![Vitamin A
• Also known as [A1]Retinol , [A2]Dehydroretinol
PROPERTIES
• Ordinarily retinol is a viscoid, colourless oil.
• Soluble in fats & fat solvents.
• Insoluble in water.
• Loss of vit. A in cooking, canning and freezing of foodstuffs.
• Destroyed when exposure to sunlight](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vitamins-221017065913-e3bd21bd/85/Pharmacology-of-Vitamins-Minerals-8-320.jpg)
Pharmacology of Vitamins & Minerals
- 1. Mk Vitamins & Minerals Presented By Dr. Manoj Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacology Adesh Medical College & Hospital Ambala Can’t
- 2. VITAMINS • Organic compounds . • Required in small amount in diet to maintain normal metabolic function. • They are produce in nature, both plant & animal. • All common food stuff contain more than one vitamin. • Non-antigenic. • Effective when take orally.
- 3. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE • Essential for growth, maintenance & reproduction. • They are not used for energy production. • Fat soluble vit. are required for normal colour vision, blood clotting, bone formation & maintenance of membrane structure. • Most of the water soluble vit. function as coenzymes involved in carbohydrate, lipid & amino acid metabolism etc. • Vit. A & D act as steroid hormones. • Deficiency of fat soluble vit. produce night blindness, skeletal deformation, haemorrhages & hemolysis.
- 4. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE (Cont..) • Deficiency of water soluble vitamins produce beriberi, glossitis, pellagra, microcytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia & scurvy. • Some vit. analogs are used as drugs. For e.g. folic acid analogs are used as anticancer agents & antibiotics. • Consumption of vit. C in significant amounts reduces severity of cold. • Vit. B12, Folic acid & Vit. B6 are beneficial to coronary artery disease patients. They lower plasma homocysteine levels.
- 6. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS • These are oily substances, not readily soluble in water • They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. • Fat soluble vitamins include vitamin A,D,E,& K. • Vit. A ,E & K are terpenoids • Vit. D is a steroid
- 8. Vitamin A • Also known as [A1]Retinol , [A2]Dehydroretinol PROPERTIES • Ordinarily retinol is a viscoid, colourless oil. • Soluble in fats & fat solvents. • Insoluble in water. • Loss of vit. A in cooking, canning and freezing of foodstuffs. • Destroyed when exposure to sunlight
- 9. Capsule
- 10. DEFICIENCY DISEASES • Vit. A is affects of the various metabolic processes in the body • Vitamin A deficiency leads to various diseases such as: • Xerophthalmia • Keratomalacia • Phynoderma
- 11. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS • RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowances) of vit. A is about 5,000 (I.U). • Growing children's, adults, pregnant women & lactating mother require high doses up to 8,000 I.U. ADVER EFFECTS • Bone thinning. • Liver damage. • Headache. • Diarrhea. • Nausea. • Skin irritation. • Pain in joints & bone. • Birth defects.
- 13. Vitamin D • Also known as sunshine vit. or antirachitic factor PROPERTIES • Vit. D is a white & colourless crystalline substance • Soluble in fat & fat solvents • Not affected by acids & alkali's.
- 16. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS • Vit. D requirement is the amount of ultraviolet light to which the individual is exposed. • For adults also, exposure to sunlight for 30 minutes a day is requirement. • 400 IU is recommended for infants, lactating mother & pregnant women. • Daily allowance 200 - 400 IU is adequate.
- 17. ADVER EFFECTS High doses • Diarrhea • Dizziness or faintness (with the injection only) • Flushing or redness of skin • Headache • Increase in urination (mild) • Nausea or vomiting • Stomach cramps
- 19. VITAMIN E • Also known as anti-sterility factor PROPERTIES • Vit. E is a light yellow oil. • Resistant to heat and acids. • Slowly oxidized and destroyed by UV rays. METABOLIC FUNCTION • Act as anti-oxidents • Control Oxygen consumption • Participate in nucleic acid metabolism
- 21. DEFICIENCY DISEASE • Premature, very low birth weight infants. • Neurological problems. • Impairment of the immune response . • Neuromuscular problems. • Rare disorders of fat metabolism. • Fat Malabsorption .
