New methodologies for cultural heritage

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 487
NEW METHODOLOGIES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE
ENHANCEMENT: THE CASE STUDY OF AUTERI CHAPEL IN CATANIA
FROM SURVEYING TO IMAGE BASED MODELING
Cettina Santagati
PhD Lecturer, Department of Architecture, University of Catania, Italy
Department of Communication, Smart, green and integrated transport and Augmented reality, IEMEST, Palermo, Italy
cettina.santagati@dau.unict.it, cettinasantagati@iemest.eu
Abstract
This article is the outcome of a research on survey digital techniques for acquiring knowledge, documentation and enhancement of the
architectural heritage. Through this research, the current low-cost image-based modeling techniques have been tried and tested. The
goal was to identify an operative methodological way for the transmission of the cultural heritage through metrically reliable 3D
photographic models that can be used both in the contexts of fruition and in 3D virtual repository (3D Icons, Europeana). In
particular, in this article, I report the results of research applied to the Auteri Chapel, a micro-architecture of 1871, located in the
monumental cemetery of Catania. The proposed methodology takes advantage of analytical drawing and survey tools to understand
and decode not only the geometric and formal aspects of the architectural building but also the symbolic and semantic ones (use of
symbolic shapes, search for beauty, meaning of decoration) related to the specific connotation of these architectures of memory.
Keywords: Surveying, Image-based modeling, Funerary Architecture, Digital Cultural Heritage
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The research explores the use of digital techniques for
understanding, documenting and enhancing historical
architectural heritage. Today digital techniques provide a
creative and innovative approach to Cultural Heritage (CH)
enhancement starting from the 3D acquisition to the creation
of engaging cognitive paths with 3D interactive contents [1, 2,
3]. Thus, it is necessary to retrace the entire knowledge
process in order to identify an effective methodology able to
document and communicate the architectural assets, focusing
on optimization of time and costs.
One of the critical steps is the creation of the 3D model.
Although digital acquisition and modeling of CH has become
a common process, traditional survey and 3D modeling,
image–based modeling and range-based modeling techniques
are still tested and studied in relation to their time, costs and
final outcomes [4, 5, 6, 7, 8] .
In particular, Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques allow
the realization of image-based 3D models in an
automatic/semi-automatic way starting from simple sequences
of uncalibrated photographs. These technologies, originally
developed for touristic viewing and web navigation of cultural
assets (Photosynt), archaeological and architectural sites [9,
10, 11, 12] have been implemented up to obtain effective tools
for low cost digitization and visualization of real objects.
Presented here are the results from a very interesting field of
application: the funerary chapels built between the end of XIX
century and the beginning of XX century in the Cemetery of
Catania. Indeed, the historical part of this Cemetery is a real
“open air museum” that contains a great number of artistic and
architectural works that are the remnants of local artists,
designers and a culture of master builders [13,14].
For the purposes of this research, the Auteri Chapel built in
1871 by the architect Carmelo Sciuto Patti was chosen [15].
This paper is structured as follows: historical-iconographical
research, geometric interpretation, surveying and graphical
restitution (by means of traditional or technically advanced
methods). As previously stated, this latter phase of surveying
and restitution is very onerous as far as software packages,
equipment and man/machine hours are concerned. The use of
image-based modeling could totally substitute this entire third
phase.
The research is oriented towards the exploration of the
potentialities of image-based techniques for the creation of 3D
textured models, testing a free tool – 123D Catch by Autodesk
– based on SfM techniques in order to verify its reliability and
use in such projects.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. METHODOLOGY
The historical-iconographical approach is the first step in the
knowledge process aimed at the documentation and
enhancement of architectural heritage [16, 17]. Thus, it
disregards from the intervention methodology that is going to
be tested for the metric acquisition and the graphical
restitution of the cultural assets. Therefore, the case study has
been investigated in order to deeply comprehend its design
and historical-geometric value as well as to verify and
compare traditional surveying approach in relation to image-
based modeling techniques in order to confirm their visual,
geometric and metric reliability.
2.1 Brief Historical Overview and Iconography of the
Auteri Chapel in Catania
The Auteri Chapel, designed and built in 1871 by the architect
Carmelo Sciuto Patti, is an emblematic example of
neoclassical style in the cemetery of Catania. It is one of the
first chapels constructed in the cemetery, even before it was
inaugurated and opened to the public in 1886. In fact, the
building events of the Cemetery of Catania span a time period
from the day when the site became available to the start of the
works and finally to the official opening year. In these years,
several projects and architects come in succession: this is
confirmed by the comparison between the design project (fig.
1) and a following map of 1897 (fig. 2).
Fig. 1-2: (on the left) the project of the Cemetery of Catania,
(on the right) a map dated 1897.
The Auteri Chapel was built in an area that changed its
function, thus remaining isolated among hypogeous graves
and aedicules, in an area without threes and vegetation. The
chapel is shaped like a little pseudo-peripteros temple with a
circular plan and typical neoclassical features.
The base is made from lava stone and the top ends form a
segmental dome, with high symbolic value, that lies on three
circular podium, reminiscent of the Mediterranean tholos.
From a typological point of view, this chapel is a unique
exemplar in the cemetery of Catania due to both its circular
shape and the presence of an underground crypt in which
there were the burials. This way, the area destined to burials is
clearly distinguished from the one destined for relatives to
pray. Most likely, the poor functionality of the circular shape
caused the abandonment of this typology in favour of
rectangular plan typologies that allowed the placement of a
greater number of burials.
The Auteri Chapel is a cylinder with eight Doric columns
(incorporated for 1/3 in the wall), that support the entablature.
This one is composed of an architrave, a frieze with
triglyphs and metopes, a cornice with mutules and guttae, a
geison with lion head shaped gargoyles in axis with columns.
Under the entablature there are some bas-relieves that visually
tell the iconographic themes linked to memento mori theme:
“the little angel with bones”, “the little angel with hour-glass”,
skulls and crossed tibias, torches with a downward flame.
Fig. 3: The Auteri Chapel network of streets where it is
located
Fig. 4: Bas-relief of “the little angel with bones”.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Fig. 5: Bas-relief of “the little angel with hour-glass”.
In this case, the neoclassical architecture combines the three
vitruvian design principles - utilitas, firmitas and venustas -
with another one vanitas.
The drawing design, held by the “Accademia di Scienze,
Lettere e Belle Arti degli Zelanti e Dafnici” in Acireale,
represents the plan and the principal elevation of the chapel
(fig. 6). We can notice the fidelity between the project and the
realized architecture, except for the decorative apparatus at the
entrance that foresaw the realization of tripods and sleeping
lions.
Fig. 6: The drawing design of the Auteri Chapel [15]
2.2 Direct Survey and Interpretative Analysis
The size of the chapel and its isolated and rising position in
respect to its’ surroundings, allow a direct approach to both
planimetric and altimetric surveying by means of traditional
methodologies. Furthermore, the radial symmetry of the
elements that characterize it, simplifies the data acquisition
strategy.
Figure 7 shows the trilateration survey of the chapel in the
network of streets where it is located; figure 8 and 9 show the
graphical restitutions in the plan, elevation and cross-section
that document the geometrical features of this architecture.
Nevertheless, the passage from the traditional elaborates
(plans, elevations and sections) to the 3D textured model -
usable in virtual environments for the enhancement and
dissemination of the architectural assets- can have benefits by
the application of 3D acquisition methodologies such as
image-based modeling. As discussed in section 2.3, by
analyzing the outcomes, the wealth of this field of
experimentation can be deduced.
However, it is necessary to highlight the ontological difference
between the two 3D models obtained. The image-based model
is a polygonal textured model that accurately and
comprehensively describes the surfaces, the textures and the
irregularities of the object, whereas the model obtained by
traditional 3D modeling relies on the study of geometric
profiles of the surfaces to get a mathematical description of
the same (NURBS surfaces) and an abstract geometric model.
This last one, while on the one hand can be considered
approximate, on the other hand has a cognitive and semantic
surplus in structuring and communicating the information [18,
19].
In fact, the construction of the geometric/mathematical model,
requires the expert's attention and a deep study of the shapes
and the language of historical architecture. Whilst, no
preliminary knowledge on architectural language and history
of architecture is required to carry out a 3D model using
image-based modeling techniques [20,21,22].
Fig 7: Trilateration survey of the Auteri Chapel and its
surroundings

