A Review On Data Security In Cloud Computing

International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 94 – No 5, May 2014
12
A Review on Data Security in Cloud Computing
Aized Amin Soofi, M. Irfan Khan
College of Computer Science and Information
studies
Government College University
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Fazal-e-Amin
Department of Software Engineering
College of Computer and Information Sciences
King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
ABSTRACT
Cloud computing is an Internet-based computing and next
stage in evolution of the internet. It has received significant
attention in recent years but security issue is one of the major
inhibitor in decreasing the growth of cloud computing. It
essentially shifts the user data and application software to
large datacenters i.e, cloud, which is remotely located, at
which user does not have any control and the management of
data may not be completely secure. However, this sole feature
of the cloud computing introduce many security challenges
which need to be resolved and understood clearly. One of the
most important and leading is security issue that needs to be
addressed. Data Security concerns arising because both user
data and program are located in provider premises. In this
study, an attempt is made to review the research in this field.
The results of review are categorized on the basis of type of
approach and the type of validation used to validate the
approach.
Keywords
Data security, cloud data concealment, cloud security, review
1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is an emerging technology which recently
has drawn significant attention from both industry and
academia. It provides services over the internet, by using
cloud computing user can utilize the online services of
different software instead of purchasing or installing them on
their own computers. According to the National Institute of
Standard and Technology (NIST) definition, cloud computing
can be defined as a paradigm for enabling useful, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources [1]. According to Gartner [2] cloud computing can
be defined as a style of computing that delivered IT
capabilities ‘as a service’ to end users through internet.
According to recent survey by International Data Group
(IDG) enterprise, the top three challenges to implementing a
successful cloud strategy in enterprise vary significantly
between IT and line-of-business (LOB). For IT, concerns
regarding security is (66%) and 42% of cloud-based projects
are eventually brought back in-house, with security concerns
(65%) [3]. A survey conducted by International Data
Corporation (IDC) in 2011 declares that 47% IT executives
were concerned about a security threats in cloud computing
[4]. In survey conducted by Cisco’s CloudWatch 2011 report
for the U.K. (research conducted by Loudhouse) 76% of
respondents cited security and privacy a top obstacle to cloud
adoption [5].
Data security is a major concern for users who want to use
cloud computing. This technology needs proper security
principles and mechanisms to eliminate users concerns. Most
of the cloud services users have concerns about their private
data that it may be used for other purposes or sent to other
cloud service providers [6]. The user data that need to be
protected includes four parts [7] which are: (i) usage data;
information collected from computer devices (ii) sensitive
information; information on health, bank account etc. (iii)
Personally identifiable information; information that could be
used to identify the individual (iv) Unique device identities;
information that might be uniquely traceable e.g. IP addresses,
unique hardware identities etc.
The European Network and Information Security Agency
(ENISA) identified thirty-five risks and these risks are divided
into four categories: legal risk, policy and organizational
risks, technical risks and risks that are not specific to cloud
[8]. From these risks, the ENISA identified eight most
important risks. Out of which five risks concerns directly or
indirectly related to the data confidentiality. These risks
include isolation failure, data protection, management
interface compromise, insecure data deletion and malicious
insider. Similarly, The Cloud Security Alliance (CSA)
identifies the thirteen kind of risks related to the cloud
computing [9]. Out of these thirteen risks CSA declares seven
most important risks [10]. Five of these seven risks are
directly or indirectly related to the data confidentiality which
includes: account service, traffic hijacking, insecure
application programming interfaces, data loss/leakage and
malicious insiders.
Different countries, IT companies, and the relevant
departments have carried out the research on cloud computing
security technology to expand the security standards of cloud
computing. Existing security technology reflected in six
aspects[11,12] which include: data privacy protection, trusted
access control, cloud resource access control, retrieve and
process of cipher text, proof of existence and usability of data
and trusted cloud computing. To enhance the data security the
data can be converted into cipher text but this may cause to
lose many features when data is converted into cipher text.
There are two widely used methods to retrieve the cipher text.
