GOLDEN ERA OF ISLAM
Download as PPTX, PDF5 likes435 views
1. The document discusses several topics from the Islamic Golden Age including philosophy, astronomy, architecture, navigation/geography, physics, and arts. 2. In philosophy, Muslim philosophers debated issues using both reason and religious texts, with some emphasizing reason and others faith. Astronomers made advances including the first reference to the Andromeda Galaxy. 3. Architecture featured unique elements like calligraphy and advanced engineering tools. Navigation and geography were advanced by scholars like al-Idrisi and Ibn Battuta. Physics scholars like al-Haytham founded optics and explained natural phenomena. The arts, like manuscript illumination, ceramics, and calligraphy flourished.
![ASTRONOMY
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
invented a geometrical technique called a Tusi-couple, which generates
linear motion from the sum of two circular motions to replace Ptolemy's
problematic equant The Tusi couple was later employed in Ibn al-Shatir's
geocentric model and Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric Copernican
model[49] although it is not known who the intermediary is or if Copernicus
rediscovered the technique independently.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hasnainpresentation-160528185207/85/GOLDEN-ERA-OF-ISLAM-5-320.jpg)
GOLDEN ERA OF ISLAM
- 1. CONTENT 1. PHILOSPY 2. ASTRONOMY 3. ARCHITECTURE 4. NAVIGATION & GEOGRAPHY 5. PHYSICS 6. ARTS
- 2. PHILOSOPY Muslim philosophers also took ideas from the Qur'an as a starting point for pondering philosophical issues. At the heart of the debate between philosophy and theology were arguments for faith versus reason. The key question that was extensively debated was: In the event of a conflict between human knowledge and revealed knowledge which should prevail? Muslim philosophers were characterised by their Deen. Their faith in Islam led them to recognize that even reason could not be used to fully understand God or his knowledge.
- 3. PHILOSOPY Al-Farabi and other early Muslim Philosophers tried to find rational arguments for the existence of God. Theologians, led by Al-Ghazali, defended religion by pointing out contradictions and limitations to human reason. Ibn Rushd (Muslim scholar), responded to Al-Ghazali's argument by urging philosophers to use reason to reach genuine knowledge of the truth, independent of revelation.
- 4. ASTRONOMY Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi In about 964 AD, the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, writing in his Book of Fixed Stars, described a "nebulous spot" in the Andromeda constellation, the first definitive reference to what we now know is the Andromeda Galaxy, the nearest spiral galaxy to our galaxy.
- 5. ASTRONOMY Nasir al-Din al-Tusi invented a geometrical technique called a Tusi-couple, which generates linear motion from the sum of two circular motions to replace Ptolemy's problematic equant The Tusi couple was later employed in Ibn al-Shatir's geocentric model and Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric Copernican model[49] although it is not known who the intermediary is or if Copernicus rediscovered the technique independently.
- 6. Architecture and engineering Islamic architecture is distinct in terms of its unique architectural elements and ornamentations Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts is often incorporated in architectural designs Muslims also contributed to the field of engineering by inventing gears, cranks, pistons and pumps. These tools were later incorporated into machinery developed during the European-based industrial revolution.
- 7. Twin cylinder suction pump by Al-jazriMachine used to elevate water Mill-house near cordoba EXAMPLE OF ARCHITECTURE IN ISLAMIC GOLDEN ERA
- 8. EXAMPLE OF ARCHITECTURE IN ISLAMIC GOLDEN ERA The Great Mosque of Samarra is a ninth-century mosque located in Samarra, Iraq. The mosque was commissioned in 848 and completed in 851 by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakil who reigned (in Samarra) from 847 until 861 The Great Mosque of Samarra was, for a time, the largest mosque in the world; its minaret, the Malwiya Tower, is a spiraling cone 52 meters high and 33 meters wide with a spiral ramp
- 9. NAVIGATION & GEOGRAPHY Al-Idrisi A twelfth century scientist living in Sicily. Idrisi’s work was considered the best geographical guide to its time. Ibn Battuta ( 1304-1369) An Arab, covered over seventy five thousand miles. His wanderings, over a period of decades at a time, took him to Turkey, Bulgaria, Russia, Persia, & Central Asia. He spent several years in India, and from there was appointed ambassador to the emperor of China. His book, Rihla( Journey), is filled with information on the politics, social conditions, and economics of the places he visited.
- 10. PHYSICS Ibn-al- Haytham (965 -1040) Was also known as “Alhazen”. Suggested about damming of Nile River. Explained the rainbow scientifically. Founder of Optics. Excellent studies on the reflection & refraction of light.
- 11. ART The golden age of Islamic art lasted from 750 to the 16th century, when ceramics (especially lusterware), glass, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, and woodwork flourished.Manuscript illumination became an important and greatly respected art, and Per sian miniature painting flourished in the Persian world. Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration.
- 12. JAZAK ALLAH