Chapter 7 design rules
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This document discusses different types of design rules for interaction design including principles, standards, and guidelines. Principles for usability include learnability, flexibility, and robustness. Standards have high authority but limited application, while guidelines have lower authority but more general application. Common standards and guidelines like Nielsen's heuristics and Shneiderman's Golden Rules are presented. Design patterns capture reusable design knowledge, originating from architecture.
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PC LEESOON 6.pptxMLG College of Learning, Inc The document discusses configuring basic settings on a Cisco switch, including:
- Setting the boot system to define the IOS image loaded during startup.
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- Securing remote access using SSH instead of Telnet by generating RSA key pairs, configuring user authentication, and enabling SSH version 2.
- Implementing port security to restrict which MAC addresses can transmit on switch ports and limit them to the configured number.
PC 106 PPT-09.pptx
PC 106 PPT-09.pptxMLG College of Learning, Inc This document discusses the configuration and installation of UTP cables. It describes the standard arrangement of wires in a UTP cable, with the wires being twisted to cancel out noise and crosstalk. It also lists the tools and materials needed for installing UTP cables, such as wire cutters, strippers, crimp tools, RJ45 connectors, and testers. Finally, it outlines the 8 steps to properly crimp a UTP cable, which includes stripping the cable, placing the wires in the connector, and crimping to complete the connection.
PC 106 PPT-07
PC 106 PPT-07MLG College of Learning, Inc This document discusses network protocols. It begins by defining what a protocol is and provides some common examples used at different layers, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and HTTP. It then explains that protocols break large processes into smaller tasks and functions that must cooperate across network levels. Protocols are created according to industry standards. The document categorizes protocols for communication, network management, and security. It provides examples for each category and concludes with descriptions of some frequently used protocols like HTTP, SSH, and SMS.
PC 106 PPT-01
PC 106 PPT-01MLG College of Learning, Inc This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
PC 106 PPT-06
PC 106 PPT-06MLG College of Learning, Inc The document discusses the OSI model, which defines 7 layers for network communication: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. It was developed by ISO to standardize network architectures and allow components from different vendors to communicate. Each layer has a set of well-defined functions and builds upon the layers below it, with standards developed independently for easier introduction and less effect of changes on other layers. This model divides network communication into simpler components and encourages standardization.
PC 106 PPT-05
PC 106 PPT-05MLG College of Learning, Inc There are several common network topologies for LANs and WANs. Common LAN topologies include bus, star, ring, switched, daisy chain, and hierarchical topologies. Bus topology is easy to implement but has limited cable length. Star topology is easy to manage and scale but a failure of the central device takes down the whole network. Ring topology provides better performance than bus but a single failure affects the whole network. WAN topologies include peer-to-peer, ring, star, full mesh, partial mesh, multi-tiered, and hybrid configurations with different tradeoffs around cost, performance, redundancy, and scalability.
PC 106 Slide 04
PC 106 Slide 04MLG College of Learning, Inc Network media refers to the communication channels used to connect nodes on a computer network. Common network media include copper cables like twisted pair and coaxial, optical fiber cables, and wireless transmission using radio waves. Key factors in choosing network media include the network topology, size, required transmission speed and distance, environment, and cost. A network interface card installed in each computer enables it to connect to the chosen network media type.
PC 106 Slide no.02
PC 106 Slide no.02MLG College of Learning, Inc A computer network is composed of end devices, network media, and intermediary devices connected together. The number of computers that can be connected depends on the type of network, which is classified by geographical size as a personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN), campus area network (CAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), wireless local area network (WLAN), or peer-to-peer network. In a client/server network, servers provide centralized services and resources to client devices, while in a peer-to-peer network all devices can act as both clients and servers sharing resources directly.
pc-106-slide-3
pc-106-slide-3MLG College of Learning, Inc Network hardware includes end devices like servers, computers, VoIP phones, security cameras, and mobile devices. It also includes intermediary devices like hubs, switches, wireless access points, repeaters, bridges, and routers. Servers store files and applications for sharing. Switches provide connections and send information directly to the correct location. Wireless access points allow Wi-Fi devices to connect to wired networks. Routers select the best path to route messages between networks. Network interface cards provide the physical connection between computers and the network.
