ISDD Sequential & Random Access
Download as ppt, pdf3 likes1,291 views
Data can be stored sequentially or randomly in files. With sequential storage, data is arranged in order and accessing a record requires moving through all preceding data, whereas with random storage, data can be placed anywhere and devices can directly access any record. Magnetic tapes use sequential access as they can only read data in order, while most other storage like hard disks leverage random access for faster retrieval of any piece of information.
1 of 4
Downloaded 28 times
Ad
Recommended
Disk Scheduling Algorithm in Operating System
Disk Scheduling Algorithm in Operating SystemMeghaj Mallick This is an PPT of Operating System. It include the following topic "Disk Scheduling Algorithm in Operating System".
Register transfer and micro-operation
Register transfer and micro-operationNikhil Pandit 1) The document discusses different types of micro-operations including arithmetic, logic, shift, and register transfer micro-operations.
2) It provides examples of common arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement. It also describes logic operations like AND, OR, XOR, and complement.
3) Shift micro-operations include logical shifts, circular shifts, and arithmetic shifts which affect the serial input differently.
File structures
File structuresShyam Kumar This document discusses primary and secondary storage. Secondary storage is used for permanent storage of data in files and has greater storage capacity than primary storage. A file contains records with fields, and each record is uniquely identified by a key field like student ID. Logical files connect programs to physical files on secondary storage. Files can be accessed sequentially, randomly using indexing, or directly using the key value.
Modes Of Transfer in Input/Output Organization
Modes Of Transfer in Input/Output OrganizationMOHIT AGARWAL This document discusses different modes of data transfer between I/O devices and memory in a computer system. It describes three main modes: programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O involves constant CPU monitoring during transfers. Interrupt-initiated I/O uses interrupts to notify the CPU when a transfer is ready. DMA allows I/O devices to access memory directly without CPU involvement for improved efficiency.
Data Flow Diagrams
Data Flow DiagramsReetesh Gupta This document provides an overview of data flow diagrams (DFDs) and context diagrams. It discusses what DFDs are used for, including communicating requirements to stakeholders and analyzing existing and proposed systems. The key elements of DFDs are described as external entities, processes, data stores, and data flows. Context diagrams show the major information flows between external entities and the system at a high level. Lower level DFDs then decompose the processes into more detail.
System call
System callSumant Diwakar System calls provide an interface between processes and the operating system. They allow programs to request services like reading/writing files or communicating over a network. Common system calls include opening/closing files, reading/writing data, process creation/termination, and requesting the current time/date. System calls are grouped into categories like process control, file management, device management, information maintenance, and communications.
I/O Management
I/O ManagementKeyur Vadodariya The document provides information about input/output management in operating systems. It discusses I/O devices, device controllers, direct memory access and DMA controllers. Some key points include:
I/O devices are divided into block devices which access fixed size blocks of data and character devices which access data as a sequential stream. Device controllers act as an interface between devices and device drivers. Direct memory access allows data transfer between memory and devices without CPU involvement by using a DMA controller. DMA controllers program data transfers and arbitrate bus access.
Complexity of Algorithm
Complexity of AlgorithmMuhammad Muzammal This document discusses the complexity of algorithms and the tradeoff between algorithm cost and time. It defines algorithm complexity as a function of input size that measures the time and space used by an algorithm. Different complexity classes are described such as polynomial, sub-linear, and exponential time. Examples are given to find the complexity of bubble sort and linear search algorithms. The concept of space-time tradeoffs is introduced, where using more space can reduce computation time. Genetic algorithms are proposed to efficiently solve large-scale construction time-cost tradeoff problems.
linked list in data structure 
linked list in data structure shameen khan This document discusses data structures and linked lists. It provides definitions and examples of different types of linked lists, including:
- Single linked lists, which contain nodes with a data field and a link to the next node.
- Circular linked lists, where the last node links back to the first node, forming a loop.
- Doubly linked lists, where each node contains links to both the previous and next nodes.
- Operations on linked lists such as insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching are also described.
2 phase locking protocol DBMS
2 phase locking protocol DBMSDhananjaysinh Jhala 1) The two-phase locking protocol requires transactions to acquire locks in two phases - the growing phase where locks can be acquired but not released, and the shrinking phase where locks can be released but not acquired.
2) The two-phase locking protocol ensures conflict serializability by ordering transactions based on their lock points.
3) However, it does not prevent deadlocks and can cause cascading rollbacks if transactions release locks before committing. Modifications like strict two-phase locking prevent this by requiring locks to be held until commit.
Data structure & its types
Data structure & its typesRameesha Sadaqat This document defines and describes different types of data structures. It first defines a data structure as a logical way to store and retrieve data. It then describes common data structure operations like traversing, searching, insertion and deletion. The main types discussed are linear data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks and queues, as well as non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Specific linear structures are defined and their representations and operations are outlined. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs are also introduced along with common operations.
Concurrency Control in Database Management System
Concurrency Control in Database Management SystemJanki Shah Contents:
1.What is Concurrency Control?
2.Lock Based Protocol
3.Two Phase Locking Protocol
4.Deadlock
Symbol table in compiler Design
Symbol table in compiler DesignKuppusamy P The document discusses symbol tables, which are data structures used by compilers to track semantic information about identifiers, variables, functions, classes, etc. It provides details on:
- How various compiler phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation utilize and update the symbol table.
- Common data structures used to implement symbol tables like linear lists, hash tables and how they work.
- The information typically stored for different symbols like name, type, scope, memory location etc.
- Organization of symbol tables for block-structured vs non-block structured languages, including using multiple nested tables vs a single global table.
11. Storage and File Structure in DBMS
11. Storage and File Structure in DBMSkoolkampus The document discusses various types of physical storage media used in databases, including their characteristics and performance measures. It covers volatile storage like cache and main memory, and non-volatile storage like magnetic disks, flash memory, optical disks, and tape. It describes how magnetic disks work and factors that influence disk performance like seek time, rotational latency, and transfer rate. Optimization techniques for disk block access like file organization and write buffering are also summarized.
