![Compile time
// Compiled to CommonLogging.ILogger.dll
namespace CommonLogging
{
[AssemblyNeutral]
public interface ILogger
{
void Log(string value);
}
}
Finds and removes [AssemblyNeutral] contract types
Compile a new assembly for each type
Predictable assembly qualified name
Original assembly references the types in new assemblies
New assemblies saved as embedded resources in original assembly
Multiple assemblies defining same types generate same assemblies](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/csharp6featuresandtooling-150518193513-lva1-app6892/85/C-6-0-DotNetNotts-18-320.jpg)
![Index initialisers
Nicer syntax than previous collection initialisers
Calls indexer rather than Add method
Extends object initialiser
var d = new Dictionary<string, int>
{
["doodad"] = 42,
["widget"] = 64
};](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/csharp6featuresandtooling-150518193513-lva1-app6892/85/C-6-0-DotNetNotts-23-320.jpg)
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C# 6.0 - DotNetNotts
- 1. C# 6.0 Features and Tooling Matt Ellis @citizenmatt
- 3. HISTORY
- 4. C# 1.0 (2002) Initial commit C# 1.2 (2003) Really!?
- 5. C# 2.0 (2005) Generics Nullable types Iterators Partial types Anonymous methods Getter/setter accessibility Static classes New CLR features Language features
- 6. C# 3.0 (2007) Anonymous types Implicit typing (“var”) Extension methods Lambda expressions Query expressions Expression trees Auto properties Object and collection initialisers Partial methods LINQ
- 7. C# 4.0 (2010) Dynamic Named and optional parameters Embedded interop types Co- and contra-variance for generics COM interop
- 8. C# 5.0 (2012) Async/await Caller Info attributes private async static Task<string> DownloadText(string url) { using (var webClient = new WebClient()) return await webClient.DownloadStringTaskAsync(url); }
- 9. C# 6.0 (2015) Roslyn Auto property initialisers Index initialisers Using static members Null propagation Expression bodied members IEnumerable params nameof operator Await in catch/finally Exception filters Ceremony New compiler!
- 10. ROSLYN
- 11. Roslyn “.NET Compiler Platform” Complete redesign & rewrite of compiler C# vs C++ Decade old codebase Ease of adding new features Parallel compilation Open Source (github.com/dotnet/roslyn)
- 12. Compiler as a service Compiler exposed as an API Can host compiler in-process Can compile in-memory Can affect compilation steps, e.g. resolving references (but no meta-programming) Can access parse trees and semantic model
- 13. IDE features Compiler powers syntax highlighting, navigation, etc. Parser and semantic model available across the IDE Abstract Syntax Tree based analysis, navigation and refactoring
- 14. ScriptCS C# based REPL and scripting Script packs and NuGet references
- 15. ASP.Net vNext Compiler pipeline based on Roslyn Compiles to in-memory assemblies Edit file + refresh browser = compiled No need to recompile whole project New project system, based on NuGet Controls assembly/package resolution
- 16. Meta-programming. Kinda. Problem: CLR types defined by assembly qualified name Everything based on binary references Contracts are hardcoded. No loose coupling E.g.: want to use the same logger across application + 3rd party framework? Must share contract (assembly), or provide adapters
- 17. Assembly neutral interfaces Ideal: Duck typing/structural equivalence Common contracts defined in source, resolved at runtime But how do you work around assembly qualified name?
- 18. Compile time // Compiled to CommonLogging.ILogger.dll namespace CommonLogging { [AssemblyNeutral] public interface ILogger { void Log(string value); } } Finds and removes [AssemblyNeutral] contract types Compile a new assembly for each type Predictable assembly qualified name Original assembly references the types in new assemblies New assemblies saved as embedded resources in original assembly Multiple assemblies defining same types generate same assemblies
- 19. Run time Application tries to resolve neutral assembly Host environment looks in resources of all assemblies Uses first match it finds If multiple assemblies define same type, same dll is generated Types with same namespace and name “Just Work”
- 21. Language features Auto property initialisers Index initialisers Using static members Null propagation Expression bodied members IEnumerable params nameof operator Await in catch/finally Exception filters
- 22. Auto property initialisation Proper readonly (immutable) auto properties – getter only No need for constructor or backing field public class Person { public string Name { get; } public Address Address { get; } = new Address(); public Person(string name) { // Assignment to getter only properties Name = name; } }
- 23. Index initialisers Nicer syntax than previous collection initialisers Calls indexer rather than Add method Extends object initialiser var d = new Dictionary<string, int> { ["doodad"] = 42, ["widget"] = 64 };
- 24. Using static members Use static members without qualification Applies to methods, properties, fields, events, etc. Does not apply to extension methods Local declarations resolved first using static System.Math; public class Sphere { private readonly double radius; public Sphere(double radius) { this.radius = radius; } public double Volume { get { return (3/4)*PI*Pow(radius, 3); } } }
- 25. nameof operator Returns short name of symbol Any symbol – class, class member, namespace, type parameters, variables, etc. Ambiguities are not an error public void Foo(string value) { if (value == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(value)); }
- 26. Expression bodied members Replaces single line methods, properties, indexers, operators, etc. Familiar lambda arrow syntax Properties are created as getter only Can only be single expression public string FullName => FirstName + " " + LastName;
- 27. Null propagation Conditional access operator Returns null if qualifier is null, else evaluates Short circuiting Conditional method invocation, indexer access Left hand side evaluated only once – thread safe int? length = customers?.Length; int length2 = customers?.Length ?? 0;
- 28. Await in catch/finally Implementation detail Previously “impossible” IL cannot branch into or out of catch/finally Uses ExceptionDispatchInfo to save exception state and rethrow if necessary
- 29. Exception filters Existing CLR feature Only run catch block if exception handler returns true Replaces if () throw; pattern Expected “abuse” – logging catch (Exception e) when (Log(e)) { // ... } private bool Log(Exception exception) { Debug.WriteLine(exception); return false; }
- 30. String interpolation $"My name is {name} and I’m {person.Age} years old" Compiles to string.Format Holes can contain expressions – e.g. $"Hi {GetName(person)}" Uses current culture by default Format specifiers – e.g. $"{foo:D}” Does not work with stored resource strings Verbatim strings can contain strings. What!?