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Fig 8: Principal elevation of the Auteri Chapel
Fig. 9 Cross-section and plan of the Auteri Chapel
Furthermore, in order to get a deeper understanding of this
chapel, I investigated the symbolic contents hidden in the
essence of the shapes that constitute the chapel (circle,
octagon, dome) and in the mystique of numbers.
The research of the geometric shape in its confirmative and
configurative values leads to the conducting of a process of
figurative abstraction of the chapel; this allows the connection
of the appearance of the final shape to its pure essence and the
discovery of archetypal geometrical shapes and their
assembly into the final built shape (fig. 10).
Fig. 10: Exploded Axonometric view of the Auteri Chapel
where the archetypal geometrical shapes are highlighted
In this way, together with the symbolical decryption of the
shape, from a geometrical-mathematical-semantic point of
view, I will get the real value of the architectural asset, of the
design idea and of its being a medium for conveying moral
and Christian faith teachings.
On the plan the eight columns are placed along the vertices of
an octagon (fig. 11). We can deduce this to be the squaring of
the circle theme, that according to a symbolical interpretation,
corresponds to the passage from the earthly to the divine
dimension.
Fig. 11 Geometrical analysis of the plan which shows the
underlying octagon
2.3 Image Based Modeling Techniques.
Once the traditional survey was finished, the low-cost image-
based modeling techniques that, as already said, are able to
reconstruct a 3D model of an object from an annotated