RAID
RAIDMukesh Tekwani RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) distributes data across multiple disks to improve performance and provide redundancy. The common characteristics of RAID levels are that multiple physical disks act as a single logical disk, data is distributed across disks, and redundant parity information is used to recover data if a disk fails. RAID level 0 stripes data without parity for increased speed but no fault tolerance, while RAID level 1 uses mirroring to provide redundancy by writing all data to two disks.
File Management in Operating System
File Management in Operating SystemJanki Shah Contents:
1.File Concepts
2.File Types
3.File Operations
4.Access Methods
5.Directory Structure
6.File System Structure
Sorting
SortingAshim Lamichhane The document discusses sorting algorithms. It begins by defining sorting as arranging data in logical order based on a key. It then discusses internal and external sorting methods. For internal sorting, all data fits in memory, while external sorting handles data too large for memory. The document covers stability, efficiency, and time complexity of various sorting algorithms like bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort, and merge sort. Merge sort uses a divide-and-conquer approach to sort arrays with a time complexity of O(n log n).
Design of Accumulator Unit
Design of Accumulator UnitHarshad Koshti The document describes the design of an accumulator unit. It shows the control circuit for the accumulator (AC) register, which has three inputs: from the AC register itself, from the data register (DR), and from the input register (INPR). The output of the arithmetic logic unit is connected back to the AC register as an input. The AC register has three control inputs: load (LD), increment (INR), and clear (CLR). It also lists 9 register transfer statements that describe the operations that can be performed on the AC register, such as ANDing, adding, loading, complementing, shifting, clearing, and incrementing its contents.
Process state in OS
Process state in OSKhushboo Jain The document discusses the typical states a process may occupy during its lifetime in a computer system. It defines a process as an active program loaded into memory that is ready to be executed. The main states are: New/Created, Ready, Running, Wait/Block, Termination, Suspend Ready, and Suspend and Block. Processes transition between these states based on events like I/O requests, memory allocation, and CPU scheduling. The Ready state holds processes waiting to run, while Running means actively using the CPU. Wait/Block pauses execution until a resource is available. Terminating ends the program. Suspend moves it out of memory to disk.
Magnetic Disk 
Magnetic Disk kalpita surve A magnetic disk uses a magnetization process to read and write data stored in tracks and sectors on a circular platter coated with a magnetic material. Common examples are hard disks, floppy disks, and zip disks. Modern hard disks use glass substrates, multiple platters, and multiple read/write heads to improve storage capacity and reliability. Data is organized into concentric tracks divided into sectors for efficient reading and writing as the disk rotates.
All pair shortest path
All pair shortest pathArafat Hossan The document discusses the all pairs shortest path problem, which aims to find the shortest distance between every pair of vertices in a graph. It explains that the algorithm works by calculating the minimum cost to traverse between nodes using intermediate nodes, according to the equation A_k(i,j)=min{A_{k-1}(i,j), A_{k-1}(i,k), A_{k-1}(k,j)}. An example is provided to illustrate calculating the shortest path between nodes over multiple iterations of the algorithm.
Chapter 13 - I/O Systems
Chapter 13 - I/O SystemsWayne Jones Jnr I/O Hardware
Application I/O Interface
Kernel I/O Subsystem
Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations
Streams
Performance
heap Sort Algorithm
heap Sort AlgorithmLemia Algmri define the heap algorithm and the Max Heap
and Min Heap with example for each type and the insertion for new item .
Computer architecture pipelining
Computer architecture pipeliningMazin Alwaaly Computer Architecture Pipelining seminar
Mustansiriya University
Department of Education
Computer Science
DeadLock in Operating-Systems
DeadLock in Operating-SystemsVenkata Sreeram Deadlocks-An Unconditional Waiting Situation in Operating System. We must make sure of This concept well before understanding deep in to Operating System. This PPT will understands you to get how the deadlocks Occur and how can we Detect, avoid and Prevent the deadlocks in Operating Systems.
File access method
File access methodGayathriS578276 There are three types of file access methods: sequential access, which processes records in order from first to last; random/direct access, which allows reading or writing records in any order without sequence; and indexed access, which constructs an index to store record locations based on indexed fields, allowing faster access than sequential.
Pipeline hazard
Pipeline hazardAJAL A J There are situations, called hazards, that prevent the next instruction in the instruction stream from executing during its designated cycle
There are three classes of hazards
Structural hazard
Data hazard
Branch hazard
Network lab manual
Network lab manualPrabhu D The document describes a program to simulate the sliding window protocol for Go back n. It generates random numbers to determine the total number of frames and window size. Frames up to the window size are transmitted and acknowledgements are received. If an acknowledgement is not received, the frames are retransmitted. This continues until all frames are successfully transmitted.
Normalisation
NormalisationForrester High School Normalisation is the process of organizing a database into tables to eliminate data anomalies. It involves breaking up tables to remove repeating groups and linking them with primary and foreign keys. There are five forms of database normalisation from 0NF to 5NF. 0NF is an unnormalised flat file table, while 1NF involves separating repeating groups into separate tables and linking them. The document then provides an example of normalising a school database from 0NF to 1NF.
Database structure
Database structureForrester High School A database organizes and stores data in files containing records made of fields. A flat-file database uses a single table which becomes inefficient as data grows. Relational databases avoid "anomalies" like insertion, update, and deletion errors from flat files by storing data across multiple linked tables using primary keys. Atomic data cannot be broken into smaller components while combined fields can be normalized.
Ad
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
linked list in data structure
linked list in data structure shameen khan This document discusses data structures and linked lists. It provides definitions and examples of different types of linked lists, including:
- Single linked lists, which contain nodes with a data field and a link to the next node.
- Circular linked lists, where the last node links back to the first node, forming a loop.
- Doubly linked lists, where each node contains links to both the previous and next nodes.
- Operations on linked lists such as insertion, deletion, traversal, and searching are also described.
2 phase locking protocol DBMS
2 phase locking protocol DBMSDhananjaysinh Jhala 1) The two-phase locking protocol requires transactions to acquire locks in two phases - the growing phase where locks can be acquired but not released, and the shrinking phase where locks can be released but not acquired.
2) The two-phase locking protocol ensures conflict serializability by ordering transactions based on their lock points.
