It6601 mobile computing unit 5

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MOBILE COMPUTING
Unit V
Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel

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UNIT V
MOBILE PLATFORMS AND APPLICATIONS
Mobile Device Operating Systems – Special Constrains & Requirements –
Commercial Mobile Operating Systems – Software Development Kit: iOS,
Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone – M-Commerce – Structure – Pros &
Cons – Mobile Payment System – Security Issues.

Mobile Device Operating System Introduction
 Design and capabilities of a Mobile OS (Operating System) is very different than a
general purpose OS running on desktop machines:
 mobile devices have constraints and restrictions on their physical characteristic
such as screen size, memory, processing power and etc.
 Scarce availability of battery power
 Limited amount of computing and communication capabilities
 Thus, they need different types of operating systems depending on the capabilities
they support. e.g. a PDA OS is different from a Smartphone OS.
 Operating System is a piece of software responsible for management of operations,
control, coordinate the use of the hardware among the various application programs,
and sharing the resources of a device.
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Operating System Structure
 A mobile OS is a software platform on top of which other programs
called application programs, can run on mobile devices such as
PDA, cellular phones, Smartphone and etc.
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Low-Level Hardware, Manufacturer Device Drivers
Device Operating System Base, Kernel
OS Libraries
Applications

Mobile Operating System Platforms
There are many mobile operating systems. The followings
demonstrate the most important ones:
Java ME Platform
Palm OS
Symbian OS
Linux OS
Windows Mobile OS
BlackBerry OS
iPhone OS
Google Android Platform
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Java ME Platform
J2ME platform is a set of technologies, specifications
and libraries developed for small devices like mobile
phones, pagers, and personal organizers.
Java ME was designed by Sun Microsystems. It is
licensed under GNU General Public License
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Special Constraints & Requirements
There are special constrains under which the operating system of a
mobile device to operate
Limited memory
Limited screen size
Miniature keyboard
Limited processing power
Limited battery power
Limited and fluctuating of the wireless medium
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Special service Requirements
Support for specific communication protocols
Support for a variety of input mechanism
Compliance with open standard
Extensive library support
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Commercial Mobile Operating System
Palm OS
Symbian OS
Linux OS
Windows Mobile OS
BlackBerry OS
iPhone OS
Google Android Platform 9

Palm OS
Palm OS is an embedded operating system designed for ease of
use with a touch screen-based graphical user interface.
It has been implemented on a wide variety of mobile devices
such as smart phones, barcode readers, and GPS devices.
It is run on Arm architecture-based processors. It is designed as
a 32-bit architecture.
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Palm OS Features
The key features of Palm OS are:
A single-tasking OS:
Palm OS Garnet (5.x) uses a kernel developed at Palm, but it
does not expose tasks or threads to user applications. In fact,
it is built with a set of threads that can not be changed at
runtime.
Palm OS Cobalt (6.0 or higher) does support multiple threads
but does not support creating additional processes by user
applications.
Palm OS has a preemptive multitasking kernel that provides
basic tasks but it does not expose this feature to user
applications .
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Palm OS Features (Cont.)
Memory Management:
The Memory, RAM and ROM, for each Palm resides on a
memory module known as card. In other words, each
memory card contains RAM, ROM or both. Palms can have
no card, one card or multiple cards.
Expansion support:
This capability not only augments the memory and I/O , but
also it facilitates data interchanges with other Palm
devices and with other non-Palm devices such as digital
cameras, and digital audio players.
Handwriting recognition input called Graffiti 2
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Palm OS Features (Cont.)
HotSync technology for synchronization with PC computers
Sound playback and record capabilities
TCP/IP network access
Support of serial port, USB, Infrared, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
connections
Defined standard data format for PIM (Personal Information
Management) applications to store calendar, address, task
and note entries, accessible by third-party applications
 Security model:
 Device can be locked by password, arbitrary application records can be made private [2]
 Palm OS Cobalt include a certificate manager. The Certificate Manager handles X.509
certificates[3].
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Symbian OS
Symbian OS is 32 bit, little-endian operating system, running
on different flavors of ARM architecture[4].
It is a multitasking operating system and very less
dependence on peripherals.
Kernel runs in the privileged mode and exports its service to
user applications via user libraries.
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Symbian OS Structure
User libraries include networking, communication, I/O
interfaces and etc.
Access to these services and resources is coordinated
through a client-server framework.
Clients use the service APIs exposed by the server to
communicate with the server.
The client-server communication is conducted by the kernel.
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Symbian OS Structure (Cont.)
 The following demonstrates the Symbian OS architecture[:
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Hardware
Symbian OS Base- Kernel
Symbian OS Libraries
Servers
Application Engines
KVM

