Korean art

Korean art

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  Emily Feng, MichelleBellin, and Hannah Block Chinese and Korean Art before 1279
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  • Agricultural basedcommunities based around rivers: Yellow, Yangzi, Xi • Climate much wetter, with a variety of animals in forests; hunting and gathering prevalent • Silk cultivation already developed in N. China • Yangshao in mountainous N/W China develop Painted Pottery • Lungshan in E. plains develop Black Pottery: predecessor of later pottery • Jade art used in E. provinces esp. by Liangzhu History of China: Neolithic cultures (4000-2000 BCE) 4,000 BC 0 CE 4000 CE 8000 CE 12,000 CE
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  Bowl, Yangshao culture • 5000-4000BCE • 7” • Found in Banpo • Shallow red bowl • Marks along the rim may be evidence of first Chinese writing • Stylized fish – important part of villagers lives • Face – someone worshipped for their skills • Part of the Yangshao culture, which is one of the most important painted pottery cultures of Neolithic China
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  Jade ring from Liangzhuculture 2700-2500 BCE
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  Jade Cong • Neolithicera • Jade-working culture – Liangzhu (3300 BCE) – Intricate carvings • Found buried in a large tomb – Object of importance • Used to contact spirit world – Circle = heaven, square = earth, hollow = axis connecting realms • Low relief carvings depicting combination of human and animal features – Supernatural beings, priests’ helpers or alter egos
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  • Transition betweenneolithic cultures and following Shang dynasty • Largely regarded as mythic until excavations in 1928 • Evidence of bronze tools, communities, and tombs; largely agricultural • Hereditary system of rule, lunar calendar system developed: jade and bronze crafts refined • Xia dynasty overthrown by Tang, leader of Shang tribe after corrupt and lazy Jie 3 Bronze Age Dynasties: Xia (2000-1500 B.C)
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  Bronze Age Dynasties:the Shang (1700-1100) • Ruled from Yellow River capitols; walled cities, palaces, and large royal tombs found • Society highly stratified; surrounded by rival or allied states in constantly fighting atmosphere • Refined bronze craft for art and weapons • Very mystical, religious society; rulers claimed as divine intermediaries between realms • Religion fostered art forms and earliest writing • Culture of ancestor and spirit worship, violence, and grandeur in death and glittering court life • Bronze vessels: 30 shapes form, some based on animal forms • Served ritual purposes, illustrate significance of tombs Ritual bronze vessel in shape of owl
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  Fang Ding • 12th centuryBCE • Bronze, 24.5”, 240 lbs • Found in royal tombs near Shang capitals –Largest Shang recovered • Large deer head on each side, deer on legs, birds, and dragons
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  Bronze Age Dynasties:the Zhou (1100-221 BCE) • Conquered Shang; feudal society est. w/nobles ruling over small states underneath king ruling under Mandate of Heaven • 771 BCE defeated by western nomadic tribe; new capitol est. in east but Eastern Zhou dynasty much weaker • States more independent; constant warfare between states • During Spring and Autumn period (722-481 BCE) 10-12 states merged into 7 powers • Warring States period (481-221 BCE) intrigue and ruthless conflict common • In contrast, great philosophers arose: shift from spiritual to human world
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  Bronze Bell • Foundin tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng • 433 BCE • Part of carillon of 65 bells arranged in 25 ft formation • Make two sounds (hit near center or side) – Music for rituals communicating with supernatural • Taotie on front & back of each bell • Intricate due to lost-wax casting
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  1st Imperial Period:Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) • 1st semblance of empire; military campaigns unite states under single emperor, Shihuangdi • Obsessed with immortality, building mausoleum in Shaanxi province until rebellion in 206 BCE that ends dynasty • 1974 mound over mausoleum unearthed; army of terra cotta soldiers & horses discovered • Harsh/repressive regime: laws based on legalism, other schools of thought banned, enforced with execution • Central bureaucracy est, writing/coinage standardized, roads built, Great Wall connected
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  The Great Wallof China
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  Hadrian’s Wall
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  Han Dynasty (206BCE -220 CE) • Modified harsher aspects of Qin: adopted vassal principalities and Confucian ideals • Confucianism: human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor esp. through self-cultivation and self- creation, submitting to life to achieve ren and yi • Peaceful/prosperous; Silk Road est. to Rome • Period of intellectual & artistic revival: paper, porcelain, clocks, astrological instruments developed • Shiji described court life and “barbarians” • Civil service examination installed
