Artifitial satellite

 Introduction
 History
 The life and death of a satellite
 Types of artificial satellites
 Satellite Power Systems
 How do solar cells work?
 INDIA in space
 List of artificial satellites by INDIA
 International space station
 Major components of an artificial satellite
 Importance of artificial satellites
 conclusion
 Reference

 Artificial satellites are used to study the Earth, other
planets, to help us communicate, and even to observe the
distant Universe.
 Satellites can even have people in them, like the
International Space Station and the Space Shuttle.
 The Goddard Space Flight Center's lists 2,271
satellites currently in orbit. Russia has the most satellites
currently in orbit, with1,324 satellites, followed by the U.S.
with 658.
 About 1,100 active satellites, both government and private
are in orbit around the earth . Plus there are about 2,600
ones that no longer work.

 On Oct. 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the
first artificial satellite. It circled Earth once every 96 minutes
and transmitted radio signals that could be received on
Earth. It was about the size of a beach ball (58 c.m.in
diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg.
 On Nov. 3, 1957, the
Soviets launched a
second satellite,
Sputnik 2. It carried
a dog named Laika,
the first animal to
soar in space.

 The United States launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, on
Jan. 3 1, 1958, and its second , Vanguard 1, on March 17,
1958.
 In August 1960, the United States launched the first
communications satellite, Echo I. This satellite reflected
radio signals back to Earth.
 In April 1960, the first weather satellite, Tiros I, sent pictures
of clouds to Earth.
 The U.S. Navy developed the first navigation satellites. The
Transit I B navigation satellite first orbited in April 1960.

 Building a satellite
 Launching the satellite
 Performing the mission
 Falling from orbit

 All satellites have basic subsystems, groups of devices that
help the instruments work together and keep the satellite
operating. For example, a power subsystem generates,
stores, and distributes a satellite's electric power. This
subsystem may include panels of solar cells that gather
energy from the sun. Command and data handling
subsystems consist of computers that gather and process
data from the instruments and execute commands from
Earth.

 Space shuttles carry some satellites into space, but most
satellites are launched by rockets that fall into the ocean
after their fuel is spent. Many satellites require minor
adjustments of their orbit before they begin to perform their
function. Built-in rockets called thrusters make these
adjustments.

 A satellite does not usually receive constant direction from
its control centre. It is like an orbiting robot. It controls its
solar panels to keep them pointed toward the sun and keeps
its antennas ready to receive commands. Its instruments
automatically collect information.
 Satellites in a high altitude, geosynchronous orbit are always
in contact with Earth. Ground stations can contact satellites
in low orbits as often as 12 times a day. During each
contact, the satellite transmits information and receives
instructions. Each contact must be completed during the
time the satellite passes overhead -- about 10 minutes.

 A satellite remains in orbit until its velocity decreases and
gravitational force pulls it down into a relatively dense part of
the atmosphere. A satellite slows down due to occasional
impact with air molecules in the upper atmosphere and the
gentle pressure of the sun's energy. When the gravitational
force pulls the satellite down far enough into the
atmosphere, the satellite rapidly compresses the air in front
of it. This air becomes so hot that most or all of the satellite
burns up.

 Scientific Research Satellites
 Weather Satellites
 Communications Satellites
 Navigation Satellite
 Military Satellites
 Earth Observing Satellites
 Astronomical Satellites
 Crewed Spacecraft
 Killer Satellites

 Scientific research satellites gather data for scientific
analysis. These satellites are usually designed to perform
one of three kinds of missions.
(1) Some gather information about the composition and
effects of the space near Earth. They may be placed in
any of various orbits, depending on the type of
measurements they are to make.
(2) Other satellites record changes in Earth and its
atmosphere. Many of them travel in sun
synchronous, polar orbits.
(3) Still others observe planets, stars, and other
distant objects. Most of these satellites operate in low
altitude orbits. Scientific research satellites also orbit other
planets, the moon, and the sun.