3) However, it does not prevent deadlocks and can cause cascading rollbacks if transactions release locks before committing. Modifications like strict two-phase locking prevent this by requiring locks to be held until commit.
Data structure & its types
Data structure & its typesRameesha Sadaqat This document defines and describes different types of data structures. It first defines a data structure as a logical way to store and retrieve data. It then describes common data structure operations like traversing, searching, insertion and deletion. The main types discussed are linear data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks and queues, as well as non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Specific linear structures are defined and their representations and operations are outlined. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs are also introduced along with common operations.
Concurrency Control in Database Management System
Concurrency Control in Database Management SystemJanki Shah Contents:
1.What is Concurrency Control?
2.Lock Based Protocol
3.Two Phase Locking Protocol
4.Deadlock
Symbol table in compiler Design
Symbol table in compiler DesignKuppusamy P The document discusses symbol tables, which are data structures used by compilers to track semantic information about identifiers, variables, functions, classes, etc. It provides details on:
- How various compiler phases like lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation utilize and update the symbol table.
- Common data structures used to implement symbol tables like linear lists, hash tables and how they work.
- The information typically stored for different symbols like name, type, scope, memory location etc.
- Organization of symbol tables for block-structured vs non-block structured languages, including using multiple nested tables vs a single global table.
11. Storage and File Structure in DBMS
11. Storage and File Structure in DBMSkoolkampus The document discusses various types of physical storage media used in databases, including their characteristics and performance measures. It covers volatile storage like cache and main memory, and non-volatile storage like magnetic disks, flash memory, optical disks, and tape. It describes how magnetic disks work and factors that influence disk performance like seek time, rotational latency, and transfer rate. Optimization techniques for disk block access like file organization and write buffering are also summarized.
RAID
RAIDMukesh Tekwani RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) distributes data across multiple disks to improve performance and provide redundancy. The common characteristics of RAID levels are that multiple physical disks act as a single logical disk, data is distributed across disks, and redundant parity information is used to recover data if a disk fails. RAID level 0 stripes data without parity for increased speed but no fault tolerance, while RAID level 1 uses mirroring to provide redundancy by writing all data to two disks.
File Management in Operating System
File Management in Operating SystemJanki Shah Contents:
1.File Concepts
2.File Types
3.File Operations
4.Access Methods
5.Directory Structure
6.File System Structure
Sorting
SortingAshim Lamichhane The document discusses sorting algorithms. It begins by defining sorting as arranging data in logical order based on a key. It then discusses internal and external sorting methods. For internal sorting, all data fits in memory, while external sorting handles data too large for memory. The document covers stability, efficiency, and time complexity of various sorting algorithms like bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort, and merge sort. Merge sort uses a divide-and-conquer approach to sort arrays with a time complexity of O(n log n).
Design of Accumulator Unit
Design of Accumulator UnitHarshad Koshti The document describes the design of an accumulator unit. It shows the control circuit for the accumulator (AC) register, which has three inputs: from the AC register itself, from the data register (DR), and from the input register (INPR). The output of the arithmetic logic unit is connected back to the AC register as an input. The AC register has three control inputs: load (LD), increment (INR), and clear (CLR). It also lists 9 register transfer statements that describe the operations that can be performed on the AC register, such as ANDing, adding, loading, complementing, shifting, clearing, and incrementing its contents.
Process state in OS
Process state in OSKhushboo Jain The document discusses the typical states a process may occupy during its lifetime in a computer system. It defines a process as an active program loaded into memory that is ready to be executed. The main states are: New/Created, Ready, Running, Wait/Block, Termination, Suspend Ready, and Suspend and Block. Processes transition between these states based on events like I/O requests, memory allocation, and CPU scheduling. The Ready state holds processes waiting to run, while Running means actively using the CPU. Wait/Block pauses execution until a resource is available. Terminating ends the program. Suspend moves it out of memory to disk.
Magnetic Disk
Magnetic Disk kalpita surve A magnetic disk uses a magnetization process to read and write data stored in tracks and sectors on a circular platter coated with a magnetic material. Common examples are hard disks, floppy disks, and zip disks. Modern hard disks use glass substrates, multiple platters, and multiple read/write heads to improve storage capacity and reliability. Data is organized into concentric tracks divided into sectors for efficient reading and writing as the disk rotates.
All pair shortest path
All pair shortest pathArafat Hossan The document discusses the all pairs shortest path problem, which aims to find the shortest distance between every pair of vertices in a graph. It explains that the algorithm works by calculating the minimum cost to traverse between nodes using intermediate nodes, according to the equation A_k(i,j)=min{A_{k-1}(i,j), A_{k-1}(i,k), A_{k-1}(k,j)}. An example is provided to illustrate calculating the shortest path between nodes over multiple iterations of the algorithm.
Chapter 13 - I/O Systems
Chapter 13 - I/O SystemsWayne Jones Jnr I/O Hardware
Application I/O Interface
Kernel I/O Subsystem
Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations
Streams
Performance
heap Sort Algorithm
heap Sort AlgorithmLemia Algmri define the heap algorithm and the Max Heap
and Min Heap with example for each type and the insertion for new item .
Computer architecture pipelining
Computer architecture pipeliningMazin Alwaaly Computer Architecture Pipelining seminar
Mustansiriya University
Department of Education
Computer Science
DeadLock in Operating-Systems
DeadLock in Operating-SystemsVenkata Sreeram Deadlocks-An Unconditional Waiting Situation in Operating System. We must make sure of This concept well before understanding deep in to Operating System. This PPT will understands you to get how the deadlocks Occur and how can we Detect, avoid and Prevent the deadlocks in Operating Systems.
File access method
File access methodGayathriS578276 There are three types of file access methods: sequential access, which processes records in order from first to last; random/direct access, which allows reading or writing records in any order without sequence; and indexed access, which constructs an index to store record locations based on indexed fields, allowing faster access than sequential.