Symbian OS Features
 Real-time: it has a real-time, multithreaded kernel.
 Data Caging : it allows applications to have their own private data partition. This feature allows for
applications to guarantee a secure data store. It can be used for e-commerce applications, location
aware applications and etc.
 Multimedia: it supports audio, video recording, playback and streaming, and Image conversion.
 Platform Security : Symbian provides a security mechanism against malware. It allows sensitive
operations can be accessed by applications which have been certified by a signing authority. In addition,
it supports full encryption and certificate management, secure protocols ( HTTPS, TLS and SSL) and
WIM framework.
 Internationalization support: it supports Unicode standard.
 Fully object-oriented and component- based
 Optimized memory management
 Client- server architecture : described in previous slides, it provides simple and high-efficient inter-
process communication. This feature also eases porting of code written for other platforms to Symbian
OS.
 A Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): This layer provides a consistent interface to hardware and
supports device-independency
 Kernel offers hard real-time guarantees to kernel and user mode threads.
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Embedded Linux OS
 It is known as Embedded Linux which is used in embedded computer systems such
as mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistants, media players and other consumer
devices.
 In spite of Linux operating system designed for Servers and desktops, the Embedded
Linux is designed for devices which have relatively limited resources such as small
size of RAM, storage, screen, limited power and etc. Then, they should have an
optimized kernel.
 It is a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). It meets deadlines and switch context
 It has relatively a small footprint. Today, mobile phones can ship with a small memory.
Thus, OS must not seek to occupy a large amount of available storage. It should have
a small foot print. Theoretically, they deploy in a footprint of 1MB or less.
 It is open source. It has no cost for licensing.
 Examples: Motorola Mobile phones such as RAZR V8, RAZR V9, A1200 are based on
MontaVista Linux.
 ARM and MIPS structures [7]: Embedded CPU architectures like ARM and MIPS offer
small instruction sets and special execution modes that shrinks application size and
consequently generates smaller code. 18

Windows Mobile OS
Windows Mobile is a compact operating system designed for
mobile devices and based on Microsoft Win32.
It is run on Pocket PCs, Smart phones and Portable media
centers.
It provides ultimate interoperability. Users with various
requirements are able to manipulate their data.
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Google Android Platform
It is a platform and an operating system for mobile devices
based on the Linux operating system.
It allows developers design applications in a java-like
language using Google-developed java libraries.
It supports a wide variety of connectivity such as GSM, WiFi,
3G, …
The Operating system has not been implemented yet (Feb,
2008). Several prototypes have been proposed.
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Android architecture: http://code.google.com/android/what-is-android.html
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 As demonstrated in the previous slide, the Android platform contains the
following layers:
 Linux Kernel: Android relies on Linux for core system services such as security,
memory management, process management and etc.
 Android Runtime: it provides a set of core libraries which supports most of the
functionality in the core libraries of Java. The Android Virtual Machine known as
Dalvik VM relies on the linux kernel for some underlying functionality such as
threading,…
 Libraries: Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries. These libraries are exposed to
developers through the Android application framework. They include media
libraries, system C libraries, surface manager, 3D libraries, SQLite and etc.
 For more details, please visit the following link:
 http://code.google.com/android/what-is-android.html
 Application Framework: it provides an access layer to the framework APIs used by
the core applications. It allows components to be used by the developers.
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iPhone OS
 iPhone OS is an operating system run on iPhone and iPod.
 It is based on Mach Kernel and Drawin core as Mac OS X.
 The Mac OS X kernel includes the following component:
 Mach Kernel
 BSD
 I/O component
 File Systems
 Networking components
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iPhone OS
 The following is Mac OS X Architecture:
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Kernel Environment
Core Services
Application Services
QuickTime
Classic Carbon Cocoa JDK BSD