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  Han Dynasty, cont. •Era of military expansion: invaded N. Vietnam pushed W/S, allowing for secure travel • Enforcement lax; tributary system est. with intermarriage common • Diplomacy expanded to Japan, Korea, even Roman empire. • Briefly disrupted by (Xin) intermediary; regained power but corruption proved to be end • Disputes among court factions and imperial consorts • Devolved into age of civil war between three dynasties (6 Dynasty period)
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  Painted Banner • Foundin tomb of Marquess of Dai • 160 BCE • 6’ 8.5” • Mythocentric age- relationship with supernatural • Silk banner painted scenes of the three levels of universe – Heaven, earth, underworld
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  Incense Burner • 113BCE • Bronze with a gold inlay • 26 cm • Found in the tomb of Prince Liu Sheng • Depicts waves and mountainous islands occupied by animals and people who have discovered immortality • This piece represents the development of bronze casting in China • Relates to Daoism, which emphasizes the relationship betweens humans and nature and humans searching for immortality
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  Rubbing of aStone Relief • Wu family Shrine • Two story building –Women and men on separate floors, visitors have gifts, birds on roof –Depicts homage to first emperor of Han Dynasty (hieratic scale)
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  Relief in WuFamily Shrine compared to Han Dynasty Banner • 300 year time difference • Han Dynasty Banner – Equal emphasis on heaven, earth, and underworld – Supernatural and divine are more important than humans • Wu Family Shrine – Human realm – Importance of emperor – Social order
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  Architecture: Han Dynasty •Much storied architecture, but nothing remains except for clay tomb models • Favored multilevel construction with bracketing system to support tiled eaves • Became standard for imperial architecture • Stories describe elaborate painting to bring outdoors indoors, perhaps inlaid with precious materials
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  Angkor Wat Djoser’sstep pyramid Tympanum, Notre Dame Cathedral
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  Six Dynasties (220-581 CE) • Split into three warring kingdoms (called Three Kingdoms period); 280 CE briefly united until court fled south from invasions by nomadic tribes in central Asia • For next 3 centuries, N/S China developed independently: • North= 16 kingdoms in constant warfare; thousands fled south • South=six dynasties quickly came and went in constant turmoil during Southern/Northern dynasties period (265-480 CE) • Confucianism lost popularity to escapist Daoism; intellectuals sought independent from society and government • Militaristic and hierarchal society, but painting and calligraphy flourished + new poetic styles
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  Painting • Few survivefrom 6 Dynasties: most drawn from literature • Emphasized landscape paintings (Daoist influence); could wander through landscape as mental exercise and inspiration • Spiritual, not just didactic, element to painting • 6 Principles set out by scholar Xie He on painting: • Capture “spirit” or “qi” in painting; contain essence of things • Brushwork= “bones,” primary structural element of piece • Each stroke= vehicle of expression, “spirit consonance”
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  Detail of Admonitionsof the Imperial Instructress to Court Ladies
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  Admonitions of theImperial Instructress to Court Ladies • Figures drawn with a brush in a thin line, even- width line •A few outlined areas were filled with color •Facial features are well depicted •Movements and emotions are shown through conventions such as bands flowing from Lady Feng’s dress, indicating she is rushing forward -Upturned strings on both sides of the emperor’s head suggest fear •No setting- artist relies on careful placement of figures to create a sense of depth
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  • Importance ofbrushstrokes shown in calligraphy; revelaed character and style of the writer • Highest forms of expression • Practiced by intellectual elite and government officials • most important calligrapher= Wang Xizhu; surviving work in Feng Ju album • “Walking style;” fluid and dynamic, done freely, mix between formal and informal Calligraphy (6 Dynasties Period)
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  Sui Dynasty (581-617CE) • General from N. dynasties replaced child emperor, defeated opposition and centralized China into Sui Dynasty • Compared to Qin in cruelty and ruthlessness: tyrannical demands, high taxes, compulsory labor (lots of building projects, including renovation of Great Wall) • Fell under through assassinations, rebellion, Korean invasions • Strongly Buddhist; reached peak during Tang dynasty Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) • High point; arts and literature flourished, civil service examination perfected, drawing in talented gov. officials • Block printing invented • Expansion of territory • Power ebbed 8th century from Arab defeats; Song dynasty emerges