__________________________________________________________________________________________
photographic images sequence were tested. The experiments
carried out on the Auteri Chapel define an operative protocol
that can be repeatable for other architectural assets with
similar size or shape.
Several metrics and geometric and visual checks were
implemented on the 3D model obtained in order to assess the
actual applicability of the method and to deduce the guidelines
that should be followed.
For this experiment, the web-based and, at present time, free
software from Autodesk, 123D Catch was used. It is one of the
best software for capturing 3D sculptural or archeological
objects.
Exploiting the photogrammetric approach and the algorithms
of Computer Vision, 123D Catch is able to automatically
reconstruct internal parameters of the digital camera and the
position in space of the homologous points from a number of
correspondences between sequences of photographic images,
if suitably taken.
The steps to follow are to: - Capture a photographic sequence
of convergent photos of the object with an overlapping of
about 70%; - Upload the photos to the Autodesk cloud (the
user can decide whether to wait for the 3D reconstruction or
receive an email notification when complete); - Improve the
results by manual stitching of homologous points on triplets of
images and submit the scene to the cloud again; - Export the
3D polygonal model thus obtained in OBJ format and use it in
other 3D packages for editing, mesh cleaning and so on.
The number of the dataset photo collection depends on the
scale of the object and on the image resolution.
There are two strong conditions to carry out a useful mesh: 1)
use the same camera and the same focal length; 2) have a
structured photos data set collection where each image
captures the entire object. These latter two conditions are
mandatory to have a regular geometric and metric mesh
without any distortions [8].
The small size of the Chapel (4.20 m in width and 5.14 m in
height) and the possibility of framing it in full and at close
range, favour the design and realization of the surveying
project. However, the presence of other funeral monuments,
placed at close proximity to the building, has caused some
problems in the surface reconstruction.
In fact, the circular geometry, which connotes the planimetric
system, makes this chapel very interesting from a purely
geometrical point of view for the verification of the
correctness of the reconstruction algorithms of the surfaces
involved.
For the shots I used a Nikon E8800, with a resolution of
1549x2065 pixel and a focal length 35 mm.
Given the shooting distance and the resolution of the
photographic image, the scale of the frame corresponds to
1/10-1/20 and, therefore, it is suitable to describe the object
both according the geometrical aspect and the architectural
detail.
Table -1: Auteri Chapel dataset
Auteri Chapel
Dimension of the object 4,20x5,14 m
Number of images 40
Resolution 4 Mpixel
123D catch mesh 590,869 triangles
306,001 vertices
Table 1 provides a complete overview of the Auteri Chapel
dataset: dimension of the object, mesh quality, number of
vertices and triangles (faces) of the 3D model.
Figure 12 demonstrates 123D Catch 3D model visual accuracy
apart from the covering (this problem occurred because I was
unable to photograph it). Figure 13 shows the sharpness of
cylindrical surface both of the building and of niches and
columns.
Fig. 12: Auteri Chapel 123D Catch dataset visualized in
Meshlab

