Bamboo as a building material
- 1. SUBMITTED BY - MRINMAYI ALANDKAR SAKSHI MALLURWAR SHRESTHA BHADRA BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
- 2. INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2. PROPERTIES 3. HISTORY 4. BENEFITS OF BAMBOO 5. HARVESTING 6. AVAILABILITY 7. PROTECTION 8. USES OF BAMBOO IN CONSTRUCTION ● Joinery ● Foundation ● Flooring ● Walls ● Roofs ● Cladding ● Interiors 9. PRINCIPLES TO PICK BAMBOO 10. NOTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO ● Energy Efficiency ● Earthquake Resistant 11. ADVANTAGES 12. DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS
- 3. INTRODUCTION ● Bamboo has been in wide usage since ancient times as a low-cost material for houses, bridges etc. ● Bamboo recently started appearing in designer homes as flooring, walling and panelling material. ● Bamboo is renewable and versatile resource, characterized by high strength and low weight. ● Various structural shapes may be made by training the bamboo to assume them as it grows.
- 4. INTRODUCTION ● It is estimated that there are 1200 bamboo species growing in about 14.5 million hectares area. ● Bamboo is the world’s fastest growing woody plant. It grows approximately 7.5 to 40 cm a day. ● Bamboo also excels in biomass production, giving 40 tons or more per hectare annually. ● It has been used successfully to rehabilitate soil ravage by brick making in India.
- 5. PROPERTIES ● It is a perennial grass ● Fastest growing plants( 30cm-1m in 24 hrs) ● Strongest part is node where branching occurs ● 1450 species across the world ● Has been used since long as scaffolding material. ● Has shallow roots ● Long-lasting ● Splitting-can be cut and laminated into sheets and planks ● Bending-can be bent by heating above 150 deg C. ● Shaping-can be made into various structures by training it as it grows ● Helps surrounding areas by cleansing air, soil, preventing floods etc.
- 6. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES PROPERTY VALUE DENSITY 0.5-0.9 gm/cc COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 6.2-9.5 KN/sq.cm BENDING STRENGTH 2000 KN/sq.cm TENSILE STRENGTH 14.8-38.4 KN/sq.cm MODULUS OF ELASTICITY 2.0 KN/sq.cm TENSILE STRENGTH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ELASTIC MODULUS ANISOTROPIC PROPERTY SHRINKAGE FIRE RESISTANCE FLEXURAL STRENGTH SHEARING STRENGTH
- 7. HISTORY OF BAMBOO AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Early uses: Over 5,000 years ago, Chinese people used bamboo to construct treehouses, beginning its legacy as a sturdy building material. From around 200 BCE to 200 CE, bamboo created paper and books. With that came the classification of over 60 documented plant varieties in China between the third to fifth centuries. The more individuals discovered about this plant, the more they wanted to use it. Developing applications: Bamboo came inside for use as an interior building material with the Ming Dynasty starting in the 1300s. Individuals used the plant to create bedding and flooring for their homes. This use further established bamboo as a building material for indoor and outdoor use alike. More than furniture: Beginning in the 600s, the Tang Dynasty developed bamboo musical instruments. The material established an even stronger cultural legacy with this bamboo application. Other cultural uses of bamboo include inspiration for art, poetry and music, as well as use in cultural dishes and meals. Bamboo becomes hardwood: In the late 1990s, inventors in China developed a treatment that made bamboo look and feel like hardwood. By cutting and planing the bamboo stalks into planks, manufacturers created a durable alternative to hardwood flooring and boards. Before the 20th century, China and Japan used laminated bamboo for flooring.
- 8. BENEFITS AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Its flexibility: Bamboo bends without breaking. Because of its pliability, builders use it in constructions to withstand earthquakes. Its flexibility also makes bamboo useful for curved projects, such as sculptures and handles of handbags. Its durability: Along with being pliable, bamboo lasts a long time. It’s less prone to warping than wood is, making it an excellent choice for humid climates. Because it won’t warp as often as wood, your bamboo products will last much longer. Adding texture to projects: Adding bamboo to walls, ceilings, floors, furniture and more adds interest to a space. With its combination of cylindrical rods and sleek lines, bamboo can add texture to almost any surface or room. From feature walls to eye-catching furnishings, bamboo creates a stylish, yet rustic, appearance in any room. A versatile style: Whether you want a tropical or refined feel for your building, bamboo will provide it. Use it in different ways to create an oasis or evoke history with similar uses from the past. Choose panels or flooring with sleek lines for a modern twist on the classic material.