First, there is a safety index-based approach which establishes
a secure cipher text key words indexed by checking the
existence of key words [13]. Second, there is a cipher text
scanning-based approach which confirms the existence of key
words by matching each word in cipher text [14]. [15] Lists
the top ten obstacles in the popularity of cloud computing.
The data security and storage issues is discussed in this article
and it also analyzes the main reasons of data security issue,
possible solutions of this issues and some future development
of cloud computing are also discussed. [16] Explains the
seven phase of data life cycle in cloud computing that also

13
need security to get user trust these phase include; generation,
transfer, use, share, storage, archival and destruction. The aim
of cloud computing is to provide better consumption of
resources and reduce the work load from user end but it
suffers with security threats [17]. The complexity of security
in complete cloud computing environment is shown in fig 1.
In figure 1the lower layer indicates the deployment models of
cloud computing namely private cloud, community cloud,
public cloud and hybrid cloud. The layer just above the
deployment model represents the services delivery model of
cloud computing. These service delivery models exhibit the
certain characteristics that are shown in the top layer. These
fundamental elements need security with respect to the
characteristics of selected deployment model. Some of
fundamental security challenges are shown in the vertical
layer given in figure 1.
Fig.1 Complexity of security in cloud environment [21]
2. CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUD
COMPUTING
The main attributes of cloud computing are Multi-tenancy,
massive scalability, elasticity, pay as you go and self-
provisioning of resources [18]. The services model of cloud
computing is divided into three categories (1) IaaS
(infrastructure as a service) provides the use of virtual
computer infrastructure environment, online storage,
hardware, servers and networking components; (2) PaaS (plat
form as a service) provides platform for developing
applications by using different programming languages; (3)
SaaS (software as a service) enables the user to access online
applications and software that are hosted by the service
providers. The deployment model of cloud computing include
(1) public cloud, that owned by service provider and its
resources are rented or sold to the public (2) private cloud,
that is owned or rented by an organization (3) community
cloud, that is similar to private cloud but cloud resources is
shared among number of closed community (4) hybrid cloud,
exhibits the property of two or more deployment models [19].
Figure 2 shows the NIST definition framework for cloud
computing.
Fig2: NIST cloud definition Frame work [20]
In this research work we focused on the data security issue in
cloud computing environment. Public cloud deployment
model mostly suffers from the risk of data security. On the
other hand, in SaaS delivery model client is dependent on
service provider for proper security measures. The provider
must implement some strict security measures to keep
multiple users from seeing each other’s data and gain the trust
of users. Recent reviews on security issues in cloud
computing are presented in [21, 22, 23] but these reviews are
limited and not focused on detail study of data security issue.
Neither of them adopts a proper literature review process. In
our study we focused in details study on data security issue by
adopting a proper systematic literature review process.
3. METHODOLOGY
Empirical studies are now being undertaken more frequently,
as a means of examining a broad range of phenomenon in
computer field. A systematic literature review presented in
[24] is followed in this research work to conduct the review.
The review process is shown in figure 3. A systematic
literature review endeavor to provide a comprehensive review
of current literature relevant to a specified research questions.
Many researchers contribute their efforts in the field of
software engineering/computer science by adopting [24]
systematic literature review process such as in [25, 26]
systematic literature review process is adopted for the review
of aspect oriented implementation of software product lines
components and software component reusability assessment
approaches.
Ubiquito
us
Network
Multi
Tenanc
y
On-
demand
self
Rapid
Elasticity
Measure
d
Service
Resource pooling
Software
as a
Service
Platform
as a
Service
Infrastructu
re as a
Service
Private
Cloud
Hybrid
Cloud
Communit
y Cloud
Public
Cloud
Security
related to
Third
Party
Resource
s
Applicati
on
Security
Data
Transmis
sion
Security
Data
Storage
Security

14
Fig 3: Adapted review process from [24]
The review process has three phases that consist of ten sub
activities. In first phase of review the following questions are
posed:
Question 1: What approaches have been introduced to ensure
data security in cloud computing?
Question 2: How the approaches have been validated?