Pipeline hazard
Pipeline hazardAJAL A J There are situations, called hazards, that prevent the next instruction in the instruction stream from executing during its designated cycle
There are three classes of hazards
Structural hazard
Data hazard
Branch hazard
Network lab manual
Network lab manualPrabhu D The document describes a program to simulate the sliding window protocol for Go back n. It generates random numbers to determine the total number of frames and window size. Frames up to the window size are transmitted and acknowledgements are received. If an acknowledgement is not received, the frames are retransmitted. This continues until all frames are successfully transmitted.
Viewers also liked (20)
Normalisation
NormalisationForrester High School Normalisation is the process of organizing a database into tables to eliminate data anomalies. It involves breaking up tables to remove repeating groups and linking them with primary and foreign keys. There are five forms of database normalisation from 0NF to 5NF. 0NF is an unnormalised flat file table, while 1NF involves separating repeating groups into separate tables and linking them. The document then provides an example of normalising a school database from 0NF to 1NF.
Database structure
Database structureForrester High School A database organizes and stores data in files containing records made of fields. A flat-file database uses a single table which becomes inefficient as data grows. Relational databases avoid "anomalies" like insertion, update, and deletion errors from flat files by storing data across multiple linked tables using primary keys. Atomic data cannot be broken into smaller components while combined fields can be normalized.
Data Dictionary
Data DictionaryForrester High School A data dictionary contains metadata that describes the entities, attributes, data types, sizes, validation rules, and keys of data stored in a database. It is produced during database modeling and does not store actual data. The example shows a data dictionary for a school database that would store information about pupils and tutor classes, including each pupil's name and tutor class.
N5 Computing Science HTML
N5 Computing Science HTMLForrester High School HTML is a markup language used to define the structure and layout of web pages. It uses tags to surround and provide metadata for different types of content, such as paragraphs, headings, images, and links. Key HTML elements include the <head> and <body> tags which define the head and body sections, and tags like <p>, <h1>-<h6> for paragraphs and headings, <img> for images, and <a> for hyperlinks. Attributes provide additional information about elements, like the src, width, and height attributes for images. HTML also supports lists, divisions of content, and embedding of audio and video.
Scripting Languages
Scripting LanguagesForrester High School The document discusses client-server networks, scripting languages, and client-side versus server-side scripting. A client computer connects to a server that provides resources. Scripting languages are high-level languages used alongside other applications and are typically interpreted rather than compiled. JavaScript is an example of a client-side scripting language used to add interactivity to web pages, while PHP is a server-side language used to dynamically generate web page content. Client-side scripts run on the user's browser, and server-side scripts run on the server and return HTML to the browser. Websites often combine both types of scripts.
JavaScript
JavaScriptForrester High School JavaScript is a high-level programming language that can interact with HTML code to create dynamic and interactive web page content by changing what is displayed or showing alerts and dates. It executes programs on the client computer rather than the server to provide interactive functionality on web pages.
Searching and Sorting
Searching and SortingForrester High School Records in a database can be searched and selected based on criteria for individual fields, such as gender or salary amount. Searches can also be complex, looking for records that match criteria across multiple fields, such as gender and city. Records can also be sorted, arranging them in ascending or descending order based on the values in one or more fields, such as sorting first by city then by postal code.
ISDD Environmental Impact
ISDD Environmental ImpactForrester High School The document discusses the carbon footprint of the information and communications technology (ICT) industry. It notes that 2% of worldwide carbon emissions come from ICT. The manufacturing, energy use, and disposal of computers each contribute to their carbon footprint through activities like mining raw materials, powering devices, and toxic chemicals in disposed electronics. However, ICT can also reduce carbon emissions through paperless options, telecommuting, and smart energy management. It is important to recycle old electronics rather than sending them to landfills.
ISDD Standard File Formats
ISDD Standard File FormatsForrester High School This document discusses various file formats used for different purposes. It describes proprietary file formats for applications like Microsoft Word and Excel. It also covers common file formats for text documents (TXT, RTF), images (BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG), audio (WAV, MP3), video (MPEG, AVI), spreadsheets (XLS, CSV, XML), and PDF documents. Each format is suited to different needs depending on whether the file contains text, images, audio or video, and whether formatting, file size or editing is prioritized.
Database - reports, forms, calculations
Database - reports, forms, calculationsForrester High School A database report allows presenting information from a database in a non-table format and offers a different view of data, often in summary form. Reports have different sections like a header, footer, and groups to display breakdowns of individual product sales, summary sales of product categories weekly, or summary revenue from different stores quarterly for various employees like sales supervisors, store managers, area managers, or the chief executive.
Entities and attributes
Entities and attributesForrester High School Entities represent people, objects, or abstract concepts and have attributes that describe examples of the entity. Notation defines the entity name in capital letters and attributes in brackets. Entities and attributes are part of data modeling, where entities become database tables and attributes become fields during implementation. Examples provided include a PUPIL entity with attributes like name and DOB, a CAR entity with attributes like make and model, and a DOCTOR APPOINTMENT entity with date and time attributes.
ISDD Hacking and Viruses
ISDD Hacking and VirusesForrester High School A hacker gains unauthorized access to computer systems to steal or corrupt data, often for the challenge. Hacking is illegal. To prevent hacking, use complex passwords, update security software, install a firewall and antivirus, and be wary of public WiFi and email attachments. Viruses are programs that infect computers without permission and can delete or corrupt data. They spread through email attachments and downloads. Installing antivirus software and keeping it updated prevents viruses. Worms replicate faster than viruses and use system resources to take over computers. Firewalls, antivirus, and disabling JavaScript help prevent worms. Trojans disguise as legitimate software but install malware for remote access to steal data and monitor users.
Sound & Video File Sizes
Sound & Video File SizesForrester High School The document discusses formulas for calculating audio and video file sizes based on factors like duration, sample rate, bit depth, number of channels, frames per second, pixel resolution, and bit depth per pixel. It provides examples calculating the file size of a 40 second mono audio file at 44.1KHz and 16-bit sample depth (3.36Mb), and a 3 minute 22 second stereo song at CD quality and 24-bit sample depth (50.97Mb). It also calculates the file size of a 30 second video at 24 fps, 800x600 resolution and 16-bit color (659.18Mb) and a 3 minute 10 second video at 25 fps, 1024x768 resolution and 24-bit color (
ISDD Cloud and Internet Services
ISDD Cloud and Internet ServicesForrester High School The cloud refers to servers connected over the internet that provide various services. Common cloud services include cloud storage (e.g. Dropbox, OneDrive), webmail (e.g. Gmail, Hotmail), social media, media streaming, and web apps (e.g. Google Docs, Office 365). Data stored in the cloud is accessible from multiple connected resources and locations. Public clouds are available for general use while private clouds are owned by single organizations. Hybrid clouds combine public and private solutions. Web hosting services provide online space for websites, ranging from free basic hosting to dedicated servers.