- 9. BENEFITS AS CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL A unique look: While bamboo flooring is common today, you could also use the material in unique ways. Incorporate it in panels on your walls or as fences inside and outside. Find beautifully crafted bamboo furniture that gives rooms a unique touch. Your visitors will have seen hardwood furniture before, but bamboo adds something special to a build. Its resistance: When treated properly, bamboo furniture and products will last for years to come. If you use the proper sealer on your bamboo builds, the material will also be water-resistant. Bamboo is also more immune to insects and disease than trees and hardwood, since it’s a type of grass. Efficient and sustainable energy: The plant even has advantages in uses outside of construction. Bamboo produces the same amount of energy as traditional coal, but it does so more efficiently. Bamboo creates much less ash than coal, which makes it easier to dispose of once burned. Charcoal from bamboo also emits no sulfur, which regular coal does emit. Overall, bamboo has more pros than traditional coal, from harvesting methods to how it burns.
- 10. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION ● Bamboos grow from sea level, in the tropics, to 4000 metres above sea level, in the temperate region. Although, bamboos are more common to the tropics, they also occur naturally in subtropical and temperate zones of the world, except in Europe. ● The geographical distribution of bamboos is governed largely by the conditions of rainfall, temperature, altitude and soil. Most of the bamboos require a temperature from 8 degree celcius to 36 degree celcius, a minimum annual rainfall of 1000 mm and high atmospheric humidity for good growth. ● They form an important constituent of many deciduous and evergreen forests. In nature bamboos seldom occur as pure crops, but are generally found as an understorey in tropical evergreen, tropical moist deciduous, tropical dry deciduous, montane sub-tropical, montane wet temperate and Himalayan wet temperate forests. ● Bamboos are usually found in moist valleys, sheltered depressions, along steams and the lower hill slopes, but occasionally also occur on higher slopes and hill tops.
- 11. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION ● Generally, the genera Bambusa and Dendrocalamus are found under tropical conditions, whereas Arundinaria and its allies occur in the temperate region and are by far, most common on high elevations in the western and eastern Himalayas. Dendrocalamus strictus is predominant in dry deciduous forests, while Bambusa bambos flourishes best in moist deciduous forests. ● The most important bamboo of the semi- evergreen forests of the Andamans in Gigantochloa rostrata. In the eastern region, i.e., West Bengal, Assam and north-eastern Himalayas, the commercially important bamboos are Bambusa tulda, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii and Melocanna baccifera. ● They usually occur mixed with or under tree species, except in case when they form secondary brakes, and then, they are more or less pure. Though many species form brakes, those of Arundinaria, Ochlandra, Melocanna and Bambusa bambos are typically more extensive. Where shifting cultivation is practised, the bamboo brakes are more common.
- 12. PROTECTION UNTREATED BAMBOO ● As bamboos have less natural durability it requires chemical treatment for longer life. ● Untreated bamboo has the following lifespan in different conditions ❖ Exposure to soil & atmosphere and attack by fungi, insects-1 to 3 years ❖ Under cover-4 to 7 years ❖ Very favourable conditions-10 to 15 years ● Very difficult to be treated by normal preservative methods in dry condition since outer & inner membrane impermeable to liquids. PRE-HARVEST & POST HARVEST PRECAUTIONS ● Felling during low sugar content season ● Felling of mature bamboo ● Post-harvest transpiration ● Water-soaking
- 13. PROTECTION BORAX-BORIC ACID PRESERVATION TECHNIQUE Depending on the diameter of the bamboo, different sized drill bits, attached to a long steel rod are used to drill into the centre of the bamboo throughout their whole length. At the preservation treatment pool, bamboo soaks in borax-boric acid solution for 2 days to allow the mineral to penetrate all the nodes and diaphragms. Bamboo is removed and stacked vertically so the solution can be drained and reused. Next the bamboo poles are left to busk in the sun depending on the amount of sunlight. The bamboo poles are left to dry slowly in a cool dry place until they are used for construction
- 14. PROTECTION ● Oil obtained from neem seeds can be used to improve water resistance and dimensional stability of bamboo particularly at high oil-treatment temperature. ● Bamboo samples are soaked in hot neem seed oil at 60 deg C for four hours. This type of bamboo has been found to have better resistance and dimensional stability than samples soaked in oil at room temperature for 24 hours. NEEM SEED OIL TREATMENT