- 22. Human requirements • RDA, 15 mg/day Pregnant Females • 18 years: 15 mg/day Lactating Females • 18 years: 19 mg/day Children • 1-3 years: 6 mg orally once/day Vitamin E Deficiency • 60-75 units PO/Day
- 23. Side effects of vitamin E • Fatigue • Headache • Gas (flatulence) • Diarrhea • Blurred vision • Increased serum creatinine • Increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke • Necrotizing entercolitis (infants)
- 25. Vitamin K • Vit. K plays a key role in helping the blood clot. • Preventing excessive bleeding. • METABOLIC FUNCTION • Biosynthesis of prothrombin • Oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport chain.
- 27. DEFICIENCY DISEASES • Cause loss of blood- clotting power. • In infants hemorrhage . • In man it leads to diminished intestinal absorption of lipids.
- 28. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS • Lack of sufficient vit. K in human beings. As such no standard requirement has been set. ADVER EFFECTS • Difficulty in swallowing. • Fast or irregular breathing. • Light headedness or fainting. • Skin rash, hives &/or itching. • Swelling of eyelids, face, or lips. • Tightness in chest. • Troubled breathing &/or wheezing.
- 29. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS • It contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen. • Dissolve in water. • Water soluble vit. are vit. B complex such as B1 through B12 & vit. C
- 31. VIT. B‐1 Thiamin • Also known as antineuritic factor PROPERTIES • It's a white crystalline substance. • Soluble in water • The solution is optically inactive. • Destroyed at elevated temperature. METABOLIC FUNCTION • Thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP) as coenzyme in many decarboxylation reaction.
- 33. DEFICIENCY DISEASE • Loss of appetite • Weakness & Feeling tired • Insomnia • Loss of weight • Depression • Heart problems • Beriberi is a neurological and cardiovascular disease • Dry beriberi is characterized sensory, motor & reflex functions affecting. • Wet beriberi is associated with mental confusion • Gastrointestinal beriberi is associated with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain & lactic acidosis
- 34. HUMAN REQUIREMENT • RDA for men is of 1.2-1.4 mg . • 1 mg for women • Pregnant and lactating mother requires 1.5 mg daily • For infants 0.2-0.5 mg daily.
- 35. Side effects of thiamine include: • Warmth. • Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) • Skin discoloration. • Sweating. • Restlessness. • Rapid swelling of the skin. • Itching.
- 37. VIT. B‐2 Riboflavin • Also known as Riboflavin PROPERTIES It’s a yellow orange crystalline powder. Soluble in water Easily decomposed by alkali & light. Formation of antibodies & red blood cells Cell respiration The aqueous solution exhibit green fluorescence. METABOLIC FUNCTION Phototropic curvature of plant organs.
- 39. . DEFICIENCY DISEASES • Itching and burning of eyes • Cracks & sores in mouth & lips • Bloodshot eyes • Dermatitis • Oily skin • Digestive disturbances
- 40. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS • Adults males—1.4 to 1.8 milligrams (mg) per day. • Adults females—1.2 to 1.3 mg per day. • Pregnant females—1.6 mg per day. • Breast-feeding females—1.7 to 1.8 mg per day. • Children birth to 3 years of age—0.4 to 0.8 mg per day. • Children 7 to 10 years of age—1.2 mg per day.
- 41. Side effects • Bleeding gums. • Constipation. • Skin rash. • Heart throbbing. • Nausea. • Heartburn. • Gas. • Diarrhea.
- 43. VIT. B‐3 Niacinamide & Niacin • Also known as yeast factor PROPERTIES It’s a pale yellow viscous oil Soluble in water Insoluble in chloroform Destroyed by heating in acid & alkaline medium METABOLIC FUNCTION • Participate in the formation of co-enzyme A.
- 45. . DEFICIENCY DISEASES • Pellagra disease caused by B‐3 deficiency • Gastrointestinal disturbance, loss of appetite • Headache, insomnia, mental depression • Fatigue, aches, and pains • Nervousness, irritability
- 46. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS • Recommended daily allowance (RDA) • Males: ≥19 years: 16 mg/day • Females: ≥19 years: 14 mg/day • Pregnant women: 18 mg/day • Breastfeeding: 17 mg/day Side effects • Stomach upset. • Gas. • Dizziness. • Rash. • Itching.
