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Computer memory
- 2. What is Memory? In computing, memory refers to a device that is used to store information for immediate use in a computer or related computer hardware device.
- 5. Primary Memory: This is the main memory of the computer. CPU can directly read or write on this memory. It is fixed on the motherboard of the computer. Primary memory is further divided in two types: 1.RAM(Random Access Memory) 2.ROM(Read Only Memory)
- 6. RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is a temporary memory. The information stored in this memory is lost as the power supply to the computer is turned off. That’s why it is also called Volatile Memory. It stores the data and instruction given by the user and also the results produced by the computer temporarily.
- 7. SRAM : (Static Random Access Memory) SRAM (static RAM) is random access memory (RAM) that retains data bits in its memory as long as power is being supplied. SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed. Static RAM provides faster access to data and is more expensive than DRAM. SRAM is used for a computer's cache memory and as part of the random access memory digital-to-analog converter on a video card. DRAM : (Dynamic Random Access Memory) DRAM is a type of RAM that stores each bit of data on a separate capacitor.Still, because DRAM can hold more data than SRAM. it is significantly less expensive to manufacture, DRAM is the most common type of memory found in personal computer systems.
- 8. ROM (Read Only Memory) Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers (PCs) and other electronic devices. It contains the programming needed to start a PC, which is essential for boot-up; it performs major input/output tasks and holds programs or software instructions. ROM is non-volatile, which means it keeps its contents regardless of whether or not it has power.
- 10. MROM – (Mask Read Only Memory) - it is the short form of Mask Read Only Memory. It is inexpensive and is the very first ROM which is hard wired device that contains a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. PROM – (Programmable Read Only Memory) - it is read-only memory chip that data can be written only once by a user. The difference between it and the read only memory is that PROM is manufactured as a blank memory, while the ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process. EPROM – (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) - it is a special kind of read only memory chip that has the opportunity to erase the programmed data, which the feature can be seen from its name. The programmable read-only memory can be programmed to write data with high voltage, and the data remains until it is exposed to ultraviolet light for lasting up to 10 minutes or longer.
- 11. EEPROM – (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) - it is also a kind of read only memory that the principle of operation is similar to EPROM which we have mentioned, but the ways to program and erase are done by exposing it to an electrical charge, so no transparent window is needed. - It can be erased and reprogrammed about 10,000 times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 milliseconds. Flash Memory - Flash memory (flash) is a modern type of EEPROM. Flash memory can be erased and rewritten faster than ordinary EEPROM, and newer designs has the feature that is very high endurance (exceeding 1,000,000 cycles). -
- 12. Secondary Memory: It is also called external memory. Secondary memory refers to storage devices, such as hard drives and solid state drives. That means the computer has roughly 64 times more secondary memory than primary memory. Additionally, secondary memory is non-volatile, meaning it retains its data with or without electrical power.
- 14. What is virtual memory? - it is a memory management capability of an operating system (OS) -- which uses hardware and software to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages, by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.