 Weather satellites help scientists study weather patterns
and forecast the weather. Weather satellites observe the
atmospheric conditions over large areas.
 Their instruments measure cloud cover, temperature, air
pressure, precipitation, and the chemical composition of the
atmosphere. Because these satellites always observe Earth
at the same local time of day, scientists can easily compare
weather data collected under constant sunlight conditions.

 Communications satellites serve as relay stations, receiving
radio signals from one location and transmitting them to
another.
 A communications satellite can relay several television
programs or many thousands of telephone calls at once.
 Communications satellites are usually put in a high altitude,
geosynchronous orbit over a ground station. A ground
station has a large dish antenna for transmitting and
receiving radio signals. Sometimes

 Navigation satellites enable operators of aircraft, ships, and
land vehicles anywhere on Earth to determine their locations
with great accuracy.
 The satellites send out radio signals that are picked up by a
computerized receiver carried on a vehicle or held in the
hand.

 Military satellites include weather, communications,
navigation, and Earth observing satellites used for military
purposes. Some military satellites -- often called "spy
satellites" -can detect the launch of missiles, the course of
ships at sea, and the movement of military equipment on the
ground.
 And some of them even carry weapons like missiles and
have the capability to attack deep within enemy territory..

 Earth observing satellites are used to map and monitor our
planet's resources and ever-changing chemical life cycles.
 Under constant, consistent illumination from the sun, they
take pictures in different colors of visible light and nonvisible
radiation. Computers on Earth combine and analyze the
pictures.
 Scientists use Earth observing satellites to locate mineral
deposits, to determine the location and size of freshwater
supplies, to identify sources of pollution and study its effects,
and to detect the spread of disease in crops and forests.

 Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of
distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects. An
astronomy satellite is basically a really big telescope floating
in space. Because it is in orbit above the Earth, the
satellite's vision is not clouded by the gases that make up
the Earth's atmosphere, and its infrared imaging equipment
is not confused by the heat of the Earth .

 Crewed spacecraft (spaceships) are large satellites able to
put humans into (and beyond) an orbit, and return them to
Earth. Spacecraft including space planes of reusable
systems have major propulsion or landing facilities. They
can be used as transport to and from the orbital stations.
Spacecraft carrying people may be operated directly, by
human crew, or it may be either remotely operated from
ground stations on Earth or be autonomous, able to carry
out a specific mission with no human involvement.

 Every life form or machine needs energy to function .
 Nothing can change its state or position without energy
. Just like many other machines, satellites also need
electrical power to function.
 The Sun is a very powerful, clean and convenient
source of power, particularly for satellites

 The Sun is a very powerful, clean and convenient
source of power, particularly for satellites. The only
thing needed is a means to convert the energy
contained in the Sun’s radiation – mainly light and
ultraviolet rays – into electrical power.
 The most efficient way to achieve this today is by using
panels composed of semiconductor photovoltaic cells.
‘Solar panels’, as they are usually called, are now
quite a common sight here on Earth, but they were first
used in space in 1958 to power the ‘Vanguard’ satellite.

 Each one of the thousands photovoltaic cells to be
found in a solar panel is made of a semiconductor
material, mostly silicon, capable of converting the light
arriving from the Sun into an electrical current.
 This is exactly the reverse of what happens in any of
the thousands light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to be found
on the front panels of almost all of today’s electronic
equipment.
 This is why most pictures of classical satellites show a
pair of long wings extending from their sides, which are the
‘solar panels’.
 More modern solar cells based on semiconductor materials
like gallium-arsenide / arsenium are now becoming
available, with efficiency figures nearly double those of
silicon cells . (solar sail)