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Fig - 13: Auteri Chapel 123D Catch model visualized in
Meshlab
123D Catch 3D reconstruction encountered some problems
due to a lack of continuity in the dataset images, caused by
obstacles in the way.
For the metric accuracy test, I used horizontal and vertical
cross sections compared with Ground Control Points (GCP)
carried out by the direct survey (section 2.2).
Fig - 14: Auteri Chapel 123D Catch model smooth
visualization in Meshlab
Fig - 15: Auteri Chapel reconstruction error evaluation on
overlapped horizontal profiles made at 0.75m: the yellow line
corresponds to 123D Catch model, the red one to GCP survey
Fig 16: Auteri Chapel reconstruction error evaluation on
overlapped horizontal profiles made at 1.50m: the yellow line
corresponds to 123D Catch model, the red one to GCP survey
Therefore, the 123D Catch model was scaled and vertical
referred for overlapping to two-dimensional drawings. Figure
15 and 16 show an evaluation of metric accuracy by looking
at two significant horizontal cross-sections: one at 0.75m and
the other 1.50 m. Except for the areas where 3D reconstruction
is not geometrically exact, the gaps are about of 0.01m, thus
confirming the accuracy of this package.
CONCLUSIONS
The experimental results achieved on the Auteri Chapel show
the potentialities and advantages of using image-based
modeling techniques for documenting and enhancing
architectural cultural heritage.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
The experimentation conducted in 123D Catch has allowed
me to detect a software limitation: the processing capabilities
of 3D model are closely dependent upon the ability to take
pictures of the object in its entirety, and this is not always
possible in the architectural field.
Therefore, I conclude that these techniques based on the
processing of a photographic dataset, may be the future of data
acquisition and 3D modeling, through further implementations
and insights. This field is in continuous evolution and we can
envision that, in the near future, these low cost techniques will
affordably flank current techniques.
REFERENCES
[1]. Addison A C, Gaiani M. Virtualized Architectural
Heritage: New Tools and Techniques for capturing Built
History. IEEE Multimedia Journal, 2000; 7: 26-31.
[2]. Ippoliti E, Meschini A, Rossi D, Moscati A, De Luca L.
Shedding Light on the City: Discovering, Appreciating and
Sharing Cultural Heritage using 3D Visual Technology. In:
Guidi G, Addison A. C., eds. Proceedings of the VSMM
2012;Piscataway, 2012. p. 141-148.
[3]. Vallet J M, De Luca L, Feillou M, Guillon O, Pierrot-
Deseilligny M. An interactive 3-dimensional database applied
to the conservation of a painted chapel. International Journal
of Heritage in the Digital Era, 2012; 1(2): 233-250.
[4] Kersten T, Lindstaedt M. Image-Based Low-Cost Systems
For Automatic 3d Recording and Modelling of archaeological
finds and objects. In: Ioannides M, Fritsch D, Leissner J,
Davies R, Remondino F, Caffo R, eds. EuroMed 2012,
Progress In Cultural Heritage Preservation, LNCS 7616;
Lymassol, 2012. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2012. p
1-10.
[5] Lo Brutto M, Meli P. Computer vision tools for 3d
modelling in archaeology. International Journal of Heritage in
the Digital Era, 2012. 1 (Supplement): 1-6.
[6] Nguyen H M, Wuensche B, Delmas P, Lutteroth C. 3D
Models from the Black Box: Investigating the Current State of
Image-Based Modeling. In: Proceedings of the 20th
International Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualization
and Computer Vision (WSCG 2012); 2012, June 25-28; Pilsen
[7] Remondino F, Del Pizzo S, KerstenT P, Troisi S. Low-
Cost and Open-Source solutions for automated image
orientation–a critical overview. In: Ioannides M, Fritsch D,
Leissner J, Davies R, Remondino F, Caffo R, eds. EuroMed
2012, Progress In Cultural Heritage Preservation, LNCS
7616; Lymassol, 2012. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag,
2012. p. 40-54
[8] Santagati C, Inzerillo L. 123D Catch: efficiency, accuracy,
constraints and limitations in architectural heritage field.
International Journal of Heritage in Digital Era, 2013. 2 (2):
263-290.
[9]. Goesle, M. (et al.), 2007. Multi-View Stereo for