Web Pages
Web PagesForrester High School HTML is a computer language used to describe web pages. It stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. Browsers interpret HTML to display correct web page layout. A URL is an address that identifies an internet resource like a web page. It consists of a protocol, domain name, path, and filename. Hyperlinks allow users to navigate between web pages on the same or different websites. They can be absolute or relative.
Social Impacts of Computing Science
Social Impacts of Computing Sciencemissstevenson01 This document discusses several topics related to censorship, privacy, and online communities. It describes how governments censor the internet by blocking certain websites, and how some view this as a violation of free speech rights. It also explains how user privacy is threatened by companies monitoring browsing histories to target advertisements, and by personal details being freely shared on social media. Finally, it discusses how encryption is used to securely transmit online payments, and how the internet has helped people from different cultures and countries connect as global citizens through online communities.
Database Relationships
Database RelationshipsForrester High School The document discusses three types of relationships between tables in a database: one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. In a one-to-one relationship, each record in one table is linked to only one record in another table. A one-to-many relationship occurs when each record in one table links to only one record in another table, but records in the second table can link to multiple records in the first. A many-to-many relationship exists when records in one table can link to multiple records in another table and vice versa; this requires a junction table.
ISDD Security Precautions
ISDD Security PrecautionsForrester High School Anti-virus software scans files to identify viruses by matching signatures of previously discovered viruses. It offers real-time protection and scheduled scans, and can delete or quarantine infected files. Passwords are commonly used with usernames to authenticate users, and should be at least 8 characters long without including personal details. Biometrics authenticate users using unique biological traits like fingerprints, iris patterns, or facial recognition. Encryption converts data into an unreadable format, while decryption reverses the process, and different encryption methods include symmetric, asymmetric, and digital signatures.
Other web page aspects
Other web page aspectsForrester High School Static web pages will not change unless the HTML is rewritten and republished. They will appear the same each time visited. Dynamic web pages allow content to be updated in real time without changing the page, through things like social media feeds and e-commerce. Interactive web pages allow users to interact with content by adding comments, posting, playing games, or using apps. Many dynamic pages connect to databases on servers to display appropriate data or content in response to queries.
Technical Implementation: Software
Technical Implementation: SoftwareForrester High School An operating system (OS) manages a computer's basic functions like running programs, allocating memory and storage, controlling peripherals, and providing an interface. Every computer needs an OS. There are many different OSs that programs are written for specifically. An OS distributes tasks between processors, manages memory and files across storage, controls input/output, and reports errors. It allocates system resources like processor time for programs and tasks.
Ad
Similar to ISDD Sequential & Random Access (8)
File organization
File organizationGanesh Pawar This document discusses different types of file organization, including serial, sequential, direct access/random access, and indexed sequential. Serial files store records in the order received with no particular sequence. Sequential files store records in key sequence and are used as master files. Direct access files allow any record to be accessed directly by calculating its address from a key field. Indexed sequential files combine the sequential ordering of records with a full index to allow both sequential and random access by key.
Introduction to File System
Introduction to File SystemSanthiNivas This document provides an introduction to files and file systems. It defines what files are, including that they are containers for storing information and come in different types like text, data, binary and graphic files. It outlines key file attributes like name, size, permissions. It also describes different file access methods like sequential, direct/random, and indexed sequential access. File operations like create, write, read, delete and truncate are also covered. The document concludes with definitions of flat file databases and their advantages and disadvantages compared to relational databases.
Fileorganization AbnMagdy
Fileorganization AbnMagdyMohamed Magdy The document discusses four types of file organization: serial, sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access/random access. Serial files store records in the order they are received with no particular sequence. Sequential files store records in key sequence and require creating a new file when adding or deleting records. Indexed sequential files add an index to a sequential file to allow both sequential and random access by key. Direct access files store records at known addresses to allow directly accessing any record.
multimedia storage and playback or retrival methods or techniques copy
multimedia storage and playback or retrival methods or techniques copymrzahidfaiz.blogspot.com This document discusses different techniques for data storage, retrieval, and playback of multimedia files. It describes various storage media like optical disks and hard drives that can be used to store multimedia. Retrieval of multimedia depends on whether the file is continuous or discrete media. There are different access techniques for retrieving data like sequential, direct, and index sequential access. Magnetic storage uses magnetization patterns to store data on mediums like hard disks or floppy disks. Optical disks like CDs and DVDs also store data that can be read with lasers. Disk spanning allows data to exceed storage capacities by spreading across multiple disks.
File organization
File organizationComputer Hardware & Trouble shooting There are four main types of file organization: serial, sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access/random access. Sequential files store records in a specific key-based order and require rewriting the entire file to add or delete records. Direct access files allow directly reading or writing records based on their address, allowing quick random access but being more complex. Indexed sequential files combine the sequential ordering of records with an index to allow both sequential and random access via the index. Batch processing periodically updates master files in batches while online and real-time processing allow immediate updating as transactions occur.
Secondary storage tutorial
Secondary storage tutorialMarvin Burke The document discusses and compares various types of secondary storage devices. It describes magnetic tape, floppy disks, hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, and memory sticks. Magnetic tape provides archival storage but only allows sequential access. Floppy disks allow portability but have limited capacity. Hard disks have high storage capacity and access speeds but are not portable. Optical disks like CDs and DVDs can store large amounts of data reliably but have slower access times than hard drives.
data storage
data storagePooja Kayyalathodi This document discusses different types of data storage, including RAM, backing storage devices, and various storage media. RAM is used for temporary storage of active data and has very fast read/write speeds, while backing storage permanently stores data but has slower speeds. Backing up data involves making copies for protection from data loss or damage. Various storage media are discussed, including magnetic media which stores data magnetically, optical media which uses lasers to store data on discs, and solid state media like flash drives which have no moving parts.
