Exception Handling ,templates in C++

Jan 16, 2023Download as ppt, pdf1 like142 views

This document discusses object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts in C++ including templates, exceptions, and file handling. Templates allow functions and classes to be written generically so that they can work with multiple data types. Exceptions provide a way to handle runtime errors gracefully. File handling enables reading from and writing to external files for permanent storage of data. The key steps for file handling in C++ are naming a file, opening it, reading/writing data, and closing the file.

Template
• Template is simple and yet very powerful tool in C++
• Template are the foundation of generic programming which
involves writing code in a away that is independent of any type.
• A template is a blueprint or formula for creating a generic class
or a function.
• Function Template
• Class Template

Function Template
• Replace Function overloading
• Syntax
Template <class A>
• A is place holder (automatically set according to datatype)
• A big(A a , A b)
• Function template is also known as generic function.
• Template < class type> type func_name ( type arg1,….);

$Class Template • Syntax : • Template < class type> class class_name {……};$

Exception
• An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a
program, that disrupts the normal flow of the program's Instructions.

Exception Handling in C++
• The process of converting system error messages into user friendly
error message is known as Exception handling.
• This is one of the powerful feature of C++ to handle run time error
and maintain normal flow of C++ application.

Handling the Exception
• Handling the exception is nothing but converting system error
message into user friendly error message. Use Three keywords for
Handling the Exception in C++ Language, they are;
• try
• catch
• throw

Try Block
• It is one of the block in which we write the block of statements which
causes executions at run time in other words try block always
contains problematic statements.

Catch block
• It is one of the block in which we write the block of statements which
will generates user friendly error messages in other words catch block
will suppose system error messages

File Handling
• File Handling concept in C++ language is used for store a data
permanently in computer.
• Using file handling we can store our data in Secondary memory (Hard
disk).

Why use File Handling in C++
• For permanent storage.
• The transfer of input - data or output - data from one computer to
another can be easily done by using files.
• For read and write from a file you need another standard C++ library
called fstream, which defines three new data types.

My Name Is Ali
My Name Is
Ali
File
Cout<<“ My Name Is Ali”;
Cout<<“ My Name Is /n Ali:
Fout<<“My Name Is /n Ali”;
My Name Is
Ali
Sceen

How to achieve File Handling
For achieving file handling in C++ we need follow following steps
• Naming a file
• Opening a file
• Reading data from file
• Writing data into file
• Closing a file

Defining and Opening a File
• The function open() can be used to open multiple files that use the
same stream object.

Closing a File
• A file must be close after completion of all operation related to file.
For closing file we need close() function.

$Program for file handling #include< iostream . h> #include< conio .h> #include< fstream . h> Class student { Public: Struct stu { char name[20]; int roll; }s; Void put_data(); Void get_data(); };$

$void student :: put_data() { cout<<"enter name "; cin>>s. name; cout<<"enter roll "; cin>>s. roll; file. Open ("hit. txt“ , ios :: out | ios :: app); file. write ((char *)this, sizeof (student)); file. close(); getch(); get_data(); }$

$void student :: get_data() { int temp; cout<<"enter roll no. "; cin >>temp; fstream file; file. open ("hit . txt", ios :: in); file.seekg(0,ios::beg); While (file . read ((char *) this, sizeof (student))) { If (temp==s. roll) { cout<<"student name "<< s . name<<"n"; cout<<"student roll "<< s . roll; } } getch (); }$

$void main() { clrscr(); student st; st .put_data(); }$

1) The document discusses file handling in C++ using fstream. Files allow storing data permanently unlike cin and cout streams. 2) Files can be opened using constructor functions or member functions like open(). open() allows specifying the file mode like read/write. 3) Reading and writing to files can be done using extraction/insertion operators, get()/put(), or read()/write() functions depending on data types. Member functions help check file status and position.

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This document discusses exception handling and file input/output streams in C++. It introduces try/catch blocks for exception handling and describes common exceptions like syntax errors and runtime errors. It also discusses file streams, including opening/closing files in different modes, writing to files using stream insertion operators, and reading from files using stream extraction operators. Key classes for file stream operations are ifstream, ofstream, and fstream.

