aiswarya thomas

drug drug discovery discovery risk disadvantage advantage testing in animal models testing safety efficacy marketing screening binding assays in vivo in-vitro models pharmaco-epidemiology doctors patients reasearchers application aim safety profile risk quantification hypothesis testing pharmaceutical steps-drug discovery drug development pathways clinical research phases of clinical trial pms post marketing surveillance introduction methods of pms source cohort studies case control study voluntary reporting spontaneous reporting controlled clinical trials various approaches preclinical approach pharmacological approch toxicological approach selectivity testing pdd units of drugs dispensed pill count medication adherance ind new drug types of ind resources ind froms ind contents contents instructions review pathogenicity bacteria toxin endotoxin exotoxin diphtheria botulinum tetanus toxin signs and symptoms pharmacological profiling pharmacovigilance drug use analysis concept types ettributable risk relative risk charectoristics odds ratio computattion od odds equation interpretation time risk relationship absolute risk epidemiology statistical methos incidence prevalence drug use measures monetary units no. of prescriptions ddd