- 15. PROTECTION ● This is a fraction of coal tar distillate with a boiling point range above 200 deg C and is widely used admixed with fuel oil in the ratio of 50:50. ● The fuel oil ensures stability to creosote against evaporation and bleeding from the treated bamboos ● Creosote has high performance; it is non-corrosive and provides good protection from termites. METHODS OF TREATMENT ● SURFACE APPLICATION: Brushing, spraying or dipping of timber in preservative solution for the required period. ● SOAKING PROCESS: The debarked timber is submerged in the preservative solution for sufficient period till the desired absorption is obtained. COAL TAR CREOSOTE
- 16. PROTECTION ● During the casting and curing of concrete, reinforcing bamboo absorbs water and expands. ● The swelling of bamboo pushes the concrete away ● Then at the end of the curing period, the bamboo loses the moisture and shrinks back to almost its original dimension leaving voids around itself ● The swelling and shrinkage of bamboo in concrete creates a serious limitation in the use of bamboo as a substitute for steel in concrete ● One effective treatment is the application of thin epoxy layer to the bamboo surface followed by a coating of fine sands. PROTECTION OF BAMBOO IN CASE OF BAMBOO REINFORCED STRUCTURES
- 17. USES OF BAMBOO Bamboo is considered a blessing for its numerous benefits and multidimensional uses. Although, bamboo has various uses some common elements made with bamboo are: ● Foundation ● Flooring ● Walls ● Roofs ● Cladding ● Interiors Roof Walls Flooring
- 18. BEFORE WE SEE THE BUILDING ELEMENTS, IT’S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE RIGHT JOINERY
- 19. DO’S AND DON'TS OF BAMBOO USAGE ● Use completely dry bamboo before using it in construction (preferable air dried) ● Do not use bamboo poles with profound vertical cracks ● Only use mature bamboo of 4-6 years. ● Do not use bamboo that has flourished. ● Do not use conventional wood nails in bamboo joinery ● Use nylon, steel or vegetal cord in joinery ● When using bamboo as a column make sure that the lower part connecting with the surface ends with node
- 20. CUTS AND NODES Bamboo columns or beams need to have a node at both ends Bamboo cuts One ear Two ear Beveled Flute mouth Fish mouth When can’t find bamboo of the required length with both end nodes in place, you should insert a wooden cylinder of the appropriate diameter or a fitting piece of bamboo with a node.
- 21. JOINING HORIZONTAL WITH VERTICAL ELEMENTS Flap joint: Is used when there is no lashing wire available. Fish mouth joint Joint with one or two ears: Is used to join bamboo rafters, logs or lumber. Use of dowels and anchors Joining bamboo with dowels and lashing Fish mouth joint with pegs Bamboo joint with wooden anchor
- 22. DOUBLE AND QUADRUPLE BAMBOO RAFTER SUPPORT 1. Beams formed by 4 or 6 members: The top row is separated from the bottom with bamboo or wood slats so that the upper bamboos do not slide over the lower. 2. Central double rafter: It has a wide range of applications in the construction of bridges and structures for rural facilities. 3. Lateral single rafter: Each of the rafters is secured independently at the side support and each other. It is often used in the construction of bridges and structures for rural facilities. 4. Lateral double rafters: Is often used as a central support for bridge structures or sheds.
- 23. JOINING AND FIXATION OF BAMBOO POLES Joint with double wooden wedge. Joint with dowels and clamping fitters. Cross joint with dowel. Lateral joint with dowel. Corner joint.
- 24. However, only if the problem with bamboo joinery can be satisfactorily addressed, and simplified, we can expect to see much more bamboo in modern buildings, bridges and furniture.
- 25. BAMBOO AS DIFFERENT BUILDING ELEMENTS
- 26. FOUNDATION COMPOSITE BAMBOO AND CONCRETE FOOTING SINGLE POST FOOTING STRIP FOOTING BAMBOO IN DIRECT GROUND CONTACT ● Bamboo is placed either on the surface or buried. ● For strength and stability, large diameter and thick walled sections of bamboo with closely spaced nodes should be used. ● Preservative treatment is recommended. ● A concrete extension is given to a bamboo post using a plastic tube of the same diameter. ● The result is a bamboo post with an integral, durable foundation.
- 27. FOUNDATION BAMBOO ON ROCK/CONCRETE FOOTING BAMBOO PILES AS FOUNDATION ● Bamboo is being used for bearings, it should be placed out of ground contact on footings of either rock or preformed concrete. ● The largest and stiffest sections of bamboo should be used. ● It is used to stabilize soft soils and reduce building settlement. ● The treated split bamboo piles were filled with coconut coir strands wrapped with jute. ● The sections were then tied with wire and area was covered with a sandy material.