Wk 1 - File organization.pptx
Wk 1 - File organization.pptxDORCASGABRIEL1 This document discusses file organization and different types of file organization structures. It defines file organization as the physical arrangement of records on a storage device. The main types discussed are sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access/random access files. Sequential files store records one after the other in order. Indexed sequential files allow both sequential and random access through the use of an index. Direct access files allow direct reading or writing of records based on their address. The document also discusses factors to consider when choosing a file organization method, such as the frequency of updates and nature of access needed.
Ad
More from Forrester High School (20)
Program Design
Program DesignForrester High School The document describes the process of modular program design using three stages: top level design, data flow, and refinements. It provides an example of designing a program to find the leading Formula 1 driver by reading a file, determining the driver with the most points, and displaying the results. The top level design shows the main steps, data flow shows input/output between steps, and refinements provide more details of each step. A second example designs a program to get daily temperatures from a user, calculate highest and lowest, and display the results.
Database Evaluation
Database EvaluationForrester High School A database solution should be evaluated based on its fitness for purpose by meeting end user and functional requirements set during analysis, and the accuracy of its SQL query outputs as demonstrated by test results, with the overall evaluation reflecting on output accuracy.
Testing SQL
Testing SQLForrester High School The document provides examples of testing SQL queries by comparing the actual results of a query to expected results. It shows sample data from car rental and car databases, expected outputs for queries on the data, and the correct SQL queries to produce the expected outputs. For the first example, the correct query includes a JOIN and column aliases. For the second example, the correct query uses MAX instead of COUNT, includes a GROUP BY, and uses an alias for the column heading.
SQL
SQLForrester High School The document provides examples of SQL queries on a car hire database with four tables: Customer, Booking, Car, and Depot. It demonstrates the use of wildcards, aggregation functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, and MIN/MAX. It also shows how to use GROUP BY, ORDER BY, computed values, aliases, and subqueries to retrieve specific data from the tables.
Database Query Design
Database Query DesignForrester High School This document provides 12 examples of SQL queries that could be written for a car hire database consisting of 4 tables: Customer, Booking, Car, and Depot. Each example includes the fields and calculations, tables, search criteria, grouping, and sort order that would be used to write the query. The examples cover a range of different queries including finding specific car details, aggregating data, joining multiple tables, and using minimum, maximum and average functions.
Data Dictionary
Data DictionaryForrester High School A data dictionary contains information about the data items in a database, including the entity or table name, attribute or field name, data type, size, whether it is required, and any validation rules. For example, a school data dictionary would specify that the Class table has attributes like ClassID which is the primary key, Classroom which is a number that must be between 1 and 10, and MainBuilding which is a yes/no field. It also describes pupil attributes like CandidateNum which is the primary key consisting of 7 numeric characters and ClassID which is a foreign key that must match an existing ClassID.
Compound Keys
Compound KeysForrester High School Primary keys uniquely identify records in a table. Foreign keys link tables by providing a link to a related table. A compound key uses two or more attributes to uniquely identify records when no single attribute can be used as the primary key, such as in a table recording bike rentals where a member can rent multiple bikes and bikes can be rented by multiple members, so the compound key uses the member ID, bike ID, and rental date.
Entity Occurrence Diagrams
Entity Occurrence DiagramsForrester High School The document discusses entity occurrence diagrams and how they are used to determine the cardinality between entities. It provides examples of a car hire entity occurrence diagram and a capital cities entity occurrence diagram. The car hire diagram shows a one-to-many relationship between bookings and customers, as one customer can have multiple bookings but each booking is for only one customer. The capital cities diagram shows a one-to-one relationship between countries and their capital cities, as each country has one capital city and each capital city is only associated with one country.
Entity Relationship Diagrams
Entity Relationship DiagramsForrester High School An entity relationship diagram (ERD) graphically represents the entities in a database and their relationships, showing entity names, relationships, cardinality, and optional attributes. Cardinality describes the numerical relationship between rows in related tables as one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. Examples show the ERD for employees and companies, and customers, bookings, cars, and depots.
Database Analysis
Database AnalysisForrester High School This document outlines the end user and functional requirements for a doctor's surgery database. The end user requirements include searching appointments, patient medical histories, personal details, patients by medication or age range, and calculating average patient ratings by doctor. The functional requirements specify tables for doctors, patients, appointments with relevant fields, as well as database processes like queries, averages, sorts, and counts.
Software Evaluation
Software EvaluationForrester High School The document discusses different aspects of evaluating software solutions including ensuring they are fit for purpose, use efficient coding constructs, are usable, maintainable, and robust. Fitness for purpose is evaluated by testing functional requirements. Efficient coding uses appropriate constructs like arrays, loops, and nested statements. Usability considers how easily users can achieve goals. Maintainable code is modular and readable. Robust programs handle errors and unexpected inputs gracefully.
Software Testing
Software TestingForrester High School Software testing is done for several reasons: to identify errors, ensure the program matches its specifications and requirements, and check efficient performance. Test data includes normal, extreme, and exceptional cases. A test table is produced to test a student test score program with sample normal, extreme, and exceptional input data. Different types of errors include syntax errors, execution errors that cause crashes, and logic errors that produce unexpected results. Techniques for testing include dry runs, trace tables, breakpoints to stop at lines, and watchpoints mapped to variables to stop when values change.
Standard Algorithms
Standard AlgorithmsForrester High School This document discusses several standard algorithms:
1) Linear search searches an array to find a value and returns its position or a message if not found.
2) An improved linear search algorithm stops searching once the item is found and returns a message if not found.
3) Count occurrences counts how many times a value appears in an array.
4) Finding the maximum/minimum value in an array uses comparisons to update the running maximum/minimum value found.
File Handling
File HandlingForrester High School The document discusses file handling in Python. It describes text files and CSV files, how to read from and write to these file types in Python. It provides pseudocode and Python code examples to open, read, and write data from text and CSV files, then close the files. The key steps are to open the file, read or write data, then close the file.