Community Photo Collections. In: Proceedings of ICCV 2007,
Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 14-20 October 2007.
[10]. Pollefeys M, Van Gool L, Vergauwen M, Verbiest F,
Cornelis K, Tops J, Koch R. Visual modeling with a hand-held
camera. International Journal of Computer Vision, 2004.
59(3): 207-232.
[11]. Snavely N, Seitz SM, Szeliski R. Modeling the world
from internet photo collections. International Journal of
Computer Vision, 2008. 80(2): 189-210.
[12]. Vergauwen M, Van Gool L. Web-based reconstruction
service. Machine Vision and Applications, 2006. 17 (6): 411-
426.
[13]. Santagati C. “L’azzurro del cielo”. Un polo museale tra
arte, architettura, natura nel cimitero di Catania. Documenti
DAU n. 31. Palermo: Edizioni Caracol; 2006.
[14] Rossi M, Tedeschi C. Il disegno della memoria - forme,
segni e materiali nell’Ottagono della Villetta a Parma. Pisa:
Edizioni ETS; 2010.
[15]. Aprile DI (ed). Catania 1870-1939 Cultura Memoria
Tutela. Palermo: Regione Siciliana Assessorato dei Beni
Culturali e dell’Identità Siciliana; 2011.
[16] Bertocci S, Bini M. Manuale di rilievo architettonico e
urbano. Novara: CittàStudi; 2012.
[17] Docci M, Maestri D. Manuale di rilevamento
architettonico e urbano. Roma-Bari: Edizioni Laterza; 2009.
[18]. Adami A, Fregonese L, Taffurelli L. A range based
method for complex facade modeling. International Archives
of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information
Sciences, 2011. 36 (5): 191-197.
[19] Galizia M, Santagati C, D’Agostino G. Surveying and
Representing an historical complex façade: from the point
cloud to the graphic research. In: XI Congreso Internacional
de expresion grafica aplicada a la edificacion. Investigacion
grafica, expresion arquitectonica. Valencia: LA IMPRENTA,
2012. p. 669-677.
[20] Galizia M, Santagati C. 3D virtual reconstruction of an
urban historical space: a consideration on the method In
International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing
and Spatial and Information Sciences, 2011. 38 (5): 583-590.
[21] Bandiera A, Beraldin JA, Gaiani M. Nascita ed utilizzo
delle tecniche digitali di 3D imaging, modellazione e
visualizzazione per l’architettura e i beni culturali. In: Ikhnos.
Siracusa: Lombardi editore; 2011. p. 81-134.
[22] Galizia M, Santagati C. Architettura e/è Geometria: dalla
forma architettonica alla costruzione geometrica.
DISEGNARECON, 2012. 5 (9): 135-144.
[23] Migliari R. Frontiere del rilievo - Dalla matita alle
scansioni 3D. Roma: Gangemi Editore, 2001.
[24] Kersten T, Stallmann D. Automatic texture mapping of
architectural and archaeological 3d models. The International
Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Sciences, 2012. 39 (5): 273-278.
[25] Vu H-H, Keriven R, Labatut P, Pons J-P. Towards high-
resolution large-scale multi-view stereo. In: IEEE Computer
Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR);Miami, Jun 2009.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
[26] Remondino F, 2011. Accurate and Detailed Image-Based
3D Documentation of Large Sites and Complex Objects. In:
Stanco F, Battiato S and Gallo G, eds. Digital imaging for
cultural heritage preservation: analysis, restoration, and
reconstruction of ancient artworks. CRC Press, 2011. p.127-
158.
[27] Santagati C, Inzerillo L, Di Paola F. Image-based
modeling techniques for architectural heritage 3d
digitalization: limits and potentialities. The International
Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial and
Information Sciences, 2013. 40 (5): 550-560.
BIOGRAPHIE:
Cettina Santagati, PhD in “Drawing and
Survey of building heritage” (2003), is
Lecturer at Dep. of Architecture,
University of Catania. She is responsible of
the section of “Innovative technologies for
survey and 3D reconstruction applied to
Cultural Heritage and Smart Cities” at IEMEST research
institute in Palermo. The research activity is focused on IT
aimed at surveying and representation of tangible cultural
heritage.

New methodologies for cultural heritage

More Related Content

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to New methodologies for cultural heritage (20)

More from eSAT Publishing House (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

New methodologies for cultural heritage