 Aryabhata was India's first satellite, named after the
great Indian astronomer of the same name. It was
launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975 from
Kapustin Yar using a Cosmos-3M launch vehicle.
 Aryabhata was built by the Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO) to conduct experiments related to
astronomy. The 96.3 minute orbit had an apogee of 619
km and a perigee of 563 km, at an inclination of 50.7
degrees. Aryabhata was built to conduct experiments in
Xray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics.
 The spacecraft was a 26-sided polygon 1.4 m in
diameter. All faces were covered with solar cells. A
power failure halted experiments after 4 days in orbit.
All signals from the spacecraft were lost after 5 days of
operation. The satellite re-entered the Earth's
atmosphere on 11 February 1992.

satellites Lunching
date
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
Aryabhata 19-Apr-75 u-11
Interkosmos
Active technological experience in building and
operating a satellite system. India's first
satellite
Bhaskara-I 7-Jun-79 C-1
Interkosmos
First experimental remote sensing satellite.
Carried TV and microwave cameras.
Rohini
Technology
Payload
10-Aug-79 SLV-3 Intended for measuring in-flight performance of
first experimental flight of SLV-3, the first Indian
launch vehicle. Did not achieve orbit.
Rohini RS-1 18-Jul-80 SLV-3 Used for measuring in-flight performance of
second experimental launch of SLV-3. India's
first indigenous satellite launch.
Rohini RS-D1 31-May-81 SLV-3 Used for conducting some remote sensing
technology studies using a landmark sensor
payload.Launched by the first developmental
launch of SLV-3.

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch vehicle Purpose
Ariane
Passenger
Payload
Experiment
19-Jun-81 Ariane-1 (V-3) First experimental communication satellite.
Provided experience in building and operating a
payload experiment three-axis stabilised
communication satellite.
Bhaskara -II 20-Nov-81 C-1 Intercosmos Second experimental remote sensing satellite;
similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in
building and operating a remote sensing
satellite system on an end-to-end basis.
INSAT-1A 10-Apr-82 Delta 3910
PAM-D
First operational multipurpose communication
and meteorology satellite. Procured from USA.
Worked for only six months.
Rohini RS-D2
17-Apr-83 SLV-3
Identical to RS-D1. Launched by the second
developmental launch of SLV-3.
INSAT-1B 30-Aug-83 Shuttle [PAM-D]
Identical to INSAT-1A. Served for more than
design life of seven years.
Stretched Rohini
Satellite
Series(SROSS-1)
24-Mar-87 ASLV
Carried payload for launch vehicle performance
monitoring and for gamma ray astronomy. Did not
achieve orbit.

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
IRS-1A 17-Mar-88 Vostok
Earth observation satellite. First operational
remote sensing satellite.
tretched Rohini
Satellite
Series(SROSS-
2)
13-Jul-88 ASLV
Carried remote sensing payload of German space
agency in addition to Gamma Ray astronomy
payload. Did not achieve orbit.
INSAT-1C 21-Jul-88 Ariane-3
Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one-and-a-
half years.
INSAT-1D 12-Jun-90 Delta 4925
Identical to INSAT-1A. Still in service. A third stage
motor landed from its launch,
IRS-1B 29-Aug-91 Vostok
Earth observation satellite. Improved version of
IRS-1A.
INSAT-2DT 26-Feb-92 Ariane-44L H10
Launched as Arabsat 1C. Procured in orbit from
Arabsat in January 1998.

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
Stretched
Rohini Satellite
Series(SROSS-
C)
20-May-92 ASLV Carried gamma ray astronomy and aeronomy payload.
INSAT-2A 10-Jul-92
Ariane-44L
H10
First satellite in the second-generation Indian-built
INSAT-2 series. Has enhanced capability over INSAT-1
series. Still in service.
INSAT-2B 23-Jul-93
Ariane-44L
H10+
Second satellite in INSAT-2 series. Identical to INSAT-
2A. Still in service.
IRS-1E 20-Sep-93 PSLV-D1 Earth observation satellite. Did not achieve orbit.
Stretched
Rohini Satellite
Series(SROSS-
C2)
4-May-94 ASLV Identical to SROSS-C. Still in service.
IRS-P2 15-Oct-94 PSLV-D2
Earth observation satellite. Launched by second
developmental flight of PSLV.Mission accomplished
after 3 years of service in 1997.
INSAT-2C 7-Dec-95
Ariane-44L
H10-3
Has additional capabilities such as mobile satellite
service, business communication and television
outreach beyond Indian boundaries. Still in service.