The questions are formulated during the first sub activity of
phase 1, a review protocol was developed. The review
protocol includes the sources, time period under review and
key words used. This protocol is reviewed and validated after
making some changes by researchers.
The final review protocol is shown in table 1. The sources
used for this review include science direct, IEEE xplorer,
Google scholar, Scopus, ACM portal digital library.
Additionally we have looked at JCMS, IJSI journals. The
research focuses on the year’s 2007 to 2014.
Table 1. Review protocol
Year sources Key words
2007-2014 IEEE Xplore,
science direct,
Scopus, Google
scholar, ACM
portal digital
library, IJERA,
IJSI
Cloud computing,
cloud computing
security, data
security/data
concealment, cloud
data security, cloud
data storage
In the second phase of review, the search is performed by
using different queries related to data security in cloud
computing environment. The initial collection of research
papers was based on the key words in Table 1 in the papers
keywords and abstract. The quality criteria set to assess the
studies was to include papers in the review if it contains a
model, an experiment, a framework, or a guideline. The
required data was extracted from the papers to answer the
questions posed above.
Another step in the search process was performed by
searching the related work area of the selected papers to boost
the review strength by confirming that no valuable reference
is missed during the search process. The collected data was
synthesized to exhibit complete results. Finally, in the third
phase of the review process, the review report was written and
validated.
4. RESULTS
The results of the review are presented in this section. A year
wise result representation is presented in Table 2 and
frequency of papers with respect to sources is shown in Fig 4.
The results are characterized with respect to the questions
posed earlier.
Table 2 year wise search results
Fig4: Frequency of papers w.r.t to sources
5. QUESTION-1: WHAT APPROACHES
HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED TO
ENSURE DATA SECURITY IN
CLOUD COMPUTING?
The result of review (figure 5) show the proposed approaches
for the data security in cloud computing. These results are
categorized into: (1) Encryption, where the plain text is
Year No. of papers
2007 0
2008 1
2009 1
2010 5
2011 5
2012 8
2013 9
2014 2
Total 31
Phase 1: Plan Review
1- Specify research questions
2- Develop a review protocol
3- Validate review protocol
Phase 2: conduct Review
4- Identify relevant research
5- Select primary studies
6- Assess study quality
7- Extract required data
8- Synthesize data
Phase 3: Document review
9- Write a review report
10- Validate report

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converted into cipher text by using some encryption
algorithms; (2) Homomorphic token. A technique ensures that
we do not need to decrypt the key for data checking instead
we can directly compare with encrypted token; (3) Guidelines.
Some of the studies have outlined some guidelines to ensure
the data security in cloud; (4) Harmonizing scheme. Building
a data repository; (5) data concealment component; (6) token;
(7) Framework; (8) stripping algorithm.
The categories wise results are summarized in Table 3.
Table 3 category wise results of question1
Question category No. of papers
What approaches
have been
introduced to ensure
data security in
cloud computing?
Encryption
Homomorphic token
Sobol sequence
Guideline
Harmonizing scheme
Data concealment
component
Framework
Stripping algorithm
Total
14
2
1
6
1
1
5
1
31
Encryption
45%
Guidelines
21%
Framewor
k
16%
Homomor
phic token
7%
Sobol
sequence
4%
Harmonizi
ng
3%
Data
concealme
nt
componen
t
3%
Stripping
algorithm
3%
Fig 5: Proposed approaches to ensure data
security
5.1 Encryption
The results show that most common approach was encryption
(45%) to assure the data security in cloud. In [27] a digital
signature with RSA algorithm scheme is proposed to ensure
the data security in cloud. In which software used to crunch
down the data documents into few lines by using “hashing
algorithm”. These lines are called message digest then
software encrypts the message digest with his private key to
produce the digital signature. Digital signature will be
decrypted into message digest by the software with own
private key and public key of sender.