iPhone OS
 Mac OS X has a preemptive multitasking environment.
 Preempting is the act of taking the control of operating system from one task and giving
it to another task.
 It supports real-time behavior.
 In Mac OS X, each application has access to its own 4 GB address space.
 Not any application can directly modify the memory of the kernel. It has a strong
mechanism for memory protection.
 For more details about kernel architecture, please visit the following link:
 http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/
Architecture/Architecture.html
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BlackBerry OS
 BlackBerry OS has a multitasking environment.
 It enables heavy use of input devices like trackball, and scroll wheel. It does not support
touchpad.
 It is an event-driven Operating System.
 Later BlackBerry Smartphone's CPU architecture is based on ARM XScale. The other
BlackBerry devices has Intel-based processors.
 It supports multitasking and multithreading applications.
 Security: Any application that want to use certain BlackBerry functionality must be digitally
signed.
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M-Commerce
Involves carrying out any activity related buying and selling of
commodities, services or information using the mobile hand
held devices.
Applications of M-Commerce
M-commerce applications can be broadly categorized into
B2C and B2B.
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Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Applications
Advertising
Comparison shopping
Information about a product
Mobile ticketing
Loyalty and payment service
Interactive advertisement
Catalogue shopping
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Business-to-Business (B2B) Applications
Ordering and delivery confirmation
Stock tracking and control
Supply chain management
Mobile inventory management
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M-Commerce Structure
 Content provider implements an application by providing two sets of programs: Client-
side and Server-Side
 Clint side programs run on the browsers installed on users mobile.
 Server side programs performs database access and computations, resides on the
host computers(Servers)
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Mobile devices:
 Hand-held devices interfaced to mobile user, user specify their requests using interface programs,
 which are transmitted to mobile commerce application
 The result obtained from the mobile commerce application are displayed in suitable formats.
Mobile middleware
 The purpose of mobile middleware is to seamlessly and transparently map the internet content to
mobile phones
 It also handle encrypting and decrypting communication for secure transaction.
Network
 The request are delivered to the closet wireless access point or base station or wired network such
as internet for mobile commerce system
Host computers
 Process and stores all information needed for mobile commerce.
 It consists of three parts web servers, database servers and application program and support
software.
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M-Commerce Pros & Cons
Advantages
 For business organization: Customer convenience, cost savings and new business
opportunities.
 For customer: Any where, any time shopping using light weight device.
 Without physically visiting to store indentifying the right product at the lowest price.
 Highly personalized thereby providing an additional level of convenience to customer.
Disadvantages
 Mobile device not offer graphics or processing power of a PC
 The small screens of mobile devices limit the complexity of application.
 Network imposes several types of restriction.
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Mobile Payment System
Mobile payment or m-payment defined as any payment instrument where a
mobile device is used to initiate, authorize and confirm an exchange of
financial value in return for goods and services.
OR
Mobile payment, also referred to as mobile money, mobile money transfer,
and mobile wallet generally refer to payment services operated under
financial regulation and performed from or via a mobile device.
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Mobile Payment Schems
Three popular types of M-payment schemes are currently used are
I. Bank account based
II. Credit card based
III. Micropayment
In each of these approach, a third party service provider (Bank, Credit card
company or telecom company) make payment on the customer’s behalf .
The service provider may charge small amount as service charge
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Bank account based M-payment
The bank account of the customer is linked to his mobile
number.
When the customer makes an M-payment transaction with
vendor, the bank account of the customer is debited and the value
is credited to the vendor’s account.
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Credit card based M-payment
The Credit card number is linked to mobile number of customer.
When the customer makes an M-payment transaction with
vendor, the credit card is charged and the value is credited to the
vendor’s account.
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Micropayment
The Micropayment is for small purchase such as from vending
machines.
A customer makes a call to the number of a service provider where
the per call charge is equal to the cost of the vending item.
The micropayment scheme is implemented thorough the cooperation
of the mobile phone operator and a third party service provider.
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Security Issues
M commerce is anticipated to introduced new security and privacy
risks.
Users of mobile device can be difficult to trace because of roaming
of the users.
The mobile device go on-line and off-line frequently, thus attacks
would be very difficult to trace.
Another risk unique to the mobile devices is the risk of loss or theft.
A major problem in this regard is lack of authenticate a particular
user.
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References
 Book: Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Rajib Mall, “Fundamentals of Mobile Computing”,
PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi – 2012.
 http://cmer.cis.uoguelph.ca
 PPT:
 www.cmer.ca/cmer-ak/AcademicKitV1.0/.../OpSys_slides_1.ppt
 www.cmer.ca/cmer-ak/AcademicKitV1.0/.../OpSys_slides_2.ppt
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Other presentations
http://www.slideshare.net/drgst/presentations
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Thank You
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It6601 mobile computing unit 5

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It6601 mobile computing unit 5