2021 in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake; Approximately 4000 tons/year of rainbow trout is produced in a total of 155 cages [5]. Events within the context of climate change will affect the infrastructure, the areas where cultivation is carried out and the transportation routes. At the same time, many communities living in aquatic ecosystems will be at risk in terms of security. Water scarcity and difficulties in accessing water resources and competition will affect aquaculture in marine and inland waters [11]. Rainbow trout farming in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is carried out successfully with floating net cage systems. Rainbow trout farming in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake has a great importance in terms of domestic consumption, contribution to export and employment, food security and socio-economic aspects. It is important for the national economy to make the growth in the rainbow trout farming sector sustainable in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake. With the increasing demand from domestic and foreign markets in recent years, rainbow
- 6. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023 ISSN: 2456-883X 110 trout production in net cages in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake has increased to significant levels. Rainbow trout farming in cages is dependent on the waters of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake. Due to rainbow trout farming activities, there may be negative changes in the ecosystem of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake over time. Monitoring and keeping these changes under control is extremely important for sustainable aquaculture. While it is observed that the water occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 is quite good, it has been determined that the water occupancy rate, which was 55 percent in 2019, increased to 86.00 percent in 2020 and to 95.60 percent in 2021. The water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake increased in 2020 and 2021 compared to previous years. It has been observed that the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake are generally in good condition in the short term between 2010-2021 and there are no problems with the water occupancy rates. The biggest threat to life on earth is global warming and climate change. In recent years, the effects of global warming are observed not only in terrestrial regions, but also in wet areas such as oceans, seas and lakes [12]. Meteorological data are constantly changing, so the situation of water occupancy rates between 2010-2021 in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake is good, but despite everything, using water sparingly and consciously should not be abandoned. Water, an indispensable element for the continuation of life, is a natural and scarce resource that cannot be replaced. Water is important not only for humans, but also for all living creatures and the continuation of the habitable environment on earth. Limited, wasteful and polluted water, the use of which is not given much attention today, will pose a great danger to humanity and cause irreversible results if precautions are not taken. Although water covers a large part of the world, the scarcity of usable water resources needs to be recognized now and it emerges that breakthroughs should be made in that direction. Increasing individual awareness will make significant contributions to the more accurate and efficient use of water. ░ 4. Conclusion With this study, it was determined that the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake did not face a serious decrease between 2010-2021. Water is essential for the continuity of life. However, the amount, sources and quality of water all over the world are under threat due to the negative effects of climate change. Natural disasters such as floods and droughts experienced on a global scale in recent years threaten the ecosystem and water resources, especially human life. Increases are observed in the incidence, impact and duration of these disasters. It is now widely accepted that one of the main reasons that increase the severity of these threats is climate change. Climate change is no longer an environmental problem, but a development problem. Since the living standards of our future generations are directly dependent on our water resources and the effective management of water, precautions should be taken against all hazards on the waters. As a result, decision makers should be forced to combine a rational water management and physical planning, which also takes into account the amount of water, in the planning of human development. Declarations Source of Funding This research work did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public or not-for-profit sectors.
- 7. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 105-111, January-March 2023 ISSN: 2456-883X 111 Competing Interests Statement Author has declared no competing interests. Consent for Publication The author declares that he/she consented to the publication of this research work. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works of the Republic of Turkey for their help in information sharing and data access. References [1] B.B. Mete, (2022). Climate change and its effects on agriculture in Turkey. Kırklareli University Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Economics, Master's Thesis, Turkey, Pages 132. [2] Anonymous, (2018). Turkey's seventh national statement. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, General Directorate of Environmental Management, Department of Climate Change, Ankara, Turkey, Pages 261. [3] İ, Çolak, R. Bayındır, and M. Demirtaş, (2008). Energy future of Turkey. TÜBAV Journal of Science, 1(2): 36-44. [4] S. Avan, (2010). Monograph of Suşehri. Niğde University, Social Sciences Institute, M.Sc. Thesis, Pages 217. [5] S. Dirican, (2021). Cage aquaculture in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake (Sivas-Turkey): challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 14(3): 247-254. [6] S. Dirican, (2018). A study on reservoirs and intended purposes in Suşehri, Sivas, Turkey. Journal of Water Pollution and Control, 1(2): 1-4. [7] S. Doğan, and M. Tüzer, (2011). Global climate change and its potential effects. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 12(1): 21-34. [8] S. Dirican, H. Musul, and S. Çilek, (2009). Some physico-chemical characteristics and rotifers of Camligoze Dam Lake, Susehri, Sivas, Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(4): 715-719. [9] SEP, (2021). Sivas province 2020 environmental report. Republic of Turkey Sivas Governorship Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, Branch Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Permits, Sivas, Turkey, Pages 188. [10] TWPCR, (2008). Turkish water pollution control regulation. Ministry of Environment and Forest, The Republic of Turkey Official Journal No: 26786, Pages 1-76. [11] H.H. Atar, and T.G. Ataman, (2016). The effects of climate change on aquaculture. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 363: 17-22. [12] F.E. Kayhan, G. Kaymak, Ş. Tatar, C. Akbulut, H.E. Esmer, and N.D.Y. Ertuğ, (2015). Effects of global warming on fish and marine ecosystems. Erciyes University Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 31(3): 128-134.