PC 106 Slide 2
PC 106 Slide 2MLG College of Learning, Inc The document discusses different types of computer networks classified by their geographical size, including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), and wireless local area networks (WLANs). It provides details on each type of network, such as LANs connecting computers close together within the same building, MANs connecting LANs within a city that are too far for a direct connection, and WANs spanning large geographic areas like cities or countries. The document also illustrates a basic computer network and reviews common network acronyms.
PC 106 Slide 1.pptx
PC 106 Slide 1.pptxMLG College of Learning, Inc A computer network connects multiple computers together to allow them to communicate and share resources. The basic building blocks of a network include computers equipped with network ports, cables to connect the computers, and a network switch for them to plug into. Larger networks may include additional components like routers or repeaters. Computer networks provide benefits such as hardware and data sharing between connected devices, enhanced real-time communication, collaborative work environments, access to shared programs stored on servers, and increased storage capacity from network-attached devices. However, networks also pose security threats from hacking or data theft, single point of failures if the main server crashes, and potential virus or malware spread throughout the connected systems. Proper technical skills are required to administer large computer networks
Db2 characteristics of db ms
Db2 characteristics of db msMLG College of Learning, Inc This document discusses the fundamentals of database systems. It outlines four key characteristics: the self-describing nature of databases through metadata stored in the DBMS catalog; insulation between programs and data through program-data independence; support of multiple views of data through user-specific subsets or views; and sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing through concurrency control in a multiuser environment.
Db1 introduction
Db1 introductionMLG College of Learning, Inc This document defines key terms related to database systems and provides an overview of database fundamentals. It defines data, information, and databases. A database management system (DBMS) is introduced as a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database by defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing the data. A DBMS also protects the database and maintains it over time. Examples of database systems that store student and course information are provided to illustrate database concepts. Characteristics of the DBMS approach are compared to the traditional file system approach.
Lesson 3.2
Lesson 3.2MLG College of Learning, Inc A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process or system. This document provides flowcharts for troubleshooting various hardware issues, including hard drive boot problems, CPU/RAM/motherboard performance issues, video adapter/GPU/monitor problems, peripheral device failures, SCSI/SAS drive errors, and DVD/CD/Blu-ray recording issues. The flowcharts help diagnose common problems and their potential solutions.
Lesson 3.1
Lesson 3.1MLG College of Learning, Inc This document discusses common computer errors, including hardware errors like blank monitors, hard drive failures, and faulty keyboards or mice. It also covers software errors such as access denied, file not found, and out of memory issues. Specific error types like disk read errors, boot failures, freezing, and the blue screen of death are explained in more detail. The document emphasizes the importance of properly diagnosing errors to identify whether the issue is hardware or software related.
Lesson 1.6
Lesson 1.6MLG College of Learning, Inc Bootable media contains software that allows a computer to boot from a removable device like a USB flash drive. When booting, the computer performs self-checks, loads the BIOS which finds the boot loader on the hard drive, and then loads the operating system along with hardware drivers and any startup programs. Bootable USB flash drives provide an easy way to install operating systems without discs by creating a portable boot device.
Lesson 3.2
Lesson 3.2MLG College of Learning, Inc Computer troubleshooting is a systematic process used to locate the cause of faults in computer systems and resolve hardware and software issues. It involves following a logical process with steps like identifying the problem, establishing a probable cause, testing theories to determine the cause, developing a solution plan, verifying the system works, and documenting findings. Troubleshooting skills are developed over time through experience solving different problems. Common computer issues include failures of storage devices, motherboards, power supplies, CPUs, memory, displays, and more. Solutions may involve checking connections, updating drivers or BIOS, replacing faulty components, and ensuring proper cooling and power.