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This document discusses file handling in C/C++. It begins by defining a computer file and explaining why file handling is important in programming. It then outlines the five main steps for file handling in C++, which are to include header files, declare file stream variables, associate streams with files, perform read/write operations, and close files. Various C++ file stream functions like open(), close(), getline(), and >> and << operators are described. Code snippets are provided as examples to read from and write to text files, appending data to files, and getting all data from a file.

Working with files in c++. file handlingtfluid16

File handling in C++ allows programs to create, read, write, and manipulate files on disk. It utilizes the <fstream> library, which includes three primary classes: ifstream: For reading files. ofstream: For writing to files. fstream: For both reading and writing. To handle files, you typically follow these steps: Open a file using open() or by passing the filename to the constructor. Perform operations (read/write) using appropriate methods. Close the file with close() to free resources. File modes include ios::in, ios::out, ios::app, and ios::ate for various file operations1 Error Handling C++ also provides mechanisms to check for errors during file operations. Functions like is_open(), eof(), and fail() help determine if a file was successfully opened, if the end of the file has been reached, or if an error occurred during an operation. Overall, file handling in C++ is essential for applications that require persistent data storage and retrieval, enabling developers to create robust programs that interact with external data sources effectively. Created by:- Suryavansh Rana

Chapetr 4 C++ file object oriented programmingFiraolGadissa

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Exception Handling ,templates in C++

1. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

2. Template • Template is simple and yet very powerful tool in C++ • Template are the foundation of generic programming which involves writing code in a away that is independent of any type. • A template is a blueprint or formula for creating a generic class or a function. • Function Template • Class Template

3. Function Template • Replace Function overloading • Syntax Template <class A> • A is place holder (automatically set according to datatype) • A big(A a , A b) • Function template is also known as generic function. • Template < class type> type func_name ( type arg1,….);

4. Class Template • Syntax : • Template < class type> class class_name {……};

5. Exception • An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program, that disrupts the normal flow of the program's Instructions.

6. Exception Handling in C++ • The process of converting system error messages into user friendly error message is known as Exception handling. • This is one of the powerful feature of C++ to handle run time error and maintain normal flow of C++ application.

7. Handling the Exception • Handling the exception is nothing but converting system error message into user friendly error message. Use Three keywords for Handling the Exception in C++ Language, they are; • try • catch • throw

10. Try Block • It is one of the block in which we write the block of statements which causes executions at run time in other words try block always contains problematic statements.

11. Catch block • It is one of the block in which we write the block of statements which will generates user friendly error messages in other words catch block will suppose system error messages

19. File Handling • File Handling concept in C++ language is used for store a data permanently in computer. • Using file handling we can store our data in Secondary memory (Hard disk).

23. Why use File Handling in C++ • For permanent storage. • The transfer of input - data or output - data from one computer to another can be easily done by using files. • For read and write from a file you need another standard C++ library called fstream, which defines three new data types.

33. My Name Is Ali My Name Is Ali File Cout<<“ My Name Is Ali”; Cout<<“ My Name Is /n Ali: Fout<<“My Name Is /n Ali”; My Name Is Ali Sceen

34. How to achieve File Handling For achieving file handling in C++ we need follow following steps • Naming a file • Opening a file • Reading data from file • Writing data into file • Closing a file

35. Defining and Opening a File • The function open() can be used to open multiple files that use the same stream object.

36. Closing a File • A file must be close after completion of all operation related to file. For closing file we need close() function.

37. Program for file handling #include< iostream . h> #include< conio .h> #include< fstream . h> Class student { Public: Struct stu { char name[20]; int roll; }s; Void put_data(); Void get_data(); };

38. void student :: put_data() { cout<<"enter name "; cin>>s. name; cout<<"enter roll "; cin>>s. roll; file. Open ("hit. txt“ , ios :: out | ios :: app); file. write ((char *)this, sizeof (student)); file. close(); getch(); get_data(); }

39. void student :: get_data() { int temp; cout<<"enter roll no. "; cin >>temp; fstream file; file. open ("hit . txt", ios :: in); file.seekg(0,ios::beg); While (file . read ((char *) this, sizeof (student))) { If (temp==s. roll) { cout<<"student name "<< s . name<<"n"; cout<<"student roll "<< s . roll; } } getch (); }

40. void main() { clrscr(); student st; st .put_data(); }