Python Predefined Functions
Python Predefined FunctionsForrester High School This document provides an overview of several predefined Python functions including ord, chr, int, and modulus. The ord function returns the ASCII code of a given character. The chr function returns the character of a given ASCII code. The int function converts a floating point number to an integer by removing decimals. The % symbol is used as the modulus operator to find the remainder of a division.
Python Substrings
Python SubstringsForrester High School A substring is a string contained within another string. The document provides an example of generating a 6 digit customer code from a customer's forename, surname, and year of birth by taking the first 2 letters of their forename, last 2 digits of their year of birth, and first 2 letters of their surname, as shown with the example customer "john smith 1995" having the code "jo95sm".
Variable Scope
Variable ScopeForrester High School Local variables are declared within sub-programs and can only be accessed and modified within that sub-program. Global variables are declared in the main program and can be accessed and modified by any code in the entire program. While global variables can be recognized program-wide, they should generally be avoided as the code is harder to read, debug, and track which parts are updating the variable.
Sub-programs
Sub-programsForrester High School Computer programs can be broken down into smaller sub-programs or subroutines to make the code easier to write, understand and maintain. Sub-programs are independent blocks of code that carry out specific tasks and can be programmed and tested separately from the main program. Functions are sub-programs that return a value, while procedures produce an effect without returning a value. Parameters allow data to be passed from the main program to sub-programs.
Records in Python
Records in PythonForrester High School This document discusses using records and dictionaries in Python to store and access data. It explains that a record allows combining multiple data objects, like storing a runner's name, bib number, and elite status in a single record rather than parallel arrays. This is implemented in Python using a dictionary with keys for each data item. It also describes storing multiple records in an array, creating an array of records to hold data about multiple runners.
Parallel arrays in python
Parallel arrays in pythonForrester High School This document discusses using parallel arrays in Python to store data about runners in a race. It describes initializing three parallel arrays to store the name, bib number, and elite status of each runner. Values can then be assigned to individual elements of the arrays to populate them with data, either by hardcoding, user input, or reading from a file. Once initialized, the parallel arrays allow accessing details about individual runners by index.
Recently uploaded (20)
How to Share Accounts Between Companies in Odoo 18
How to Share Accounts Between Companies in Odoo 18Celine George In this slide we’ll discuss on how to share Accounts between companies in odoo 18. Sharing accounts between companies in Odoo is a feature that can be beneficial in certain scenarios, particularly when dealing with Consolidated Financial Reporting, Shared Services, Intercompany Transactions etc.
LDMMIA Reiki Yoga S5 Daily Living Workshop
LDMMIA Reiki Yoga S5 Daily Living WorkshopLDM & Mia eStudios Happy May and Happy Weekend, My Guest Students.
Weekends seem more popular for Workshop Class Days lol.
These Presentations are timeless. Tune in anytime, any weekend.
<<I am Adult EDU Vocational, Ordained, Certified and Experienced. Course genres are personal development for holistic health, healing, and self care. I am also skilled in Health Sciences. However; I am not coaching at this time.>>
A 5th FREE WORKSHOP/ Daily Living.
Our Sponsor / Learning On Alison:
Sponsor: Learning On Alison:
— We believe that empowering yourself shouldn’t just be rewarding, but also really simple (and free). That’s why your journey from clicking on a course you want to take to completing it and getting a certificate takes only 6 steps.
Hopefully Before Summer, We can add our courses to the teacher/creator section. It's all within project management and preps right now. So wish us luck.
Check our Website for more info: https://ldmchapels.weebly.com
Get started for Free.
Currency is Euro. Courses can be free unlimited. Only pay for your diploma. See Website for xtra assistance.
Make sure to convert your cash. Online Wallets do vary. I keep my transactions safe as possible. I do prefer PayPal Biz. (See Site for more info.)
Understanding Vibrations
If not experienced, it may seem weird understanding vibes? We start small and by accident. Usually, we learn about vibrations within social. Examples are: That bad vibe you felt. Also, that good feeling you had. These are common situations we often have naturally. We chit chat about it then let it go. However; those are called vibes using your instincts. Then, your senses are called your intuition. We all can develop the gift of intuition and using energy awareness.
Energy Healing
First, Energy healing is universal. This is also true for Reiki as an art and rehab resource. Within the Health Sciences, Rehab has changed dramatically. The term is now very flexible.
Reiki alone, expanded tremendously during the past 3 years. Distant healing is almost more popular than one-on-one sessions? It’s not a replacement by all means. However, its now easier access online vs local sessions. This does break limit barriers providing instant comfort.
Practice Poses
You can stand within mountain pose Tadasana to get started.
Also, you can start within a lotus Sitting Position to begin a session.
There’s no wrong or right way. Maybe if you are rushing, that’s incorrect lol. The key is being comfortable, calm, at peace. This begins any session.
Also using props like candles, incenses, even going outdoors for fresh air.
(See Presentation for all sections, THX)
Clearing Karma, Letting go.
Now, that you understand more about energies, vibrations, the practice fusions, let’s go deeper. I wanted to make sure you all were comfortable. These sessions are for all levels from beginner to review.
Again See the presentation slides, Thx.
ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS unit 3 Pharmacology 3.pptx
ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS unit 3 Pharmacology 3.pptxMayuri Chavan ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS unit 3 Pharmacology 3.pptx
Myopathies (muscle disorders) for undergraduate
Myopathies (muscle disorders) for undergraduateMohamed Rizk Khodair herediatary myopthies
myotonia
inflammatory myopthies
Form View Attributes in Odoo 18 - Odoo Slides
Form View Attributes in Odoo 18 - Odoo SlidesCeline George Odoo is a versatile and powerful open-source business management software, allows users to customize their interfaces for an enhanced user experience. A key element of this customization is the utilization of Form View attributes.
How to Create Kanban View in Odoo 18 - Odoo Slides
How to Create Kanban View in Odoo 18 - Odoo SlidesCeline George The Kanban view in Odoo is a visual interface that organizes records into cards across columns, representing different stages of a process. It is used to manage tasks, workflows, or any categorized data, allowing users to easily track progress by moving cards between stages.