- 48. Pantothenic Acid • Also known as antiblacktongue factor PROPERTIES • It’s a white crystalline substance. • Soluble in water Heat stable in air & water Soluble in ethyl alcohol also METABOLIC FUNCTION • Act as a constituent in two pyrimidines nucleotide coenzymes, NAD & NADP.
- 50. DEFICIENCY DISEASES • The first signs of vitamin B5 deficiency are burning sensations in the hands, feet & poor coordination. • Extremely essential for acetylcholine synthesis which is required for muscle contractions & its deficiency can cause muscle cramps & tingling sensations of muscles. • Irritability, fatigue, tiredness & apathy.
- 51. HUMAN REQUIREMENT • Men & Women over 14 years: 5 mg/day • Pregnant women: 6 mg/day • Lactating women: 7 mg/day • Children 6-12 months: 1.8 mg/day • Children 1-3 years: 2 mg/day • Children 3 - 8 years: 3 mg/day • Children 8 -13 years: 4 mg/day • Dietary Supplement • 5-10 mg orally once/day
- 52. Side Effects Associated with Using Pantothenic Acid? • Muscle pain. • Joint pain. • Diabetes mellitus, new-onset. • Sore throat. • Headache. • Weakness/lack of energy. • Dizziness. • Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) increased.
- 54. B‐6 Pyridoxine • Also known as anti-dermatitis factor PROPERTIES It’s a white crystalline substance Soluble in water Sensitive to light & ultraviolet rays Resistant to acids & alkaline METABOLIC FUNCTION • Serves as growth factor to a number of bacteria Also act as a carrier in active transport of amino acids across cell membrane
- 56. DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN B6: • Weakness • Sleepleness • Personality changes • Dermatitis • Anemia • Nerve damage • Peripheral neuropathy • Nausea , loss of appetite • Depression • Mental confusion
- 57. HUMAN REQUIREMENT • Daily recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) • Infants 0-6 months, 0.1 mg; • Infants 7-12 months, 0.3 mg; • Children 1-3 years, 0.5 mg; • Males 14-50 years, 1.3 mg; • Females 14-18 years, 1.2 mg; • Pregnant women, 1.9 mg; & breast-feeding women, 2 mg.
- 58. Side effects • Decreased sensation to touch, temperature & vibration. • Loss of balance or coordination. • Feeling tired. • Nausea. • Headache. • Drowsiness. • Tingling.
- 60. Folate (folic acid) • Also known as liver lactobacillus casein factor PROPERTIES Folic acid is a yellow crystalline substance. Soluble in water. Insoluble in fat solvents. Stable to heat in alkaline solution. Inactivated by sunlight. METABOLIC FUNCTION • Enzymatic synthesis of pureness, pyrimidines & amino acids.
- 62. DEFICIENCY DISEASE • Signs of deficiency of vit B9 memory lose, restricted growth of the brain, nerves, weakness, skin cracking, mood disorder & depression. • Headache, nausea, irritability, fatigue, acne, sore tongue & cracks corner of the mouth. • Loss of appetite, inflamed tongue, gastrointestinal problems & diarrhea .
- 63. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS • For infants 0.1mg daily. • 0.4 mg for men • 0.8 mg per day for pregnant and lactating mothers. Folic acid side effects • Nausea, loss of appetite. • Bloating, gas, stomach pain. • Bitter or unpleasant taste • Confusion. • Sleep problems. • Depression. • Feeling excited or irritable.
- 65. Vit. B‐12 Cobalamin • Also known as anti-pernivious anemia factor. PROPERTIES • Proper nerve function • Production of red blood cells • Metabolizing fats & proteins • Prevention of anemia • DNA reproduction • Energy production? • Destroyed by heat in acids & alkaline solutions. METABOLIC FUNCTION • Nucleic acid metabolism.