In [28] playfair and vigenere cipher techniques were merged
with structural aspects of Simplified Data Encryption
Standard (SDES) and Data Encryption Standard (DES). In
which 64 bit block size of plain text is taken which is fixed
and this 64 bit plain text is divided into two halves by using
the “black box” the right half have 2 bits whereas left half has
6 bits, then these 6 bits are feed into “superior function” block
where these 6 bits are further separated in two halves where
first two bits represent the rows and last four bits represent the
column by identifying the rows and column the corresponding
value can be selected. Then this function is apllied to all 8
octets of the output of vigenere block the resultant of black
box is again of 64 bits then these bits are further divided into
4 new octants similarly right 4 bits are unified to formulate
right halves. Finally left and right halves are XOR-ed to
obtain left half of this arrangement. This process is repeated
three times.
In [29] RSA algorithm used to encrypt the data and Bilinear
Diffie-Hellman to insure the security while exchanging the
keys. In proposed method a message header is added in front
of each data packet for direct and safe communication
between client and cloud without any third party server. When
user sends the request to the cloud server for data storage then
cloud server creates the user public key, private key and user
identification in certain server. Two tasks performed at user
end before sending the file to cloud, first add message header
to the data and secondly encrypt data including message
header by using secret key. When user request for data to the
cloud server then it will check the message header of received
data and pick up the Unique Identification for Server in cloud
(SID) information. If SID information is found it will respond
the user request otherwise request will be discarded.
In [30], a technique is introduced to ensure the availability,
integrity and confidentiality of data in cloud by using Secure
Socket Layer (SSL) 128 bit encryption that can also be raised
to 256 bit encryption. The user who wishes to access the data
from cloud is strictly required to provide valid user identity
and password before access is given to the encrypted data. In
[31], user send the data to the cloud then cloud service
provider generate a key and encrypts the user data by using
RSA algorithm and stored the data into its data centre. When
user request the data from cloud then cloud service provider
verify the authenticity of the user and give the encrypted data
to the user that can be decrypted by calculating the private
key.
In [32], a three layered data security model is presented in
which each layer performs different task to make the data
secure in cloud. First layer is responsible for authentication,
second layer performs the duty of data encryption and third
layer performs the functionality of data recovery. In [33], RC5
algorithm is implemented to secure the data in cloud. An
encrypted data is transmitted even if the data is stolen there
will be no corresponding key to decrypt the data. In [34] Role
Base Encryption (RBE) technique is proposed to secure the
data in cloud and role base access control (RBAC) cloud
architecture was also proposed which allows organizations to
store data securely in public cloud, while maintaining the
secret information of organization’s structure in private cloud.

16
In [35], four authorities are defined i.e, data owner, data
consumer, cloud server and N attribute authorities where
attribute authorities sets was divided into N disjoint sets with
respect to the category. The data owner gets the public key
from any one of the authority and encrypt the data before
sending it to the cloud server. When data is requested the
authorities will create private key and send it to the data
consumer and consumer will be able to download the file only
if he get verified by cloud server. In [36], two types of secure
cloud computing are proposed one require trusted third party
and other does not. These types use Elliptic Curve Diffie-
Hellman (ECDH) and symmetric bivariate polynomial based
secret sharing to ensure the data security in cloud
environment.
In [37], location based encryption technique by using user
location and geographical position was introduced. In which a
geo encryption algorithm was implemented on the cloud and
user computer and the data was labeled with the company
name or person who work in the company. When the data is
required then in the cloud similar label will be searched and
retrieved and the information corresponding to the label will
be retrieved. In [38], a technique is proposed by using digital
signature and Diffie Hellman key exchange in combination
with Advanced Encryption Standard encryption algorithm to
protect the confidentiality of data stored in cloud. This scheme
is referred as three way mechanism because it provides
authentication, data security and verification at the same time.
5.2 Guidelines
The result of our review shows that 21% of studies use
guidelines to ensure the security of data in cloud. In [39],
guidelines are provided for data security in cloud by
introducing new cloud system architecture approach which
has three features i.e., separation of software service providers
and infrastructure service providers, hiding information about
owner of data and data obfuscation. In [40], agents method is
introduce to ensure the data security in cloud architecture. In
which three agents namely file agent, authentication agent and
key managing agent was used for data security.
