Behavior Driven Web UI Automation with Selenium and Cucumber/SpecFlow (BDDx London, 11/11/2016)

Behavior Driven
Web UI
Automation
with Selenium and
Cucumber/SpecFlow
BDDx, London
11th November 2016
Gáspár Nagy
coach • trainer • bdd addict • creator of specflow
@gasparnagy • gaspar@specsolutions.eu

Copyright © Gaspar NagyCopyright © Gaspar Nagy
bddaddict.com
bdd addict
given.when.then
CAUTION!
on the stage

There are problems with UI testing!
script
expressed
using UI terms
modeling gap
between UI terms and
domain model terms
sloooow
for a bigger app the
feedback loop gets
uselessly long
brittle
browsers changing,
environment
changes, cross-
platform issues, etc.

You are here*!
*hopefully

A decent app

With an ugly test…

Behavior Driven Web UI Automation with Selenium and Cucumber/SpecFlow (BDDx London, 11/11/2016)

Unclear
purpose
Code
duplication
Anti-
semantic
locators
Wrong
abstraction
Timing
issues

Unclear purpose – BDD
• Automated tests are investments for the future
• Tests without clearly specified goal are only good until they pass
• BDD/SpecFlow/Cucumber are great tools for helping you to connect
purpose for the automation steps
• Scenario title – defines the goal (“The one where …”)
• Scenario steps – provide a functional grouping for the automation steps

Introduce SpecFlow/Cucumber

Code duplication – Page Objects
• A small change in the application should only make a small impact on the
automation solution
• Automated tests should support you for applying changes and not hold
you back
• Page Objects can help you to encapsulate the automation logic for
particular UI elements
• Page Objects mirror the page structure
• They represent an automation layer below the step definitions
• Driver pattern is a generalization of the page object pattern for non-UI automation
tasks
• They can serve as the interface for switching from UI automation to API-level
automation

Introduce Page Objects

Anti-semantic locators
• Think about how your users identify the different information (text, data,
controls, buttons, etc.) on the page
• If the user can find them, you will also find them… be smart!

Locators – Match your solution to the
domain
• If the solution is modeled on the basis of the problem space, the elements
will have semantic identification
• Question title – title column in DB – Title property in code - #Title
[FindsBy(How = How.Id)]
public IWebElement Title { get; set; }

Problem vs. solution domain
Concept by Matt Wynne, see also http://dannorth.net/2011/01/31/whose-domain-is-it-anyway/
Problem Domain Solution Domain
Tweet
• Tweet
• Retweet
Message
• Send
• Forward

Locating by ID is not enough!
[FindsBy(How = How.Id, Using = "fabric_input")]
public IWebElement Fabric { get; set; }
fabric
fabric_input
fabric_list
fabric_open
@Html.Kendo().ComboBox().Name("fabric")
These are
internal for
the control!

Locating by ID is not enough!
[FindsBy(How = How.Id, Using = "cb9eb8be-71…")]
public IWebElement Khaki { get; set; }

Be careful with Selenium IDE
[FindsBy(How = How.CssSelector, Using = "input.btn.btn-default")]
public IWebElement Fabric { get; set; }
There was only one button on the page that time!

Define your own location strategy and
implement it as a custom locator!
[FindsBy(How = How.Custom,
CustomFinderType = typeof(TableFieldLocator)]
public IWebElement UserName { get; set; }
form
This is a
generic
lookup
strategy
User Name
Password
input
input

public IWebElement UserName { get; set; }
Apply conventions with decorators and find
the tester’s nirvana…
form
This is the
app-specific
lookup
strategy
User Name
Password
input
input

Wrong abstraction

Concept is an idea or mental picture of a group or
class of objects formed by combining all their
aspects

UI Concepts
Counter concept,
divs and spans
Short-text entering
concept, input
@type=text
Multi-line text
entering concept,
div+javascriptSingle-choice
concept,
set of input
@type=radio
Submit concept,
span+javascript

Encapsulate automation logic of UI
concepts
• Selenium’s PageFactory can only map IWebElement or
List<IWebElement>
• Defining a static helper method is already a good solution
• like FillInTextBox(IWebElement elm, string value)
• A factory infrastructure, similar to the PageFactory makes it even better

A concept-based page
express concepts
interact on concept
level

Thread.Sleep(3000);

Why do we have this timing problem?

An example
Enter text
Post form
Working, working…
Observe result
title.SendKeys(…);
button.Click();
driver.FindElement(…);

Let’s add some waiting to it!
Thread.Sleep(2000);
var wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
wait.Until(d => d.FindElement(By...));
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitlyWait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
...
driver.FindElement(By...);
Static waiting
Busy/active waiting
Implicit busy waiting

An example
Enter text
Post form
Working, working…
Observe result
button.Click();
The thing you are waiting for is here!
You are waiting here!

Waiting at the observation step…
• Establishes an implicit dependency between the automation code
triggering the action (Click) and the assertion (FindElement)
• This makes the code brittle, because
• you cannot compose new tests easily from the automation steps (e.g. the same
assertion after another action)
• the code will be sensitive to the order of the assertions
• tests will be slowed down unnecessarily

Your user knows* when the action is done
*hopefully
• Maybe there is a progress indicator
• Maybe they look at the browser icon
• Maybe they’ll wait till they see the end of the page

An example
Enter text
Post form
Working, working…
Observe result
button.SubmitClick();
Result page loaded

Define the waiting conditions for the
interactions of the UI concepts!
This is an example…
• Submit concept – a concept that can trigger a server-side processing and
results either in an error or a success
• Success is indicated by a fully loaded page with a success message
• Error is indicated by …
• Fully loaded page means that the footer is visible
• Solution: Implement SubmitConcept.Click() in a way that it clicks the
button and is waiting either for the success or the error condition

Other conditions
• Wait until progress indicator is unloaded
• Wait until injected JavaScript signals that the operation has finished
• Wait until protractor signals
• You can even put Thread.Sleep there… only to that single place!
For all these, you need to isolate Submit/Click from other clicks

Gáspár Nagy
Gáspár Nagy
Thank you!

Behavior Driven Web UI Automation with Selenium and Cucumber/SpecFlow (BDDx London, 11/11/2016)

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