6-LEC- 6.pptx Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing
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Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Network Layer. Ad
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5-LEC- 5.pptxTransport Layer. Transport Layer Protocols
5-LEC- 5.pptxTransport Layer. Transport Layer ProtocolsZahouAmel1 Transport Layer.
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7-Lect_7 .pptxNetwork Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) ...
7-Lect_7 .pptxNetwork Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) ...ZahouAmel1 Network Layer.
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7-Lect_7 .pptxNetwork LayerNetwork Layer
7-Lect_7 .pptxNetwork LayerNetwork LayerZahouAmel1 Network Layer.
Addressing
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8-Lect_8 Addressing the Network.tcp.pptx
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- 1. Computer Networks LEC #2 Communicating Over the Network Computer Networks LEC #5 Network Layer
- 2. Lecture Outlines 2 Network Layer. Addressing Subnetting Mask (default and subnet) Routing Next Lecture
- 4. Network-layer services and protocols transport packet from sending to receiving host sender: encapsulates segments into packet header, passes to datalink layer receiver: delivers packet to transport layer protocol network layer protocols in every Internet device: hosts, routers mobile network enterprise network national or global ISP datacenter network applicatio n transport network link physical applicatio n transport network link physical networ k link physica l networ k link physica l networ k link physica l networ k link physica l networ k link physica l Routers: examines header fields in all IP packets passing through it and moves packet from input ports to output ports to transfer it along end-end path
- 5. Network layer help to communication from Host to Host through IP (internet protocol) addressing Network Layer
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- 7. Addressing IP address (Logical address) : Internet Protocol (IP) is a numerical label assigned to each computer (host) in the network for communication. There are two version from IP: IP4 : 32 bits (written by binary in 4 parts separated by . 2 32 = 4 294967 296 devices) IP6 : 128 bits (written by hex decimal in 8 parts separated by : (2128 ) Decimal notation 1 0 Binary notation
- 8. • To convert IP Address from Binary to Decimal notation 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 128 + 16 + 1 = 145 First Byte Second Byte Third Byte Fourth Byte 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 8 + 2 = 10 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 32 + 2 = 34 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 + 1 = 3 Addressing How to convert binary to decimal
- 9. • To convert IP Address from Decimal to Binary notation First Byte Third Byte Fourth Byte 2 145 2 72 2 36 2 18 2 9 2 4 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 10010001 2 10 2 5 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Second Byte 00001010 2 34 2 17 2 8 2 4 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00100010 00000011 Addressing How to convert decimal to binary
- 10. 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 Anatomy of an IPv4 Address • To identify a path or "route" through a network, the address must be composed of two parts: 1) Network portion 2) Host portion IP Address 192. 168. 1. 2 Network portion Host portion
- 11. Anatomy of an IPv4 Address • Network Portion: At Layer 3, we define a network as a group of hosts that have identical bit patterns in the network address portion of their addresses. 192.168.1.2 192 168 1 2 192.168.1.67 192 168 1 67 192.168.1.204 192 168 1 204 Network portion Host portion • Host Portion: There are a variable number of bits that are called the host portion of the address. The number of bits used in this host portion determines the number of hosts that we can have within the network.
- 12. Addressing Address is divided into 5 classes A, B, C, D, E. The Class of the address determines which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the host address. Which class of the following IP? • 227.12.14.56 ? • 134.11.78.9 ? 0 to 127 128 to 191 Net ID 192 to 223 Net ID Net ID 224 to 239 Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E 240 to 255 First Byte Second Byte Third Byte Fourth Byte Class D Class B Used for Multicasting to multiple hosts. Reserved for research and development.
- 13. Addressing Class First Octet Range Number of Network Bits Number of Host Bits Number of Networks Number of Hosts per Network A 0-127 8 24 128 16,777,216 B 128-191 16 16 16,384 65,536 C 192-223 24 8 2,097,152 256 For example class A reserve first part which is 8 bits (0-7) 2 7 =128 Networks and, number of hosts is 16777216 ( reserve 3 parts which is 24 bits 2 24 =16777216. Generally : The address 127.0.0.1 is reserved for testing NIC (ping 127.0.0.1) Note that Network id + zeros in binary → network address. (Not allocated to a host). For example in class A :112.0.0.0 is called network address and you can not use it. Network id + ones in binary → broadcast address. (Not allocated to a host). For example in class A : 112.255.255.255 is called broadcast address and you can not use it. Network id + host-id → host address. For example 112.10.12.13
- 14. An IP4 host address: 123.234.210.109 • 123 = network id - in class A • What is the network address? • What is the broadcast address? • Which of the following is valid IP address in the network? • 123.15.8.9 • 123.234.210.112 • 125.12.15.23 • 123.234.210.109 valid valid Invalid : another network Invalid : duplicate IP Examples 123.0.0.0 123.255.255.255
- 15. Examples • Given the host address 132.6.17.85, find the network address? • Answer: The network address is 132.6.0.0. • How to think: This address lies in class is B. Then the first 2 bytes defines the net-id. So, we can find the network address by replacing the host-id bytes (17.85) with 0s. Therefore, The network address is 132.6.0.0. • Note: • A network-address is different from a net-id. A network-address has both net-id and host-id, with 0s for the host-id. Find Network address for this IP’s 23.56.7.91 132.6.17.85 Class A (0-127) then the network address is 23.0.0.0 Class B (128-191) then the network address is 132.6.0.0
- 16. Network Address : Example 123.0.0.0 Class A 123.0.0.1 123.65.7.43 123.255.255.254 141.14.0.0 Class B 141.14.22.8 141.14.76.67 141.14.45.9 221.45.71.20 221.45.71.0 Class C 221.45.71.126 221.45.71.65
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