In [41], guidelines about six key data technologies are
provided which are: data privacy protection, proof of
existence and usability of data, trusted access control, retrieve
and process of cipher text, cloud resource access control and
trusted cloud computing. In [42], guidelines are provided by
giving the meta analysis of four different encryption
algorithms that are also helpful to selecting the best
algorithms according to need.
5.3 Framework
The framework approach represents 14% of the results. In
[43], a framework is provided; known as TrustCloud, in
which data centric and detective approach is propose to
increase the security of data with the objectives to encourage
the adoption of file-centric and data- centric logging
mechanism to increase the security and confidentiality of data
in cloud computing. In [44], a framework is provided by
building a multi-tenant system. In which developed solution is
divided into three layers i.e. presentation layer, business logic
layer and data access layer. These layers provide very high
security to user data.
In [45], a framework is provided that consists of protocol
named SecCloud, which is a first protocol spanning secure
storage and secure computation in cloud environment by
designated verifier signature, batch authentication and
probabilistic sampling procedures. In [46], proposed
framework is consist of three steps, in first step precaution is
made against semi-honest cloud service provider by indexing
data and its metadata to ensure complete data privacy. In
second step multi user private keyword searchable encryption
is performed on encrypted data to keep searches and resulting
files secrecy from cloud service provider. Final step make the
use of policy in order to support data sharing between users
by using metadata and encryption scheme.
5.4 Homomorphic Token
The homomorphic token scheme represents the 7% of the
results. In [47], homomorphic token scheme is introduced to
ensure the data security. The proposed scheme utilizes
homomorphic token with distributed verification of erasure-
coded data. It supports secure and efficient dynamic operation
on data block including data delete, update and append. A
model proposed in [48] by utilizing homomorphic token
scheme with token pre- computation algorithm to achieves the
integration of storage correctness insurance and identification
of misbehaving server(s).
5.5 Stripping algorithm, data concealment
component, harmonizing and token
scheme
Stripping algorithm, data concealment component, and
harmonizing and token scheme each represent 3% of the
results. In [49], stripping algorithm is used to secure the
picture data in cloud, the approach is consist of three modules
which are image analysis, data separation and data
distribution. [50] Proposed a design of data concealment
component that composed of three sub components: the
prediction component, data generator and data marking to
secure the data in cloud. The Evaluation of this component
shows the successful conceal data of legitimate users and
protect them against potential attacks.
A privacy preserving repository presented in [51], this
repository was basically concentrated on the harmonizing
operations to achieve data confidentiality while still keeping
the harmonizing relations intact in the cloud. This proposed
scheme make data owner enables to assign most of
computation intensive tasks to cloud servers without
disclosing data contents. [52] Proposed an effective and
flexible distribution verification protocol to address data
security in cloud computing. This protocol utilizes token pre-
computation using sobol sequence to verify the integrity of
erasure coded data instead of pseudorandom data. The
proposed model consist of three phases that are: file
distribution, token pre-computation and challenge response
protocol.
6. QUESTION-2: HOW THE
APPROACHES HAVE BEEN
VALIDATED?
The results related to the second question are presented here.
Figure 6 shows the result of review regarding the procedures
adopted for validation. The categories are: (1) Experiment,
where an experiment is carried out to validate the results; (2)
Comparative analysis, where the results of proposed scheme
is compared to other schemes to validate the results; (3) Test
bed is used to validate the proposed approach; (4) Statistical
analysis, where the results are analyzed by using some
statistical technique; (5) Meta analysis is used to validate the

17
results; (6) Performance analysis, where the performance of
proposed approach is analyzed by different methods; (7)
Some of the proposed approaches have not performed any
validation. The category wise detail is presented in table IV
and fig 6 shows the type of validation in percentage. Let us
explain the term validation. It refers to any kind of empirical
method used as a proof, apart from the demonstration/
application of the proposed approach.
Table 4 categories wise results of question 2
Question category No. of papers
How the approaches
have been validated?
