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Tracing Networks: Ontology-based Software in a Nutshell
- 1. Tracing Networks Yi Hong Department of Computer Science University of Leicester Ontology-based software application in a Nutshell
- 2. Semantic Web “ Semantic web is an evolution to the current web and provide new information representation feature.” Current web Document-centric Human readers Syntax (Schema) HTML, XML etc. Semantic web Knowledge representation Machine readable Semantics (Ontology) RDF, OWL etc Tracing Networks programme
- 3. Ontology What is an ontology? “ An ontology is a formal specification of a conceptualization” -Thomas Gruber Domain ontology e.g. (CIDOC-CRM for archaeology, Gene, GXO for Genetics) Ontology Concepts Specified by Describes Modelled by Domain
- 4. Ontology-based database What is an ontology-based database. How it is different from a relational database. Why use ontology? What can you do with an ontology-based database. How to query an ontology-based database.
- 5. Relational database vs Ontology-based database Image on a ceramic vessel found at Sopron-Várhely (provided by Katharina) Example : Image tagging and search for human representation database
- 6. Object ID: 15 Inventory number: 443 Excavation site: Sopron-Várhely (N47.66519, E16.518044 Hungary) Human figure (individuals) rider wagon guide wagon rider Animal 2 horses 1 horse Material: ceramic Technology: Incised ` etc. ……… . (60+ attributes) Data structure Relational database vs Ontology-based database
- 7. Relational database vs Ontology-based database Database schema Entity-relationship diagram Relational database (MS Access 2007) tables, fields (columns) Data Data primary-foreign key pairs
- 8. Relational vs Ontology-based database MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, MS Access etc Jena SDB, virtuoso universal server, RDF/OWL document Database Schema (table, field, key) Ontology (class, property, individual) records triples (RDF graph) Data Structure Basic elements Database products Data storage Relational Database Ontology-based Database (Triple store)
- 9. Ontology Semantics Class Property Individual individual class property has value for restrict is instance of
- 10. Ontology Class Person Archaeologist Property Is a friend of subClassOf instanceOf Individual Alex John Ontology example:
- 11. Ontology Subject Predicate Object A Triple is: Basic element in the ontology world. contains three parts: subject, predicate and object .
- 12. Ontology Ceramic pot was found in Leicester A Triple is: Basic element in the ontology world. contains three parts: subject, predicate and object .
- 13. Ontology RDF Graph A set of triples become a graph An ontology-based database is a graph Ceramic pot was found in Leicester
- 14. Relational database vs Ontology-based database Object wasFoundAt Site IndividualFigure Animal Scene Material wasMadeFrom hasScene Appears On …… . Country isLocatedIn Horse subClassOf contains Appears On Ontology …… . …… s. (Protégé Ontology Editor) Appears On …… . http://protege.stanford.edu/
- 15. Relational vs Ontology-based database SQL generate query Database Query language SPARQL generate query Query Interface Text-based keywords+ options Graph pattern Search Relational Database Ontology-based Database (Triple store)
- 16. Why use ontology? Problem with traditional keyword search Tags: cat , mouse,
- 17. Why use ontology? Problem with traditional keyword search Ambiguous semantics Tags: cat , mouse, A tag is normally a freely-chosen, non-hierarchical keyword or term. The tag can be the identical but it might have different interpretation. What you are looking for …..
- 18. Why use ontology? Problem with traditional keyword search Ambiguous semantics Tags: cat , mouse, What you actually get… The meaning of the keyword is unclear (Can not tell what it is about by only looking at the tags… )
- 19. Why use ontology? Problem with traditional keyword search Labelling objects rather than relationship Tags: cat , mouse, the keyword approach is more focus on labeling objects rather than the relationship Not way to describe the links ( chasing ) between them. Describing the link between objects is as important as tagging the objects themselves
- 20. Why use ontology? Problem with traditional keyword search Labelling objects rather than relationship Tags: cat , mouse, chase Additional tags will not be sufficient to describe the links. By adding the third tag “chase”. The question remains : Who is chasing who?
- 21. Why use ontology? Problem with traditional keyword search Difficult to describe complex and arbitrary query Query: “ Display images with an animal and a person on them, along with what is happening between them" rider horse
- 22. Why use ontology? How to describe this search in a query interface? Google style? single textbox Not expressive enough Library style? Textbox with drop down list or check box Not flexible enough Native SQL? SQL syntax Learn complex syntax Knowledge of DB schema Difficult to write What else? Query: “Display images with an animal and a person on them, along with what is happening between them"
- 23. Why use ontology? Problem with traditional keyword search Unable to perform automatic reasoning rider horse Problems 1 Ask for : person, animal Actual tags: rider, horse Traditional search engine is based on keyword match. the tags we have here are rider and horse, if it does not contain any keywords we entered, the search engine will not return anything It needs background knowledge to understand a rider is a person riding a horse and a horse is in fact an animal.
- 24. Why use ontology? Single user Mode vs Collaborative Mode Degree of uncertainty User credibility and expertise definitely a horse! probably a fox ? Domain-specific expertise index = E(d) Degree of uncertainty = CF horse Tagged area 95% Is a zoologist 5 year kid
- 25. Query results visualisation - Geo-mapping Keyhole Markup Language (KML/KMZ) http://code.google.co m/apis/kml/documentation/ XML-based language . Supports place marks, images, polygons, 3D models, textual descriptions Compatibility Google Map Google Maps for Mobile Google Earth ESRI ArcGIS Explorer,
- 26. Query results visualisation - Statistical charts Google Chart API http://code.google.com/apis/chart/ Interactive Flash Javascript arrays or XML files Compatibility Most mainstream browsers Internet Explorer Firefox Safari Chrome
- 27. Ontology-based software demo Semantic tagging Query by graph pattern Integration with Google earth Statistical charts
- 29. Links A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology By Stanford University http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/papers/ontology-tutorial-noy-mcguinness-abstract.html Protégé Ontology editor http://protege.stanford.edu/ Protégé tutorial http://owl.cs.manchester.ac.uk/tutorials/protegeowltutorial/ CIDOC-CRM ontology An ontology for culture and heritage domain http://www.cidoc-crm.org/ KML guide and tutorial http://code.google.com/apis/kml/documentation/kml_tut.html