Road to War
Rise of Fascism
 FDR knew that war may be inevitable in
Europe
 2/3 of Americans did not want another
war, citing they did not agree with entry
into WWI
 Nye Report, 1934
 Great Depression
 US still had a general policy of neutrality
Japan
 Japan invades China in 1937
 Already occupied Manchuria (1931-
1932)
 LON did not approve of Japan’s actions
but could not do anything to stop them
 Japan was not allowed to participate in
the league for a year, and they decided
to withdraw from the League!
Italy
 Mussolini was encouraged by what
Japan was doing
 Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935
 Italy had not received any colonies as
part of the Versailles Treaty
 Ethiopia was independent, but could not
stop Italy from invasion
 LON again not happy, but helpless
Road to War
Hitler/Germany
 Came to power due to poor conditions and
large reaparations, also fear of Communism
 Socialist or Nazi Party took over in 1933
 Mein Kampf: Written by Hitler, discussed
overturning territorial settlements of the
Versailles Treaty, to restore a “German
Fatherland”, and to annex much of Eastern
Europe
 First concentration camp opened in 1933
Road to War
“Come on in. I’ll treat you right. I used to know
your daddy.”
C.D. Batchelor,
1936
Appeasement
 Policy from England
and France to avoid
war with Germany
 Munich agreement
in 1938 in which
England and France
agreed to allow
Hitler to annex the
Sudetenland
 JFK, Why England
Slept, 1940
Neville Chamberlain, Peace
for Our Time, Sept. 30, 1938
 “The settlement of the Czechoslovakian
problem, which has now been achieved
is, in my view, only the prelude to a
larger settlement in which all Europe
may find peace.”
 “We regard the agreement signed last
night….as symbolic of the desire of our
two peoples never to go to war with one
another again.”
 Chamberlain treated like a hero
Isolationism in the 1930’s
 Very uninvolved in this decade
 Formal recognition of Soviet Union in
1933
 Good Neighbor Policy: US renounced
the use of military force and armed
intervention in the Western Hemisphere
 What factors led to public support for
non-intervention internationally?
Neutrality Act
 1935 act that prevented a recurrence of
events of WWI
 Imposed an embargo on arms trading with
countries at war
 Declared that American citizens traveling on
ships were doing so at their own risk
 Banned loans to bullying countries
 Cash and carry: purchases of non-military
goods from US would have to be paid for in
cash, and picked up on own ships if at war
 Protested by many; esp. America First Committee
America First Committee
 800K members at its
high point
 Led by Charles
Lindbergh, Henry
Ford, Father
Coughlin, Senator
Gerald Nye, Walt
Disney
 Dissolved after Pearl
Harbor
Lindbergh—AFC
 “I was deeply concerned that the
potentially gigantic power of America,
guided by uninformed and impractical
idealism, might crusade into Europe to
destroy Hitler without realizing that
Hitler’s destruction would lay Europe
open to the rape, loot, and barbarism of
Soviet Russia’s forces, causing possibly
the fatal wounding of western
civilization.”
WWII Begins
 Germany expands into Austria, Czechoslovakia
 Then comes the Munich meeting: failure! Hitler
decides to expand anyway through force
 Hitler now moving towards Poland
 Aug. 1939: Hitler signs a non-aggression pact with
Soviets
 This assured Germany that they would not have a two-front
war
WWII Begins
 Poland invaded by Germany on Sept. 1, 1939
 Blitzkrieg, the world has never seen anything like it!
 http://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.24457
 Sept. 3, 1939, Britain and France declare war on Germany,
WWII officially begins
 “Phony War,” Allies wait
 German attacks continue on May 10,
1940
 Scandinavia, Belgium, Netherlands
 Occupied Paris by June of 1940
 Axis Powers formed in same month
Sudetenland
Road to War
Road to War
Road to War
Nazi troops in
Warsaw, Sept. 1939
Wielun, Poland on Sept. 1, 1939
Maginot Line
Road to War
US Reaction
 Looked at for our reaction
 FDR declared neutrality on Sept. 5, 1939
 By April 1940, Germany had defeated
Poland and Denmark
 Then, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium,
Luxembourg
 Even France by June 1940
 Only Britain is left
 Churchill is desperate for help
Road to War
Road to War
At this point…some action!
 FDR created the National Defense
Advisory Commission and Council of
National Defense in 1940
 Built military bases on British
possessions in the Atlantic
 Ended neutrality by doing this!
 Congress increased defense spending
and had a peacetime draft
 Selective Service & Training Act
Election of 1940
Lend-Lease Act
 After winning election of 1940
 President had power to lease, lend, or
otherwise dispose of arms and other
equipment whose defense was
considered vital to the security of the US
 When Germany invaded the Soviets in
1941, they expanded the program to
them
Four Freedoms Speech
 FDR’s State of the Union speech; Jan.