- 31. Formattable strings Interpolated strings converted to FormattableString by FormattableStringFactory.Create Passed to method that returns a string formatted as required, e.g. Invariant culture, URL encoding, SQL Provide own FormattableString implementations on downlevel versions
- 32. Summary Roslyn Complete rewrite Easier to maintain Open Source Compiler as a service IDE features, scripting, hosting compilers Language features Auto property initialisers Getter only auto properties Index initialisers Using static members Null propagation Expression bodied members nameof operator Await in catch/finally Exception filters
- 33. Bonus – C# 7.0 Strong interest Tuples Pattern matching Records Non-nullable types Async streams (observables) + disposable Some interest Covariant return types Expanded expression trees Syntax for lists + dictionaries Deterministic disposal Immutable types Type providers Scripting Method contracts yield foreach params IEnumerable more...
Editor's Notes
- #5: C# 1.0 released in 2002 C# 1.2 released for .net 1.1. Called Dispose on IEnumerators which also implemented IDisposable. A few other features Anonymous methods – code blocks for delegates. NOT lambdas
- #6: C# 1.0 released in 2002 C# 1.2 released for .net 1.1. Called Dispose on IEnumerators which also implemented IDisposable. A few other features Anonymous methods – code blocks for delegates. NOT lambdas
- #8: I can take *in* a larger type than I was requesting, e.g. IEnumerable<Cat> passed into IEnumerable<Animal>
- #9: Caller info – CallerFilePathAttribute, CallerLineNumberAttribute, CallerMethodNameAttribute Couple of minor fixes to scoping of variables in foreach loops, and order of evaluation of named and positional parameters
- #12: Open Source – taken contributions. Nothing major, but e.g. improvements to error messages
- #14: In the old world – compiler was one parser, language services was another parser, and expression evaluator was a third. Roslyn unifies all of these, which is a good thing
- #16: Lots of other changes – no msbuild project file, json for configuration, heavily intertwined with NuGet, based on OWIN, etc.
- #24: Also, collection initialisers will now use Add extension methods
- #25: Again, about brevity Some talk of substituting, e.g. Console.WriteLine for Debug.WriteLine, but don’t approve of that Useful for e.g. System.Math, Logger.Log Error if there’s an ambiguity e.g. using Console + Debug, and call WriteLine ReSharper: Good support – missing QF + CA Parses, code completion in using list, code completion for symbols, resolves, find usages, navigation Missing QF + CA, control flow redundant code in qualifier
- #26: For getting rid of magic strings. E.g. Reflection, PropertyChanged, ArgumentException Stems from typeof and mythical infoof Short name. Drops type parameters. Last name of namespace Type parameter is unsubstituted. Aliases are unsubstituted Nameof(int) vs nameof(int32) Interesting questions for refactoring, as name can be ambiguous – what if I rename one of the symbols in the set? ReSharper support: None. Tries to resolve symbol called nameof namespace A.B.C { class C { } } namespace D.E.F { class C { } // same generic arity } namespace G.H.I { class C<T, U, V> { } } namespace X { using A.B.C; using D.E.F; using G.H.I; class X { // here 'C' reference means three different 'C' types // no 'ambiguous reference' error produced at all void M(string s) => M(nameof(C)); } }
- #27: Must be a statement for void methods, so return value isn’t even ignored ReSharper support: Full Parses, resolves, find usages, control flow Inspection on property getter return statement CA on return statement of simple method CA on expression bodied member
- #28: Evaluates left to right If it’s any step is null, returns null, short circuits *all* following steps Conditional method invocations can be skipped if null Lifts type to be a nullable type – use null coalescing to reduce back down to type Grouping with brackets (customers?[0]?).ToUpper() <- need better example Grouping with brackets break out of short circuiting uses result as qualifier (because using the access operator, not the conditional access operator) Cannot do delegate?(args), must do delegate?.Invoke(args) Thread safe due to LHS only evaluated once + stored in temporary variable, so useful for event handlers
- #29: Where TryRoslyn is really nice. Can see exactly what the implementation is
- #30: Order of filters is important Previous syntax was “if”, but that broke existing code with an if in a catch statement