Normalization in RDBMS
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The document discusses database normalization. It defines normalization as the process of organizing data to minimize redundancy and eliminate anomalies. It describes several normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and BCNF. The goal of normalization is to organize data into tables and links between tables to reduce duplication and ensure data integrity through various normal forms.
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All the DataOps, all the paradigms .
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reporting monthly for genset & Air Compressor.pptx
reporting monthly for genset & Air Compressor.pptxdacripapanjaitan Genset data
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Prescriptive Process Monitoring Under Uncertainty and Resource Constraints: A...
Prescriptive Process Monitoring Under Uncertainty and Resource Constraints: A...Mahmoud Shoush We introduced Black-Box Prescriptive Process Monitoring (BB-PrPM) – a reinforcement learning approach that learns when, whether, and how to intervene in business processes to boost performance under real-world constraints.
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最新版美国约翰霍普金斯大学毕业证（JHU毕业证书）原版定制
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Boost Business Efficiency with Professional Data Entry Services
Boost Business Efficiency with Professional Data Entry Serviceseloiacs eloiacs Boost Business Efficiency with Professional Data Entry Services
In today’s digital-first world, businesses generate and handle massive amounts of data every day — customer records, sales data, inventory logs, survey results, and much more. But raw data has no value unless it is well-organized, accurate, and easily accessible. That’s where professional data entry services come in.
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Data entry services refer to the process of converting information from various formats (handwritten, scanned, PDF, image, or audio) into structured, digital formats such as Excel sheets, CRM databases, or cloud storage systems. This work may be done online or offline, manually or using automation tools, depending on the client’s requirements.
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Model Evaluation & Visualisation part of a series of intro modules for data ...
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The Influence off Flexible Work Policies
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美国毕业证范本中华盛顿大学学位证书CWU学生卡购买
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中华盛顿大学成绩单能够体现您的的学习能力，包括中华盛顿大学课程成绩、专业能力、研究能力。（q微1954292140）具体来说，成绩报告单通常包含学生的学习技能与习惯、各科成绩以及老师评语等部分，因此，成绩单不仅是学生学术能力的证明，也是评估学生是否适合某个教育项目的重要依据！
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Normalization in RDBMS
- 1. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WITH FINANCE NORMALIZATION in DBMS Dr.SNS RAJALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE COIMBATORE-49 (AUTONOMOUS) Accredited by NAAC (Cycle-III) with ‘A+’ Grade
- 2. Introduction Normal Forms Anomalies in DBMS Types of Normal Forms Conclusion
- 3. Normalization is the process of organizing the data in the database. Normalization is used to minimize the redundancy from a relation or set of relations. It is also used to eliminate the undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update and Deletion Anomalies. Normalization divides the larger table into the smaller table and links them using relationship. The normal form is used to reduce redundancy from the database table.
- 4. Edgar Codd proposed the theory of normalization of data with First Normal Form and extending the theory with Second and Third Normal Form. Later he joined Raymond F. Boyce to develop the theory of Boyce-Codd Normal Form. By using different normal forms we can remove all these anomalies and bring the database to a consistent state.
- 5. Stu_id Stu_name Stu_add Course_co de 1001 shiva cbe 219 1002 arul chennai 218 1001 shiva cbe 218 1003 vijay ooty 219 krishna kerela 220 1005 reva Kodai 221 Update anomalies Deletion anomalies Insert anomalies Fees not Paid Deleting a course code will delete the data
- 6. 1NF 2NF 3NF BCNF • It contains an atomic value • Non-key attributes are fully functional dependent on the primary key. • No transition dependency exists. •It has no multi-valued dependency.
- 7. A relation will be 1NF if it contains an atomic value. It states that an attribute of a table cannot hold multiple values. It must hold only single-valued attribute. First normal form disallows the multi-valued attribute, composite attribute, and their combinations. id name phone add 101 hari 247859, 248795 cbe 102 lali 248964 ooty id name phone add 101 hari 247859, cbe 101 hari 248795 cbe Before 1NF After 1NF
- 8. In the second normal form, all non-key attributes are fully functional dependent on the primary key. id sub 101 maths 101 che 102 social 103 tamil id sub age 101 maths 40 101 che 40 102 social 28 103 tamil 30 id name 101 40 101 40 102 28 103 30
- 9. A relation will be in 3NF if it is in 2NF and not contain any transitive partial dependency. 3NF is used to reduce the data duplication. It is also used to achieve the data integrity. If there is no transitive dependency for non-prime attributes, then the relation must be in third normal form.
- 10. emp_id emp_name emp_zip emp_state emp_city emp_distri ct 1001 John 282005 UP Agra Dayal Bagh 1002 Ajeet 222008 TN Chennai M-City 1006 Lora 282007 TN Chennai Urrapakka m 1101 Lilly 292008 UK Pauri Bhagwan emp _id emp_ name emp_zip 1001 John 282005 1002 Ajeet 222008 1006 Lora 282007 1101 Lilly 292008 emp_id emp_state emp_cit y emp_dis trict 1001 UP Agra Dayal Bagh 1002 TN Chennai M-City 1006 TN Chennai Urrapakk am 1101 UK Pauri Bhagwan
- 11. BCNF is the advance version of 3NF. It is stricter than 3NF. A table is in BCNF if every functional dependency X → Y, X is the super key of the table. emp_id emp_country emp_ Dept Dept_Type emp_dept no 1001 India 245 design 801 1001 India 521 test 541 1002 Africa 654 store 654 1002 Africa 245 maintain 254
- 12. Emp_country table: emp_id emp_country 1001 India 1001 India EMP_DEPT table: emp_Dept Dept_Ty pe emp_dept no 245 design 801 521 test 541 654 store 654 245 maintain 254 EMP_DEPT_MAPPING table: emp_id emp_Dept 1001 245 1001 521 1002 654 1002 245