1941
 Four fundamental freedoms that people
everywhere should enjoy
 Freedom of speech
 Freedom of worship
 Freedom from want
 Freedom from fear
 Became a basis for war aims
 An attempt to gain public support
Road to War
Road to War
Atlantic Charter
 FDR and Churchill
 Off coast of Newfoundland
 Ideological foundation of the Western
cause
 Similar to Fourteen Points in that it:
 Called for economic collaboration
 Guarantees of political stability
 Free trade, national self-determination,
collective security
Road to War

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Road to War

  • 2. Rise of Fascism  FDR knew that war may be inevitable in Europe  2/3 of Americans did not want another war, citing they did not agree with entry into WWI  Nye Report, 1934  Great Depression  US still had a general policy of neutrality
  • 3. Japan  Japan invades China in 1937  Already occupied Manchuria (1931- 1932)  LON did not approve of Japan’s actions but could not do anything to stop them  Japan was not allowed to participate in the league for a year, and they decided to withdraw from the League!
  • 4. Italy  Mussolini was encouraged by what Japan was doing  Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935  Italy had not received any colonies as part of the Versailles Treaty  Ethiopia was independent, but could not stop Italy from invasion  LON again not happy, but helpless
  • 6. Hitler/Germany  Came to power due to poor conditions and large reaparations, also fear of Communism  Socialist or Nazi Party took over in 1933  Mein Kampf: Written by Hitler, discussed overturning territorial settlements of the Versailles Treaty, to restore a “German Fatherland”, and to annex much of Eastern Europe  First concentration camp opened in 1933
  • 8. “Come on in. I’ll treat you right. I used to know your daddy.” C.D. Batchelor, 1936
  • 9. Appeasement  Policy from England and France to avoid war with Germany  Munich agreement in 1938 in which England and France agreed to allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland  JFK, Why England Slept, 1940
  • 10. Neville Chamberlain, Peace for Our Time, Sept. 30, 1938  “The settlement of the Czechoslovakian problem, which has now been achieved is, in my view, only the prelude to a larger settlement in which all Europe may find peace.”  “We regard the agreement signed last night….as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again.”  Chamberlain treated like a hero
  • 11. Isolationism in the 1930’s  Very uninvolved in this decade  Formal recognition of Soviet Union in 1933  Good Neighbor Policy: US renounced the use of military force and armed intervention in the Western Hemisphere  What factors led to public support for non-intervention internationally?
  • 12. Neutrality Act  1935 act that prevented a recurrence of events of WWI  Imposed an embargo on arms trading with countries at war  Declared that American citizens traveling on ships were doing so at their own risk  Banned loans to bullying countries  Cash and carry: purchases of non-military goods from US would have to be paid for in cash, and picked up on own ships if at war  Protested by many; esp. America First Committee
  • 13. America First Committee  800K members at its high point  Led by Charles Lindbergh, Henry Ford, Father Coughlin, Senator Gerald Nye, Walt Disney  Dissolved after Pearl Harbor
  • 14. Lindbergh—AFC  “I was deeply concerned that the potentially gigantic power of America, guided by uninformed and impractical idealism, might crusade into Europe to destroy Hitler without realizing that Hitler’s destruction would lay Europe open to the rape, loot, and barbarism of Soviet Russia’s forces, causing possibly the fatal wounding of western civilization.”
  • 15. WWII Begins  Germany expands into Austria, Czechoslovakia  Then comes the Munich meeting: failure! Hitler decides to expand anyway through force  Hitler now moving towards Poland  Aug. 1939: Hitler signs a non-aggression pact with Soviets  This assured Germany that they would not have a two-front war
  • 16. WWII Begins  Poland invaded by Germany on Sept. 1, 1939  Blitzkrieg, the world has never seen anything like it!  http://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.24457  Sept. 3, 1939, Britain and France declare war on Germany, WWII officially begins  “Phony War,” Allies wait  German attacks continue on May 10, 1940  Scandinavia, Belgium, Netherlands  Occupied Paris by June of 1940  Axis Powers formed in same month
  • 21. Nazi troops in Warsaw, Sept. 1939 Wielun, Poland on Sept. 1, 1939
  • 24. US Reaction  Looked at for our reaction  FDR declared neutrality on Sept. 5, 1939  By April 1940, Germany had defeated Poland and Denmark  Then, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg  Even France by June 1940  Only Britain is left  Churchill is desperate for help
  • 27. At this point…some action!  FDR created the National Defense Advisory Commission and Council of National Defense in 1940  Built military bases on British possessions in the Atlantic  Ended neutrality by doing this!  Congress increased defense spending and had a peacetime draft  Selective Service & Training Act
  • 29. Lend-Lease Act  After winning election of 1940  President had power to lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of arms and other equipment whose defense was considered vital to the security of the US  When Germany invaded the Soviets in 1941, they expanded the program to them
  • 30. Four Freedoms Speech  FDR’s State of the Union speech; Jan. 1941  Four fundamental freedoms that people everywhere should enjoy  Freedom of speech  Freedom of worship  Freedom from want  Freedom from fear  Became a basis for war aims  An attempt to gain public support
  • 33. Atlantic Charter  FDR and Churchill  Off coast of Newfoundland  Ideological foundation of the Western cause  Similar to Fourteen Points in that it:  Called for economic collaboration  Guarantees of political stability  Free trade, national self-determination, collective security