Pope Leo XIV, the first Pope from North America.pptx
Pope Leo XIV, the first Pope from North America.pptxMartin M Flynn A native of north America (Chicago) and naturalized in Peru, South America, after 20 years of missions, was elected pope on 8th May 2025
Transform tomorrow: Master benefits analysis with Gen AI today webinar, 30 A...
Transform tomorrow: Master benefits analysis with Gen AI today webinar, 30 A...Association for Project Management Transform tomorrow: Master benefits analysis with Gen AI today webinar
Wednesday 30 April 2025
Joint webinar from APM AI and Data Analytics Interest Network and APM Benefits and Value Interest Network
Presenter:
Rami Deen
Content description:
We stepped into the future of benefits modelling and benefits analysis with this webinar on Generative AI (Gen AI), presented on Wednesday 30 April. Designed for all roles responsible in value creation be they benefits managers, business analysts and transformation consultants. This session revealed how Gen AI can revolutionise the way you identify, quantify, model, and realised benefits from investments.
We started by discussing the key challenges in benefits analysis, such as inaccurate identification, ineffective quantification, poor modelling, and difficulties in realisation. Learnt how Gen AI can help mitigate these challenges, ensuring more robust and effective benefits analysis.
We explored current applications and future possibilities, providing attendees with practical insights and actionable recommendations from industry experts.
This webinar provided valuable insights and practical knowledge on leveraging Gen AI to enhance benefits analysis and modelling, staying ahead in the rapidly evolving field of business transformation.
What is the Philosophy of Statistics? (and how I was drawn to it)
What is the Philosophy of Statistics? (and how I was drawn to it)jemille6 What is the Philosophy of Statistics? (and how I was drawn to it)
Deborah G Mayo
At Dept of Philosophy, Virginia Tech
April 30, 2025
ABSTRACT: I give an introductory discussion of two key philosophical controversies in statistics in relation to today’s "replication crisis" in science: the role of probability, and the nature of evidence, in error-prone inference. I begin with a simple principle: We don’t have evidence for a claim C if little, if anything, has been done that would have found C false (or specifically flawed), even if it is. Along the way, I’ll sprinkle in some autobiographical reflections.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 9 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - GLOBAL SUCCESS - CẢ NĂM (TỪ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 9 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - GLOBAL SUCCESS - CẢ NĂM (TỪ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection https://app.box.com/s/yfwqwcillls0z4p34958pr8nj0b4udyr
MCQ PHYSIOLOGY II (DR. NASIR MUSTAFA) MCQS)
MCQ PHYSIOLOGY II (DR. NASIR MUSTAFA) MCQS)Dr. Nasir Mustafa MCQ PHYSIOLOGY II (DR. NASIR MUSTAFA) MCQS)
*"Sensing the World: Insect Sensory Systems"*
*"Sensing the World: Insect Sensory Systems"*Arshad Shaikh Insects' major sensory organs include compound eyes for vision, antennae for smell, taste, and touch, and ocelli for light detection, enabling navigation, food detection, and communication.
U3 ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS Pharmacology 3.pptx
U3 ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS Pharmacology 3.pptxMayuri Chavan U3 ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS Pharmacology 3.pptx
LDMMIA Reiki News Ed3 Vol1 For Team and Guests
LDMMIA Reiki News Ed3 Vol1 For Team and GuestsLDM & Mia eStudios Happy May and Taurus Season.
♥☽✷♥We have a large viewing audience for Presentations. So far my Free Workshop Presentations are doing excellent on views. I just started weeks ago within May. I am also sponsoring Alison within my blog and courses upcoming. See our Temple office for ongoing weekly updates.
https://ldmchapels.weebly.com
♥☽About: I am Adult EDU Vocational, Ordained, Certified and Experienced. Course genres are personal development for holistic health, healing, and self care/self serve.
Chemotherapy of Malignancy -Anticancer.pptx
Chemotherapy of Malignancy -Anticancer.pptxMayuri Chavan Chemotherapy of Malignancy -Anticancer.pptx
The History of Kashmir Karkota Dynasty NEP.pptx
The History of Kashmir Karkota Dynasty NEP.pptxArya Mahila P. G. College, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. This slide is an exercise for the inquisitive students preparing for the competitive examinations of the undergraduate and postgraduate students. An attempt is being made to present the slide keeping in mind the New Education Policy (NEP). An attempt has been made to give the references of the facts at the end of the slide. If new facts are discovered in the near future, this slide will be revised.
This presentation is related to the brief History of Kashmir (Part-I) with special reference to Karkota Dynasty. In the seventh century a person named Durlabhvardhan founded the Karkot dynasty in Kashmir. He was a functionary of Baladitya, the last king of the Gonanda dynasty. This dynasty ruled Kashmir before the Karkot dynasty. He was a powerful king. Huansang tells us that in his time Taxila, Singhpur, Ursha, Punch and Rajputana were parts of the Kashmir state.
CNS infections (encephalitis, meningitis & Brain abscess
CNS infections (encephalitis, meningitis & Brain abscessMohamed Rizk Khodair CNS infections (encephalitis, meningitis & Brain abscess)
Transform tomorrow: Master benefits analysis with Gen AI today webinar, 30 A...
Transform tomorrow: Master benefits analysis with Gen AI today webinar, 30 A...Association for Project Management
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 9 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - GLOBAL SUCCESS - CẢ NĂM (TỪ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 9 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - GLOBAL SUCCESS - CẢ NĂM (TỪ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
The History of Kashmir Karkota Dynasty NEP.pptx
The History of Kashmir Karkota Dynasty NEP.pptxArya Mahila P. G. College, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
ISDD Sequential & Random Access
- 2. Sequential & Random Access Data in files can be stored in either sequential or random access. Data stored sequentially means it is stored on the media one record after the other in order. The device must move through all information up to the location where it is attempting to read or write. Sequential file access is much slower than random file access Magnetic tapes use sequential file access
- 3. Sequential & Random Access Data in files can be stored in either sequential or random access. Random access means that data is stored anywhere on the media. The device can jump directly to the location where it is attempting to read or write. Random access is much faster than sequential file access Most storage devices other than tape use random access
- 4. Sequential & Random Access Sequential Random