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  Buddhist Art &Architecture • Buddhism spread from India during 5th cent. BCE along Silk Road; popular in North, then South during tumultuous 6 Dynasties Period • 1st patron: Emperor Liang Wu Di; built thousands temples/monasteries built • Almost none of this remains; inferred from Japanese temples based off Chinese
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  Rock-cut Caves onthe Silk Road • 100s along trade routes carved straight from cliffs; some caves were spiritual retreats, home for hidden temples/shrines • Yungang in Shanxi contains Seated Buddha • Carved during late 5th century during N. Wei dynasty (short-lived, but supported Buddhism) • Long ears, ushnisha (bun), pattern like pleats, strong body and wide shoulders, and mask- like face draw on Southeast Asian art
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  Seated Buddha • 460CE • Stone • 45 ft. • Located in the cave 20 of the rock cut caves of the Silk Road • Carved for a ruler of the Northern Wei Dynasty • Traditional attributes of Buddha such as elongated ears and monk’s robes. • Full torso, mask like face, large shoulders, and stylized drapery show Central Asian influence
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  Altar to Amitabha Buddha •New Suiemperor= devote Buddhist (593 CE) •His reunification of China coincided with several styles of Buddhist sculpture that had developed •One of many Buddhas of Mahayana Buddhism •Amitabha dwelled in Western Pure Land-- paradise where faithful followers were promised rebirth •Altar depicts him in his paradise •Seated on lotus throne •7 celestial nymphs sit on topmost clusters
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  Great Wild GoosePagoda at Ci’en Temple in Chang’an -645 CE -For famous monk Xuanzang on his return from a 16-year pilgrimage to India -Pagoda originated in Indian Buddhist stupa-- elaborate burial mound that housed relics of the Buddha -Built entirely in masonry and imitates the wooden architecture of the time Architecture -Pagoda still preserves the essence of Tang architecture in its simplicity, symmetry, proportions, and grace
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  Figure Painting inthe Tang Dynasty • Very few scroll paintings survive; those that do are among the finest • Many copied, much like Romans of Greek art Detail of Ladies Preparing Newly Women Silk by Zhang Xuan (known for his depictions of women at Tang court) • Attributed to Emperor Huizong early 12th century • Long hand scroll in several sections; depicts activities of court women as they weave and iron silk • Original no longer exists-- don’t know if copy is faithful (but refined lines and bright colors share grace and dignity of Tang sculpture and architecture
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  Song Dynasty (960-1279) •United after brief period of turmoil; new capitol at Kaifeng • Unlike Tang, much more introspective; weakened military • 1126 Jurchen tribes from Manchuria invade, took control of N. China • Song retreated south to Hangzhou (S. Song) • Territory decreased, but wealth flourished from technology/artistic advances • Cities developed as administration/cultural centers • Wealthy group of merchants created • Idea of “ideal man” inc. scholar, statesman, poet, artist • Neo-Confucianism est.: infused w/Daoist and Buddhist thought • Cleansing of impurities to have li reach Great Ultimate
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  Northern Song Painting: FanKaun• Neo-Confucian ideas found visual expression in art, esp. landscape • Studied nature closely to master its many appearances • Passion for realistic detail was artist’s form of self- cultivation: mastering outward forms showed an understanding of principles behind them • Balance of natural forces • Not actual location Travelers Among Mountains and Streams • Fan Kaun- one of first great masters of Song landscape • Early 11th century • Whole painting conveys feeling of climbing a whole mountain, leaving human world behind to come face to face with Great Ultimate in spiritual communion • All elements depicted with precise detail and in proper scale
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  •Jagged brushstrokes describecontours of rocks and trees •Express their rugged nature •Contains realistic details, the landscape represents no specific place •The landscape-a view of nature uncorrupted by human habitations - expresses a kind of Daoist ideal •Goal of Chinese painting: precisely avoid limits and show a totality beyond what we are normally given to see •Ideal of Western painters was to render what can be seen from a fixed viewpoint -Ideal of Chinese artists: reveal nature through a distant, all-seeing, and mobile viewpoint Travelers Among Mountains and Streams Cont.
