SPONGOSPORA DAN POLYMYXA
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1. Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea is a soil-borne protist pathogen that causes powdery scab disease in potato and tomato plants. It has a worldwide distribution. 2. The pathogen has an obligate biotrophic relationship with its host plants. Its life cycle involves the formation of resting spores in plant roots that release zoospores to infect new roots. 3. Infection leads to abnormal root tissues and above-ground symptoms like wilting, discoloration, and reduced yield. The pathogen poses an economic threat to potato production.
SPONGOSPORA DAN POLYMYXA
- 1. PASCASARJANA AGRONOMI FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN SUMEDANG 2016 Josua Crystovel 150320160005 MIKOLOGI TANAMAN SPONGOSPORA DAN POLYMYXA
- 2. Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea J.A. Toml. Klasifikasi Tumbuhan Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Plasmodiales Class: Plasmodiophoromycetes Order: Plasmodiophorales Family: Plasmodiophoraceae Nama Umum: Powdery scab, Corky scab, Powdery scab of potato, Tomato powdery scab, Corky scab: potato Sinonim: Sorosporium scabies Inang Utama: Kentang dan Tomat; Solanum tuberosum (Potato), Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) Inang Lainnya: Cabai, Apel, Tembakau; Capsicum annuum (bell pepper), Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Physalis peruviana (cape gooseberry), Solanum marginatum (white-edged nightshade), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Tussilago farfara (Colt's-foot), Ullucus tuberosus (Ulluco).
- 3. Distribusi Geografis: Asia: China, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Turkey Eropa: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia (former), Denmark, Finland, Former Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom Afrika: Algeria, Burundi, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe Amerika Tengah dan Caribbean: Costa Rica, Panama Amerika Selatan: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Amerika Utara: Canada,USA
- 4. Morphologi: Secara morfologi spesies S. subterranea f.sp. subterranea dan f.sp. Nasturtii memiliki kesamaan,dan dilaporkan tidak memiliki perbedaan sama sekali. Tetapi pengukuran secara mikroskopik agak berbeda antara fsp. Subterranea dengan f.sp. Nasturii karena inang utama mereka memang berbeda. Protozoa seperti jamur ini memiliki bentuk bulat telur, tidak teratur, memanjang tipis(sporeballs), serta memiliki diameter 19-85 m (18-82 pM), yang terdiri dari agregat kista erat (spora tidur) mengelilingi pusat berongga, membuat spons tipis seperti gabus. Setiap kista adalah berbentuk polyhedral, dengan diameter 3,5-4,5 um dengan halus, tipis, dinding kuning-coklat. Kista menimbulkan uninucleate, memiliki bulat telur untuk zoospora bola diameter 2,5-4,5 um (2,5-6,0 m) serta memiliki dua flagella jenis whiplash yang tidak sama panjang (sekitar 0,5 dan 14 m), apikal melekat dan malah searah.
- 6. Siklus Hidup S. subterranea f.sp. subterranea
- 10. Jaringan yang abnormal seperti koreng pada akar kentang
- 11. Serangan Pada Akar Tanaman
- 12. Akibat Bagian Tanaman Diserang Daun: layu Akar: koreng; mengurangi sistem akar Batang: Bentuk normal organ vegetatif: perubahan warna eksternal (perubahan warna) Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea adalah organisme karantina untuk beberapa negara dan dapat memiliki dampak ekonomi yang cukup besar pada tanaman kentang nasional. Impor umbi kentang dari negara-negara yang terkena kontaminasi harus hati-hati dan seleksi yang akurat dalam impor umbi diuji dan jika mungkin tidak mengimpor area yang terkena. Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea juga terdaftar sebagai hama karantina, daerah produksi kentang dimonitor dan dievaluasi dengan tindakan karantina. Terhadap umbi- umbian, tanah dan tanaman bagianyang diragukan harus diuji setiap tahun.