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
IRS-1C 29-Dec-95 Molniya
Earth observation satellite. Launched from Baikonur
Cosmodrome.
IRS-P3 21-Mar-96 PSLV-D3
Earth observation satellite. Carries remote sensing
payload and an X-ray astronomy payload. Launched
by third developmental flight of PSLV.
INSAT-2D 4-Jun-97
Ariane-44L
H10-3
Same as INSAT-2C. Inoperable since 1997-10-04
due to power bus anomaly.
IRS-1D 29-Sep-97 PSLV-C1 Earth observation satellite. Same as IRS-1C.
INSAT-2E 3-Apr-99
Ariane-42P
H10-3
Multipurpose communication and meteorological
satellite.
Oceansat-
1(IRS-P4)
26-May-99 PSLV-C2
Earth observation satellite. Carries an Ocean Colour
Monitor (OCM) and a Multifrequency Scanning
Microwave Radiometer (MSMR).
INSAT-3B 22-Mar-00 Ariane-5G
Multipurpose communication: business
communication, developmental communication, and
mobile communication.

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
GSAT-1 18-Apr-01 GSLV-D1
Experimental satellite for the first developmental flight
of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-
D1.
Technology
Experiment
Satellite (TES)
22-Oct-01 PSLV-C3
Experimental satellite to test technologies such as
attitude and orbit control system, high-torque reaction
wheels, new reaction control system, etc.
INSAT-3C 24-Jan-02
Ariane-42L
H10-3
Designed to augment the existing INSAT capacity for
communication and broadcasting and provide
continuity of the services of INSAT-2C.
Kalpana-
1(METSAT)
12-Sep-02 PSLV-C4
First meteorological satellite built by ISRO. Originally
named METSAT. Renamed after Kalpana Chawla who
perished in the Space Shuttle Columbia.
INSAT-3A 10-Apr-03 Ariane-5G
Multipurpose satellite for communication,
broadcasting, and meteorological services along with
INSAT-2E and Kalpana-1.
GSAT-2 8-May-03 GSLV-D2
Experimental satellite for the second developmental
test flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV)
INSAT-3E 28-Sep-03 Ariane-5G
Communication satellite to augment the existing INSAT
System.

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
RESOURCESA
T-1 (IRS-P6)
17-Oct-03 PSLV-C5
Earth observation/remote sensing satellite.
Intended to supplement and replace IRS-1C and
IRS-1D.
EDUSAT 20-Oct-04 GSLV-F01
Also designated GSAT-3. India’s first exclusive
educational satellite.
HAMSAT 5-May-05 PSLV-C6
Microsatellite (42.5 kilograms) for providing
satellite-based amateur radio services to the
national as well as the international community.
CARTOSAT-1 5-May-05 PSLV-C6
Earth observation satellite. Provides stereographic
in-orbit images with a 2.5-meter resolution.
INSAT-4A 22-Dec-05 Ariane-5GS
Advanced satellite for direct-to-home television
broadcasting services.
INSAT-4C 10-Jul-06 GSLV-F02
Geosynchronous communications satellite. Did
not achieve orbit.
CARTOSAT-2 10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
Advanced remote sensing satellite carrying a
panchromatic camera capable of providing scene-
specific spot images.