- 67. DEFICIENCY DISEASES • Fatigue • Shortness of breath • Palpitations • Anemia. • Pale or yellowish skin
- 68. HUMAN REQUIREMENTS • For children 2-4mg. • For men & women 5mg. • For pregnant & lactating mother 8 mg. Side effects of vitamin B-12? • Mild diarrhea. • Itching. • Skin rash. • Headache. • Dizziness. • Nausea, vomiting. • Pulmonary edema & congestive heart failure.
- 70. Ascorbic acid Also known as ant-scorbutic factor PROPERTIES Obtained mostly citrus fruits. Colourless and odorless crystalline substance. Soluble in water. Drying of fruits & vegetables also loss of vit. C. It’s a powerful reducing agent. METABOLIC FUNCTION Biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. Helps in synthesis of collagen tissue & intercellular help in healing of wound.
- 72. DEFICIENCY DISEASE • Fatigue. • Mood Changes. • Weight Loss. • Joint and Muscle Aches. • Bruising. • Dental Conditions . • Dry Hair & Skin. • Infections.
- 73. HUMAN REQUIREMENT • Children's 40 mg per day. • Adults 50-60 mg. • Lactating and pregnant women require 100 mg Daily. Side effects • Diarrhoea. • Nausea. • Vomiting. • Heartburn. • Abdominal cramps. • Headache. • Insomnia.
- 75. Vitamin p • Also known as vit. p • PROPERTIES • They are water soluble vit. METABOLIC FUNCTION • Act as antioxidant • Maintains of capillary permeability and fragility.
- 77. DEFICIENCY DISEASE • Bioflavonoid deficiency in animals characterized by increased capillary permeability & fragility. • In man deficiency syndrome have not observed. HUMAN REQUIREMENT • The dietary allowances for man are not known.
- 78. Mineral
- 79. Mineral Facts • Essential inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts. • As many as 20 minerals may be required! • Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.
- 80. The Macrominerals • Calcium Ca • Phosphorous P • Potassium K • Sulfur S • Sodium Na • Chlorine Cl • Magnesium Mg
- 81. Calcium (Ca) Function: major component of bones and teeth and essential in blood coagulation, nerve, muscle function & milk production. Deficiency signs: retarded growth, deformed bones (rickets) & osteoporosis. Sources: milk, oyster .
- 82. Sodium chloride common salt (NaCl) Function: required for the formation, retention, concentration & pH of body fluids, such as protoplasm, blood. • Important in the formation of digestive juices & functions in nerve & muscle activity. Deficiency signs: poor condition & depressed appetite. Sources: salt supplements & injectable products.
- 83. Phosphorus (P) Function: essential for the formation of bones, teeth & body fluids. • Required for metabolism, cell respiration & normal reproduction. Deficiency signs: similar to calcium deficiency, lack of appetite, poor reproduction. Sources: calcium phosphate, bone meal & low fluorine phosphates.
- 84. Potassium (K) Function: retention & formation of body fluids, pH concentration of body fluid & rumen digestion. Deficiency signs: decreased appetite. Sources: Bananas, Sweet potato.
- 85. Manganese (Mn) Function: Fetal development, milk production & skeleton development. Deficiency signs: Abortions, reduced fertility, deformed young & poor growth. Sources: Most use trace mineralized salt.
- 86. The Microminerals Iodine (I) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Selenium (Se) Manganese (Mn) Molybedenum (Mo) Zinc (Zn)
- 87. Copper (Cu) Function: should be present in tissues for iron to be properly utilized, hemoglobin formation & synthesis of keratin for fair & wool growth. Deficiency signs: poor pigmentation, lack of muscle coordination & anemia. Sources: copper salts.
- 88. Iron (Fe): Function: essential for the function of every organ & tissue of the body (Hemoglobin). Deficiency signs: anemia, pale eyelids, ears & nose. Sources: copper or trace mineral salts.
- 89. Cobalt (Co) Function: required as a nutrient for the microorganisms synthesis of Vitamin B12. Deficiency signs: lack of appetite, loss of weight & anemia. Sources: salt containing cobalt.
- 90. Magnesium (Mg) Function: similar to calcium & phosphorus. Deficiency signs: heart beat is irregular & kidney damage. Sources: mineral supplements.