Experiment
No Validation
Comparative
Analysis
Meta Analysis
Test Bed
Statistical Analysis
Performance
Analysis
Total
10
13
3
1
1
1
2
31
Fig 6: Type of validation
The results of the question regarding validation of proposed
approaches show that 47% of the selected papers proposed
approach to secure data in the cloud environment but provide
no validation of the proposed approach.
6.1 Experimental Approach
Experiments are used to validate the proposed approach in
32% of the selected papers. In [30], experiment was
performed to test the validity of proposed model by using
cloud simulator named Hadoop. It shows the status of security
after implementing three security parameters which are;
Message Authentication Code, classification of data, index
and encryption technique. In [33] Aneka 2.0 software is used
in cloud environment to validate the results obtaining by the
implementation of RC5 algorithm and then compare these
results with Amazon S3 service. Aneka allows building and
managing an interconnected network by using Microsoft
.NET frameworks on these networks.
In [34] proposed architecture is implemented in Java and
results show that cipher text size is linearly proportional to the
size of the plaintext and the efficiency of encryption and
decryption is very good. Results also show that the size of the
decryption key is 48 bytes which is convenient for the users.
In [39] cloud service is implemented using C# Microsoft
.NET framework for collaborative online documentation. The
experimental results shows that service response time
increases linearly as the size of the input text increases and
data obfus-cation and de-obfuscation do not cause much
overhead, hence proposed approach showed realistic
performance. In [50] PHP language was used for the
experiment in which performance test is conducted for three
phases that are data generation, data marking and data
extraction. During the performance test impact of component
on data generation was also observed.
6.2 Comparative Analysis
Comparative analysis as the form of validation is employed in
10% of the selected studies in which results of proposed
scheme is compared to other schemes to validate the results.
In [53] comparative analysis is conducted to validate the
results by considering following variables granularity, key
management, meta data management, level of concealment,
degree of distribution and level of implementation. In [36]
comparative analysis is made between data Privacy by
Authentication and Secret Sharing (PASS) and proposed
technique that used trusted third party and non trusted third
party. In [28], the proposed encryption technique is compared
with DES, SDES, Playfair and Vigenere encryption technique
to validate the proposed approach results.
6.3 Performance Analysis
Performance analysis is used to validate the proposed
approach in 7% of selected papers. In [47], performance
analysis is performed in terms of security and efficiency to
show that the results are validated and proposed scheme is
highly efficient and flexible against Byzantine failure and
malicious data modification attacks.
6.4 Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis, meta analysis and test bed as the form of
validation are employed in 3% of the selected studies. In [32]
NIST statistical test are used to validate the results by
selecting eight modern encryption algorithms. In [42], meta
analysis of four different security algorithms which are; AES,
RSA, Blow fish and DES are presented in term of platform,
key size, key used, scalability, initial vector size, security,
data encryption capacity, authentication type, memory usage
and execution time to validate the results. In [45], test bed is
developed and tested for the validation of results.
7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE
DIRECTIONS
There are many benefits of using cloud computing such as
cost efficiency, quick deployment, improved accessibility etc.
However, there are yet many practical problems which have
to be solved. The data confidentiality is one of them. Many

18
researchers contributed their efforts to minimize the data
security issue in this domain with different solutions that
described in this work. A literature review of the works in the
area of cloud computing data security is conducted and the
results of review are presented in this paper. The results show
that the majority of approaches are based on encryption (45%)
out of which 71% encryption techniques results are validated.
67% of encryption techniques used experimentation to
validate the results. These results point towards the fact that
most of researchers show their interest in encryption
technique to enhance the security of data in cloud computing
environment. The results also reveals the fact of lack of
validation in proposed approaches as 42% of the studies
provide no validation of the results out of which 67% are
guidelines. Only few studies have used statistical analysis for
validation. This area (validation) needs the attention of the
research community to gain the trust and confidence of cloud
computing users.
Although our review has explored the field, further studies are
needed to confirm the obtained results. Future work includes
the extension of this review by including more sources
(conferences, journals and workshops) and questions. A future
plan is to explore the other security issues in the cloud
computing environment and we are also aiming to design a
security model using some encryption techniques for data
concealment in cloud computing.
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