Satellites Lunchin
g dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
Space Capsule
Recovery
Experiment(SRE
-1)
10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
Experimental satellite intended to demonstrate the
technology of an orbiting platform for performing
experiments in microgravity conditions. Launched as a co-
passenger with CARTOSAT-2. SRE-1 was de-orbited and
recovered successfully after 12 days over Bay of Bengal.
INSAT-4B 12-Mar-07 Ariane-5ECA
Identical to INSAT-4A. Further augments the INSAT
capacity for direct-to-home (DTH) television services and
other communications. On the night of 7 July INSAT-4B
experienced a power supply glitch which led to switching
'off' of 50 per cent of the transponder capacity (6 Ku and 6
C-Band transponders).
INSAT-4CR 2-Sep-07 GSLV-F04
Identical to INSAT-4C. It carried 12 high-power Ku-band
transponders designed to provide direct-to-home (DTH)
television services, Digital Satellite News Gatheringetc.
CARTOSAT-2A 28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9
Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Identical to
CARTOSAT-2.
IMS-1 (Third
World Satellite –
TWsat)
28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9
Low-cost microsatellite imaging mission. Launched as co-
passenger with CARTOSAT-2A.

Satellites Lunchin
g dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
Chandrayaan-1 22-Oct-08 PSLV-C11
Unmanned lunar probe. Carries 11 scientific
instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden
and Bulgaria.
RISAT-2 20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
Radar imaging satellite used to monitor India's borders
and as part of anti-infiltration and anti-terrorist
operations. Launched as a co-passenger with ANUSAT.
ANUSAT 20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
Research microsatellite designed at Anna University.
Carries an amateur radio and technology demonstration
experiments.
Oceansat-
2(IRS-P4)
23-Sep-09 PSLV-C14
Gathers data for oceanographic, coastal and
atmospheric applications. Continues mission of
Oceansat-1.
GSAT-4 15-Apr-10 GSLV-D3
Communications satellite technology demonstrator.
Failed to reach orbit due to GSLV-D3 failure.
CARTOSAT-2B 12-Jul-10 PSLV-C15
CARTOSAT-2A.
StudSat 12-Jul-10 PSLV-C15
First Indian pico-satellite (weighing less than 1 kg).
Developed by a team from seven engineering colleges
from Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
GSAT-5P
/INSAT-4D
25-Dec-10 GSLV-F06
C-band communication satellite, failed to reach orbit
due to GSLV-F06 failure.
RESOURCESA
T-2
20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
RESOURCESAT-2, ISRO's eighteenth remote-sensing
satellite, followed RESOURCESAT-1. PSLV-C16
placed three spacecraft with a total payload mass of
1404 kg – RESOURCESAT-2 weighing 1206 kg, the
Indo-Russian YOUTHSAT weighing 92 kg and
Singapore's X-SAT weighing 106 kg – into an 822 km
polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO).
Youthsat 20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
Indo-Russian stellar and atmospheric satellite with the
participation of university students. It weighed 92 kg
GSAT-8/ INSAT-
4G
21-May-11
Ariane-5VA-
202
Communications satellite carries 24 Ku-band
transponders and 2 channel GAGANpayload operating
in L1 and L5 band.
GSAT-12 15-Jul-11 PSLV-C17
GSAT-12 communication satellite built by ISRO,
weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off. GSAT-12 is configured
to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the
country's growing demand for transponders in a short
turn-around-time.The 12 Extended C-band

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
Megha-
Tropiques
12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
Megha-Tropiques weighs about 1000 kg Lift-off
Mass, developed jointly by ISRO and the French
Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES). PSLV-
C18 is configured to carry four satellites in which,
one satellite, developed by India and France, will
track the weather, two were developed by
educational institutions, and the fourth is from
Luxembourg.
Jugnu 12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
Nano-satellite weighing 3 kg developed by IIT
Kanpur
RISAT-1 26-Apr-12 PSLV-C19
RISAT-1, first indigenous all-weather Radar
Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1), whose images will
facilitate agriculture and disaster management
weighs about 1858 kg.
SRMSAT 26-Apr-12 PSLV-C18
Nano-satellite weighing 10.9 kg developed by SRM
University.
GSAT-10 29-Sep-12 Ariane-5VA-209
GSAT-10, India’s advanced communication
satellite, is a high power satellite being inducted
into the INSAT system. Weighing 3400 kg at lift-off.