- 13. Kegiatan Inspeksi Kentang Dilapangan dan Digudang
- 14. Rujukan Pustaka: De boer, R., and Tony, P. Powdery scab and potato production in Australia. http://www.pa.ipw.agrl.ethz.ch/spongospora/EUworkshop/proceeding17.pdf Draper, M. A., Secore, G. A., and Gudmestad, N. C. 1997. First report of potato powdery scab , Caused by Spongospora sunterranea f.sp. subterranea , in North Dakota. Plant Disease, 81: 693. EPPO/CABI 1997 Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea. In : Quarantine pest for Europe. 2nd edition.(Ed. By Smith, I. M., McNamara, D. G., Scott, P. R. and Holerness, M.) CAB INTERNATIONAL, Wallingford, UK. Hamidullah, J., Hidalgo, A. H., Mohammad, A. and Shafqatullah K. 2002. Effect of seed treatment with fungicides on the control of powdery scab of potato. Asian Journal of plant sciences, 44: 454-455. Iftikhar. S., Fahmeed. F., Ahmad. I., and Hameed., A. 2002. Characterization of Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea, the cause of powdery scab of potato in Pakistan. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences. 2(7): 441-443. Merz, U., Ahmad I. and Iftikhar, S. Evidence for the presence of Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea in North areas in Pakistan and its importance for national potato production. http://www.sfiar.ch/document/poster/merz.pdf Miller, J. 2001. Powdery scab-Summary Notes. http://www.uidaho.edu/ag/plantdisease/scabnote.htm http://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/Datasheet.aspx?dsid=51088 http://www.scri.ac.uk/research/pp/pestanddisease/pmtv http://www.hutton.ac.uk/research/groups/cell-and-molecular-sciences/virus-research/hostpathogen interactions/potato-mop-top-virus. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/225784644_Alternative_hosts_for_potato_moptop_ virus_genus_Pomovirus_and_its_vectorSpongospora_subterranea_f.sp._subterranea. 14-http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18070323
- 16. Polymyxa graminis adalah spesies protista plasmodiophorid. Polymyxa graminis merupakan parasit obligat dari akar tanaman. Polymyxa graminis
- 17. Polymyxa graminis. (a) Siklus Hidup (b) scanning dengan mikrograph elektron pada zoospora tunggal biflagelate; (c) scanning mikrograph elektron pada sporosorus tunggal. Re-drawn after Williams (1973).
- 18. Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) that belong to Bymovirus genus, familiy Potyvirideae, are causal agents of soil-borne mosaic disease in winter barley in the UK, China, Japan and several European countries, but they are not yet reported in the Czech Republic. This disease is economically important and in years particularly favourable for disease development is known to cause crop yield losses of up to 50-70 %. Mechanical transmission of BaMMV into barley seedlings is generally inefficient and is the major constraint for testing cultivar resistance to the virus. Both viruses are transmitted to plants exclusively by a vector,
- 19. Penyebaran Cepat Di Jerman Pada Tahun 1978 seorang peneliti Huth melaporkan adanya gejala serangan Barley yellow mosaic virus.
- 20. Serangan Polymyxa pada tanaman
- 21. Polymyxa graminis, which is a relatively poor characterised eukaryotic fungal-like micro- organism. It survives in the soil as resting spores (cystosori) containing the viruses within their protective ‗shells‘. When the host plants are present and the environmental conditions are favourable, these spores release swimming zoospores which invade and develop in the roots of barley and some other cereal crops. During root invasion, the viruses are transmitted to healthy root cells from where they move upwards systemically into the shoots and leaves where they cause mosaic symptoms, general stunting of the crop and poor seed set.
- 22. Contoh Jurnal laporan tentang polymyxa graminis
- 23. Contoh Jurnal laporan tentang polymyxa graminis
- 24. Contoh Jurnal laporan tentang polymyxa graminis
- 25. Rujukan Pustaka: Mutasa E.S., Chwarszczynska D.M., Adams M.J., Ward E., Asher M.J.C., 1995. Development of PCR for the detection of Polymyxa betae in sugar-beet roots and its application in field studies. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 47: 303-313. Ward E., Adams M.J., 1998. Analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences of Polymyxa species and related fungi and the development of genus- and species-specific PCR primers. Mycological Research 102:965-974. Adams, M. J. 1990. Epidemiology of fungally-transmitted viruses. Soil Use Manage. 6:184-189. Maraite, H., Goffart, J.-P., and Bastin, V. 1988. Development of a quantitative method for assessment of Polymyxa graminis Led. Inoculum potential in soils. Pages 259-266 in: Integrated Crop Protection in Cereals. R. Cavalloro and K. D. Sutherland, eds. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Littlefield, L. J., Delfosse, P., Whallon, J. H., Hassan, Z. M., Sherwood, J. L., and Reddy, D. V. R. 1997. Anatomy of sporosori of Polymyxa graminis, the vector of Indian peanut clump virus, in roots of Sorghum bicolor. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:281-288. Maraite, H., Goffart, J.-P., and Bastin, V. 1988. Development of a quantitative method for assessment of Polymyxa graminis Led. Inoculum potential in soils. Pages 259-266 in: Integrated Crop Protection in Cereals. R. Cavalloro and Ratna, A. S., Rao, A. S., Nolt, B. L., Reddy, D. V. R., Vijayalakshmi, M., and McDonald, D. 1991. Studies on the transmission of Indian peanut clump virus disease by Polymyxa graminis. Ann. Appl. Biol. 118:71-78. Goffart, J.-P., Van Bol, V., and Maraite, H. 1987. Quantification du potentiel d’inoculum de Polymyxa betae dans les sols. Pages 295-306 in: Proc. 50th Winter Congress IIRB. I.I.R.B., Brussels, Belgium.