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  Xu Daoning Section ofFishing in a Mountain Stream • Mid-11th century • Mobile Perspective-- can follow along •Starting from a thatched hut in right foreground •Follow path leads to broad, open view of a deep vista dissolving into distant mists and mountain peaks
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  Zhang Zeduan Spring Festival onthe River Early 12th century •Domesticity- everyday life - industry and busy commerce
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  Xia Gui: SouthernSong Art Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut • Early 13th century • Landscape painting took very different course -Fall of the north and the removal of court to its new capital in the south • Southern Song=refined style • Interested in landscape and cultivated his own style • Intimate with ink washes=simple • Limited himself to few essential details--> evokes a deep feeling for what lies beyond
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  Guan Pottery • Mosthighly prized of many types of Song ceramics • Made mainly for imperial use • 13th century • Guan Ware Vase • High neck -Show a strong sense of harmony • Crackle pattern on glazed surface: Cracked Glaze Technique -Can sense the same spirit that hovers behind the self-effacing virtuosity and freely intuitive insights if Xia Gui’s landscape
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  Korean Art: 3Kingdoms Period (57 BCE – 668 CE) • Three independent nation states est: Shilla (SE), Baekje (SW), and Goguryeo (N) from tribal leagues • Most notable pieces are large tomb mounds • Highly sophisticated state organizations based on Confucian/Buddhist hierarchal structures • Dominated by tribal infighting and conflict between three states • Flower of Youth Corps est in Shilla (voluntary military service)
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  Tomb Contents Ceramics GoldenHeaddress
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  High-Fired Ceramics •Important advancementat this time •Most containers are for offerings of food placed in the tomb to noutish the spirit of the deceased -Similar to Chinese •Generally unglazed stoneware-unaffected by liquids •Most imposing-tall stands that were used to support round-bottomed jars -Long cylindrical shaft on a bulbous base •Little surface ornamentation •Some wave patterns or circles
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  Golden Headdress An enduringmonument of this period: -Found in large tomb mounds •Crowns were most spectacular items found -Made specifically for burial •Made from cut pieces of thin gold sheet and wire •Comma-shaped ornaments of green and white jadeite •Tall, branching forms resemble tees and antlers •Appendages suggest wings or feathers •Shows relationship with animals and natural world
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  Unified Silla Period(660-935 CE) • 660 CE Silla kingdom conquered other two with Tang alliance • Buddhism flourishes; spate of temple building • Period of prosperity: attempt to create ideal Buddhist state Seated Shakyamuni Buddha ( at Seokguram) moment of his enlightenment 751 CE
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  CE) • Court-centered governance:known for courtly refinement and celadon glazed pottery • Celadon: high-fired, transparent glaze of pale, bluish-green hue, typically applied over a a pale gray stoneware body • Invented by Chinese potters • Korean potters experimented with such glazes • Little decoration in 11th century • Carved or molded decoration in 12th century- mimicked contemporaneous Chinese ceramics -Inlaid decoration stamped into body -Black and white slips create contrasting colors
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  Buddhist Art inAncient Korea •Buddhism introduced into Goguryeo kingdom from China in 372 and into Baekje by 384 •Gained recognition as official religion of Silla state in 527 •At first, Buddhist art in Korea was a mere imitation of Chinese art •But by late 6th century Korean sculptors created a style of their own •Most sumptuous Buddhist works produced during Goryeo period were
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  Bodhisattva Seated in Meditation •Koreansculptors style illustrated by magnificent gilt bronze image of a bodhisattva seated in a meditation (17th century) •Distinguished as Korean: •Slender body •Elliptical face •Elegant drapery folds •Tri-lobed crown
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  The Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara •Late14th century •Buddhism enjoyed patronage under Goryeo Dynasty •Paintings were wrought in ink and colors on silk •Hanging scroll •Luxurious taste of the period: -Flesh tones used for its face and hands -Rich colors and gold pigment used for the deity’s clothing
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  Bibliograph y • http://amityarthistory.blogspot.com/2010/03/chinese-and-korean-art-before-1279.html • http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=07&region=eak •http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/chinarts.html • http://amityarthistory.blogspot.com/2010/02/chinese-and-korean-art-after-1279.html • http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/time_line.html • http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/ancient_china/neolithic.html • http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history.htm • http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cneo/hd_cneo.htm • http://www.chinatownconnection.com/china-black-pottery.htm • http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/xia/ • http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1988.20.7