- 28. FLOORING ● The simplest method is to lay bamboo culms in parallel, tied to the supporting framework. However, this gives a very uneven surface and can be uncomfortable to sit or stand on for long. ● More even surfaces are achieved by using bamboo board (split and flattened culms), or by cutting bamboo strips, which are woven into boards. ● Since bamboo components cannot be joined together without leaving gaps, the floors are well ventilated, improving the indoor climate and preventing moisture accumulation. ● Precautionary measures are required to minimize attack by biological agents and fire.
- 29. WALLS ● The most extensive use of bamboo in construction is for the walls and partitions. ● The major elements, the posts and beams, generally constitute part or structural framework. ● They are to carry the self-weight of building and loads imposed by the occupants and the weather. ● An infill between framing members is required to complete the wall. ● The purpose of the infill is to protect against rain, wind and animals, to offer privacy and to provide in plane bracing to ensure the overall stability of the overall structure when subjected to horizontal forces. Types of bamboo walls
- 30. ROOFS Bamboo shingle roof Appropriate lengths of bamboo culms are cut and the shingles are split off these vertically, whereby bamboo culms are split into quarter or half sections. ● For fixing bamboo shingles, pre-drilled holes are needed for nailing or tying with a tough string. Quarter-cut bamboo shingles can also be made with splints which are hooked onto the lathing. ● The minimum roof pitch for shingles is 45°. Pressure impregnated bamboo can have lower pitches, but are not recommended.
- 31. ROOFS Thatched roof ● The Congo grass is harvested when mature and dried. ● Then, thatch panels of a maximum of 3 meters in length are made by folding the dry grass over a bamboo split and threading it onto the split using palm fiber. ● The bamboo split gives structure to the grass turning it into a panel whilst also acting as a roofing batten. ● When installed the alang alang panels are tied to the rafters using a lashing technique with bamboo rope.
- 32. ROOFS Halved bamboo roof ● The simplest form consists of a bamboo purlin and beams, supported on perimeter posts. ● Halved culms are then laid convex side down, edge-to-edge, spanning from the ridge to the eaves. ● A second layer, convex side up, is then laid to cover the joints.
- 33. ROOFS Flattened bamboo roof It is a 3 layered hybrid roofing technique where we first place treated pelupuh over the rafters for interior aesthetics, then an asphalt linear (synthetic waterproofing membrane) and pelupuh which is cut to size as roofing shingles as a final layer. All layers are attached using a nail gun. ● Flattened bamboo is very flexible and works nicely with curvilinear roofs. ● The synthetic waterproof membrane lasts for 20-25 years, but the outer bamboo pelupuh layer must be replaced every 5-8 years. Flattened bamboo degrades quickly if it is exposed to moisture and organic matter.
- 34. BAMBOO AS CLADDING MATERIAL ● Modern and environmentally friendly. ● Easy to install ● Low maintenance ● Durable ● The natural shiny yellow color (Chinese bamboo) ● Lightweight, easy to screw into a wall.
- 35. BAMBOO IN INTERIOR DESIGNING
- 36. BAMBOO ARCHITECTURE OF GREEN VILLAGE, BALI
- 37. PRINCIPLES TO PICK BAMBOO The first one is do not use green, fresh cut bamboo. Bamboo has to be completely dry before using it in construction. Air dried is the best way to dry bamboo,During the drying process the bamboo diameter shrinks If incomplete dry bamboo is used in joinery this will result in losing and weak joints after a few weeks Bamboo which is less than 3 years of age should not be used. Only use mature bamboo of 4-6 years. It is important to use bamboo nodes because it is the strong point of a bamboo pole. If a bamboo column or beams do not have a node at both ends, the bamboo may crush. Bamboo that has flourished should not be used. Rest assured bamboo only flourishes once in a lifetime (60-120 years)
- 38. NOTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO IS BAMBOO ENERGY-EFFICIENT? Bamboo have huge potential for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings. Their use would dramatically reduce emissions compared to traditional materials, helps to reduce human impact on climate change. WHY IS BAMBOO ENERGY-EFFICIENT? Using bamboo would reduce emissions compared to traditional building materials and will help to keep carbon out of the atmosphere by diverting timber from being burnt as fuel. HOW DOES BAMBOO SAVE ENERGY? Renewable, plant-based materials such as bamboo have huge potential for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings. The thinner cell walls have lower thermal conductivity due to cellulose chains being almost at a right angle to the plant stem. ECO-FRIENDLY , SUSTAINABLE , ENERGY - EFFICIENT