Satellites Lunchin
g dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
SARAL 25-Feb-13 PSLV-C20
SARAL, The Satellite with ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL) is
a joint Indo-French satellite mission for oceanographic
studies.
IRNSS-1A 1-Jul-13 PSLV-C22
IRNSS-1A is launched on 24 Sep 2014 satellite in the Indian
Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS). It is one of
the seven spacecraft constituting the IRNSS space
segment.
INSAT-3D 26-Jul-13 Ariane-5
INSAT-3D is the meteorological Satellite with advanced
weather monitoring payloads.
GSAT-7 30-Aug-13 Ariane-5
GSAT-7 is the advanced multi-band communication satellite
dedicated for military use.
Mars Orbiter
Mission (MOM)
5-Nov-13 PSLV-C25
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called
Mangalyaan is India's first Mars orbiter.
GSAT-14 5-Jan-14 GSLV-D5
GSAT-14 is the twenty third geostationary communication
satellite of India to augment the In-orbit capacity of
Extended C and Ku-band transponders.
IRNSS-1B 4-Apr-14 PSLV-C24
IRNSS-1B is the second satellite in the Indian Regional
Navigation Satellite System(IRNSS).

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
IRNSS-1C 16-Oct-14 PSLV-C26
IRNSS-1C is the third satellite in the Indian Regional
GSAT-16 7-Dec-14 Ariane-5
GSAT-16 is twenty fourth communication satellite of
India configured to carry a total of 48 communication
transponders.
IRNSS-1D 28-Mar-15 PSLV-C27
IRNSS-1D is the fourth satellite in the Indian Regional
GSAT-6 27-Aug-15 GSLV-D6
GSAT-6 is a communication satellite. GSAT- 6 features
an unfurlable antenna, largest on board any satellite.
Launch of GSLV-D6 also marks the success of
indigenously developed upper stage cryogenic engine
Astrosat 28-Sep-15 PSLV-C30
ASTROSAT is India’s first dedicated multi wavelength
space Observatory.
GSAT-15 11-Nov-15
Ariane5 VA-
227
Communications satellite, carries communication
transponders in Ku-band and a GPS Aided GEO
Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) payload operating in
L1 and L5 bands. Weight 3164 Kg.
IRNSS-1E 20-Jan-16 PSLV-C31
IRNSS-1E is the fifth satellite in the Indian Regional

Satellites Lunching
dates
Lunch
vehicle
Purpose
IRNSS-1F 10-Mar-16 PSLV-C32
IRNSS-1F is the sixth satellite in the Indian Regional
IRNSS-1G 28-Apr-16 PSLV-C33
IRNSS-1G is the seventh satellite in the Indian Regional
Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
Cartosat-2C 22-Jun-16 PSLV-C34
CARTOSAT-2,2A and 2B.
SCATSAT-1
26-Sep -16 PSLV-C35
Miniature satellite to provide weather forecasting, cyclone
prediction, and tracking services to India
RESOURCESA
T-2A 15-Feb -17 PSLV-C36
a Remote Sensing satellite intended for resource
monitoring
CARTOSAT-2D
15-Feb -17 PSLV-C37
Highest number of satellites launched by a single launch
vehicle (104 satellites)
CARTOSAT-
2E
23-Jun-17 PSLV-C38 Earth observation/remote sensing satellite.
IRNSS-1H 31-Aug-17 PSLV-C39 IRNSS-1H is the 9th satellite in the Indian
Regional Navigation Satellite System(IRNSS)

 The International Space Station (ISS) is an internationally developed
research facility currently being assembled in Low Earth Orbit. On-orbit
construction of the station began in 1998 and is scheduled to be complete
by 2011, with operations continuing until at least 2015. The
 ISS orbits at an altitude of approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) above
the surface of the Earth, travelling at an average speed of 27,724 k.m. per
hour, completing 15.7 orbits per day. The station can be seen from the
Earth with the naked eye, and, as of 2009, is the largest artificial satellite
in Earth orbit, with a mass larger than that of any previous space station.
 The ISS is a joint project among the space agencies of the United States
(NASA), Russia (RKA), Japan (JAXA), Canada (CSA) and ten European
nations (ESA). The Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) participates through a
separate contract with NASA. The Italian Space Agency (ASI) similarly
has separate contracts for various activities not done within the
framework of ESA's ISS projects. China has reportedly expressed interest
in the project, especially if it would be able to work with the RKA,
although as of 2009 it is not involved due to objections from the United
States.