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- 2. DESIGN RULES Designing for maximum usability – the goal of interaction design • Principles of usability • general understanding • Standards and guidelines • direction for design • Design patterns • capture and reuse design knowledge
- 3. TYPES OF DESIGN RULES • principles • abstract design rules • low authority • high generality • standards • specific design rules • high authority • limited application • guidelines • lower authority • more general application increasing authorityincreasinggenerality Standards Guidelines increasing authority increasinggenerality
- 4. PRINCIPLES TO SUPPORT USABILITY Learnability the ease with which new users can begin effective interaction and achieve maximal performance Flexibility the multiplicity of ways the user and system exchange information Robustness the level of support provided the user in determining successful achievement and assessment of goal-directed behaviour
- 5. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNABILITY Predictability • determining effect of future actions based on past interaction history • operation visibility Synthesizability • assessing the effect of past actions • immediate vs. eventual honesty
- 6. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNABILITY (CTD) Familiarity • how prior knowledge applies to new system • guessability; affordance Generalizability • extending specific interaction knowledge to new situations Consistency • likeness in input/output behaviour arising from similar situations or task objectives
- 7. PRINCIPLES OF FLEXIBILITY Dialogue initiative • freedom from system imposed constraints on input dialogue • system vs. user pre-emptiveness Multithreading • ability of system to support user interaction for more than one task at a time • concurrent vs. interleaving; multimodality Task migratability • passing responsibility for task execution between user and system
- 8. PRINCIPLES OF FLEXIBILITY (CTD) Substitutivity • allowing equivalent values of input and output to be substituted for each other • representation multiplicity; equal opportunity Customizability • modifiability of the user interface by user (adaptability) or system (adaptivity)
- 9. PRINCIPLES OF ROBUSTNESS Observability • ability of user to evaluate the internal state of the system from its perceivable representation • browsability; defaults; reachability; persistence; operation visibility Recoverability • ability of user to take corrective action once an error has been recognized • reachability; forward/backward recovery; commensurate effort
- 10. PRINCIPLES OF ROBUSTNESS (CTD) Responsiveness • how the user perceives the rate of communication with the system • Stability Task conformance • degree to which system services support all of the user's tasks • task completeness; task adequacy
- 11. USING DESIGN RULES Design rules • suggest how to increase usability • differ in generality and authority increasing authority increasinggenerality Standards Guidelines increasing authority increasinggenerality
- 12. STANDARDS • set by national or international bodies to ensure compliance by a large community of designers standards require sound underlying theory and slowly changing technology • hardware standards more common than software high authority and low level of detail • ISO 9241 defines usability as effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction with which users accomplish tasks
- 13. GUIDELINES • more suggestive and general • many textbooks and reports full of guidelines • abstract guidelines (principles) applicable during early life cycle activities • detailed guidelines (style guides) applicable during later life cycle activities • understanding justification for guidelines aids in resolving conflicts
- 14. GOLDEN RULES AND HEURISTICS • “Broad brush” design rules • Useful check list for good design • Better design using these than using nothing! • Different collections e.g. • Nielsen’s 10 Heuristics (see Chapter 9) • Shneiderman’s 8 Golden Rules • Norman’s 7 Principles
- 15. SHNEIDERMAN’S 8 GOLDEN RULES 1. Strive for consistency 2. Enable frequent users to use shortcuts 3. Offer informative feedback 4. Design dialogs to yield closure 5. Offer error prevention and simple error handling 6. Permit easy reversal of actions 7. Support internal locus of control 8. Reduce short-term memory load
- 16. NORMAN’S 7 PRINCIPLES 1. Use both knowledge in the world and knowledge in the head. 2. Simplify the structure of tasks. 3. Make things visible: bridge the gulfs of Execution and Evaluation. 4. Get the mappings right. 5. Exploit the power of constraints, both natural and artificial. 6. Design for error. 7. When all else fails, standardize.
- 17. HCI DESIGN PATTERNS • An approach to reusing knowledge about successful design solutions • Originated in architecture: Alexander • A pattern is an invariant solution to a recurrent problem within a specific context. • Examples • Light on Two Sides of Every Room (architecture) • Go back to a safe place (HCI) • Patterns do not exist in isolation but are linked to other patterns in languages which enable complete designs to be generated
- 18. HCI DESIGN PATTERNS (CONT.) • Characteristics of patterns • capture design practice not theory • capture the essential common properties of good examples of design • represent design knowledge at varying levels: social, organisational, conceptual, detailed • embody values and can express what is humane in interface design • are intuitive and readable and can therefore be used for communication between all stakeholders • a pattern language should be generative and assist in the development of complete designs.
- 19. SUMMARY Principles for usability • repeatable design for usability relies on maximizing benefit of one good design by abstracting out the general properties which can direct purposeful design • The success of designing for usability requires both creative insight (new paradigms) and purposeful principled practice Using design rules • standards and guidelines to direct design activity