- 39. IS BAMBOO ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE? Bamboo is a highly sustainable plant. Bamboo can grow to full size in just 3-4 months, compared to standard trees which can take 30+ years to grow. This makes it a super sustainable alternative due to its naturally renewing properties. Nasty pesticides and chemicals aren't required when harvesting bamboo. HOW DOES BAMBOO SAVE ENERGY? Renewable, plant-based materials such as bamboo have huge potential for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings. I The thinner cell walls have lower thermal conductivity due to cellulose chains being almost at a right angle to the plant stem. "Nature is an amazing architect” DOES BAMBOO ABSORB HEAT? Well, bamboo has the phenomenal ability to wick (absorbs)heat and moisture away . In fact, bamboo wicks heat and moisture away twice as fast as cotton, reduces the humidity. NOTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO ECO-FRIENDLY , SUSTAINABLE , ENERGY - EFFICIENT
- 40. IS BAMBOO AN INSULATOR? As an insulation material, it can have a positive thermal performance due to the presence of air cavities, however when many culms of Bamboo are aligned to make a wall, the contact surfaces in the joins, because of its rounded nature, are few allowing thermal bridges.These thicker layers also give bamboo its strength and stiffness. IS BAMBOO COOL IN SUMMER? The exceptional thermo-regulating properties of bamboo means it is cool in summer and warm in winter. NOTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO ECO-FRIENDLY , SUSTAINABLE , ENERGY - EFFICIENT
- 41. NOTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE ● High residual strengths to absorb shocks and impacts. ● In earthquake-prone regions it offers an additional advantage – a tensile strength that provides resilience and enables bamboo-constructed buildings to withstand shoks. ● Bamboo houses built by IPIRTI-TRADA (Timber Research and Development Association ) technology can resist seen repetitions of typical zone 5 earthquake over 7 on the rishter scale, showing no signs of falling apart. Only few of the cracks can be seen in case of intensive shocks -said in annual report of ministry. https://ipirti.gov.in/bamboohousingsystem.html
- 42. ● Environmentally friendly -Bamboo forests are very environment-friendly. They reduce pollution by producing oxygen, more than 35 percent more than trees do. Their roots create a water barrier that helps control soil erosion. Bamboo also consumes high quantities of nitrogen, which helps reduce water pollution. ● Recyclable - A study by the National Association of Home Builders estimates that about 8,000 pounds of waste is created from the construction of a single 2,000-square-foot home. The majority of the waste is wood, cardboard and drywall that ends up in landfills. In comparison, bamboo is completely recyclable. ● Sustainable - Eco-friendly bamboo is one of the fastest-growing wild grasses on earth. It reaches heights of full maturity in as little as three years and regenerates quickly after harvesting. Some bamboo species can grow over 35 inches in a single day ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO https://www.greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/5-benefits-of-building-a-home-with-bamboo#:~:text=Bamboo%20forests%20are%20very%20 friendly,which%20helps%20reduce%20water%20pollution.
- 43. ● Tensile strength: Bamboo has higher tensile strength than steel because its fibers run axially. ● Fire Resistance: Capability of bamboo to resist fire is very high and it can withstand temperature up to 4000 C. This is due to the presence of high value of silicate acid and water. ● Elasticity: Bamboo is widely preferred in earthquake prone regions due to its elastic features. ● Weight of bamboo: Bamboos due to their low weight are easily displaced or installed making it very easier for transportation and construction. ● Unlike other building materials like cement and asbestos, bamboo poses no danger to health. ● They are cost effective and easy to use. ● They are especially in great demand in earthquake prone areas. ● Strong -Some bamboo species have the same strength ratio as steel and almost twice the compression ratio of concrete ● Earthquake- and hurricane-resistant.-Bamboo absorbs the shocks of seismic activity and high winds far better than rigid concrete and steel structures. ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO
- 44. Bamboos come with their own set of drawbacks such as: ● They require preservation ● Shrinkage: Bamboo shrinks much greater than any other type of timber especially when it loses water. ● Durability: Bamboo should be sufficiently treated against insect or fungus attack before being utilized for building purposes. ● Jointing: Despite prevalence of various techniques of jointing, structural reliability of bamboo is questionable. ● poor resistance to fungi and bacteria. ● It is sensitive to attack from insects. ● Their structural efficiency is low. ● Shaped by nature. ● Lack of design guidance ,codes, no uniform extended legislations. ● Splitting - Low strength along transverse direction can lead to cracks ● Joining techniques - through many techniques are present but structural efficiency is low ● Flammability - not fire resistant and the cost of fore treatment is relatively high DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS OF BAMBOO
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- 46. THANK YOU