 Flight computer and I/O Processor: Command and data ...This is
the part of the satellite that controls all of the satellite's functions,
like the satellite's brain. The flight computer directs the satellite's
activity and the I/O processor sends control data to and from the
flight computer.
 Star Trackers and Reaction Wheels: Pointing control... Pointing
control steers the satellite and consists of sensors to avoid
collisions. The preciseness of the pointing control depends on the
function of the satellite -- some satellites need to be in an exact
altitude, while others can be but in a general area.
 High-gain Antennas, Transmitter/Receiver, and Omni Antennas:
Communications...The part of the satellite that communicates with
Earth. Humans on the ground also use the communications
system to convey instructions to the flight computer. In addition,
pictures and other data collected by the satellite are sent back to
Earth using the communications system.

 Solar Arrays and Battery: Power supply.Solar arrays make
electricity from solar power, batteries store the electricity,
and distribution units send the power to where it is needed.
 Digital Camera and Image Sensor: Mission payload... The
payload includes everything the satellite may need for its
mission, i.e. a communications satellite would have antenna
reflectors to send telephone and TV signals in its payload.
 Thermal Blanket: Thermal control... Thermal control protects
the satellite's delicate electronics from the extreme
temperature changes from sun to shade: 180 degrees
above zero to 120 degrees below zero respectively.

 Artificial Satellites offer a wide range of possibilities for the
future. With our changing weather and natural disasters like
Hurricane Katrina and the Tsunami, and a bad hurricane
season expected almost every year Artificial Satellites can
help us to prepare for these hurricanes and other natural
disasters far in advance to better protect our communities.
 Weather satellites can predict such weather, and early
notice can be what we need to save areas that will be
targeted by these disasters.
 In addition, solar power satellites would provide an
inexhaustible energy source without our having to worry
about using all of our natural resources, such as oil.

 We can’t think about Communication without these
satellites..
 Researches in which the specimen needs to be isolated
can be done aboard artificial satellites , as well as those
pertaining to astronomy.
 Remote Sensing is one of the areas where satellites have
been extensively used.
 Military Forces use satellites to keep an eye on movements
of enemies.

 New ideas are vital to progress and success. Space
promotes an industry of innovation and high added-
value services, fostering economic growth and
employment.
 Artificial Satellites can help to predict natural disasters to
help us better protect targeted areas and to use a clean
energy source. The value of Artificial Satellites will go way
up as they help us face the challenges that will arise in the
future.

 Marco Sabbadini Antenna Section ESA Directorate of Technical and
Operational Support marco.sabbadini@esa.int
 Giorgio Saccoccia Head of Propulsion and Aerothermodynamics Division
ESA Directorate of Technical and Operational Support
giorgio.saccoccia@esa.int
 Artificial Satellite" http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0843738.html%5C
 Garver, Steve. "Sputnik" NASA History.
http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/index.html>
 Kruczynski, Leonard R. "Artificial Satellite - MSN Encarta" MSN ENCARTA.
2006.
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761551926_5/Artificial_Satellite.html
 Oberright, John E. "Artificial Satellite" World Book Online Reference Centre.
2004. http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/artificial_satellites_worldbook.html
 Pasachoff, Jay M. Astronomy. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.
 "Race into Space." New York Times. http://proquest.umi.com/
 Sputnik I. http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/IMAGES/MEDIUM/9248168.jpg •
Google http://www.google.com

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