Mycology
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The document provides a comprehensive overview of mycology, focusing on the characteristics, differences, and economic importance of fungi, including molds and yeasts. It outlines the structural and nutritional traits of fungi, their reproductive methods, and their roles in various industries such as food production and medicine. Additionally, it emphasizes the significance of yeasts and molds in processes like fermentation and antibiotic production.
Mycology
- 1. Mycology Md. Saiful Islam B.Pharm, M.Pharm (PCP) North South University Join Facebook Group: Pharmacy Universe
- 2. Fungi • Identification – Physical appearance – Colony characteristics – Reproductive spores • Fungi differ from bacteria: – Like acidic environments (pH 5) – Resistant to osmotic pressure – Grow in low moisture – Require less nitrogen – Can metabolize complex carbohydrates
- 3. Morphological groups of Fungi 1. The single-celled fungi are yeasts 2. The multicellular fungi are molds
- 4. Mycology- The study of Fungi Fungi - includes molds and yeasts. Molds - exhibit filamentous type of growth. Yeasts - exhibit pasty or mucoid form of fungal growth. • Fungi stain gram positive and require oxygen to survive. • Fungi are eukaryotic, containing a nucleus bound by a membrane, an endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. • Fungi are heterotrophic like animals and most bacteria; requiring organic nutrients as a source of energy. • Fungi are dependent upon enzyme systems to derive energy from organic substrates.
- 5. • THE STUDY OF FUNGI IS CALLED MYCOLOGY • DISTRIBUTION – 20o – 30o • ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS – ABSORB NUTRIENTS THROUGH CELL WALL • PREFER AN ACID pH • MOST ARE OSMOTOLERANT • MOST ARE EITHER AEROBES OR FACULTATIVES • NUTRITIONAL NEEDS ARE MINIMAL • BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE FUNGI • TYPICALLY EUCARYOTIC • UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR (HYPHA)
- 6. • Fungi are Eucaryotes which need to take nutrients from the environment for living. • They are larger than bacteria.
- 7. Industrial uses of fungi – • Mushrooms. • Natural food supply for wild animals. • Yeast as food supplement, supplies vitamins. • Penicillium - ripens cheese, adds flavor • Fungi used to alter texture, improve flavor of natural and processed foods. Role of Fungi
- 8. Mushrooms – “Club Like” Fungi or Basidiomycete Fungi
- 9. Fungal Characteristics 1) Fungi can be food sources or ingredients and go grow almost anywhere! 2) Scientists are not sure how fungi are RELATED to other organisms, but all fungi except yeast have many cells 3) Cell wall made of chitin 4) Heterotrophs – decomposers (MOST are saprophytes) or parasites 5) Body is made of long filaments of hyphae which form a mycelium and produce enzymes for digestion 6) Reproduce sexually and asexually *Asexually by spores *Sexually by mating of hyphae filaments from two genetically different fungi
- 10. Importance of Fungi • Cultivated mushrooms are an important food crop; yeast is used in baking industry • Fungi can cause disease in plants and animals, e.g., Dutch elm disease, apple scab • Fungi can cause disease in humans, e.g., ringworm and athlete’s foot • Produce antibiotics, e.g., penicillin • Decomposers ~ recycle organic matter
- 11. Yeast Yeasts are very important economically: - Yeasts are responsible for fermentation of beer and bread. (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) - Ethanol production - Wastewater treatment: a mixed culture of yeasts Candida lipolytic Candida tropicalis and Yarrowia lipolytica grown on hydrocarbons or gas oil.
- 12. Budding Budding: a small bud cell forms on the cell, which gradually enlarge and separate from the mother cells. Most of the yeasts reproduce by budding.
- 15. CANDIDIASIS (Candida albicans) •There are many species of the genus Candida that cause disease. The infections caused by all species of Candida are called candidiasis. •Candida albicans is an endogenous organism. It can be found in 40-80% of normal human beings. It is present in the mouth, gut, and vagina. •It may be present as a commensal or a pathogenic organism. Infections with Candida usually occur when a patient has some alteration in cellular immunity, normal flora or normal physiology.
- 17. Molds Molds are filamentous and have a mycelial structure. •Mycelium is highly branched system of tubes that contains mobile cytoplasm with many nuclei. •Hypha is long, thin filaments on the mycelium. Size: When grow on solid surface, the filamentous form is 5-20 µm. When grow in submerge culture, it can form aggregates and pellets, 50 µm-1mm.
- 18. Molds Size: When grow on solid surface, the filamentous form is 5-20 µm. When grow in submerge culture, it can form aggregates and pellets, 50 µm-1mm. - Cause nutrient transfer problem in the pellet
- 19. Mold • Molds are very important economically: - mushroom farming is a large industry in many countries. Agaricus bisporus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_bisporus
- 21. Mold - Food industry The mixed culture including Penicillium sp. for cheese production. Aspergillus niger for citric acid production. - Antibiotics production. Penicillium notatum
- 22. Mold Reproduction • Either by asexual or sexual means. • Some molds form sexual spores which provide resistance against heat, freezing, drying and some chemical agents. • Both asexual or sexual spores can germinate and form new hyphae.