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Chapter 3 Arrays in Java

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Khirulnizam Abd Rahman
Khirulnizam Abd Rahman

The document discusses arrays and motivates their use. It explains that arrays allow storing a large number of values in a program and accessing them through indices. Arrays solve the problem of having to declare many individual variables to store multiple values. The document then introduces the concept of arrays, how to declare and initialize array variables, and how to access elements within an array using indices. It provides examples of declaring, initializing, and accessing one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays.

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1 Chapter 3 Arrays : Motivations Often you will have to store a large number of values during the execution of a program. Suppose, for instance, that you need to read one hundred numbers, compute their average, and find out how many numbers are above the average. Your program first reads the numbers and computes their average, and then compares each number with the average to determine whether it is above the average. The numbers must all be stored in variables in order to accomplish this task. You have to declare one hundred variables and repeatedly write almost identical code one hundred times. From the standpoint of practicality, it is impossible to write a program this way. So, how do you solve this problem?
2 Introducing Arrays Array is a data structure that represents a collection of the same types of data. 5.6 4.5 3.3 13.2 4 34.33 34 45.45 99.993 11123 double[] myList = new double[10]; myList reference myList[0] myList[1] myList[2] myList[3] myList[4] myList[5] myList[6] myList[7] myList[8] myList[9] Element value Array reference variable Array element at index 5
3 Declaring Array Variables datatype[] arrayRefVar; Example: double[] myList; datatype arrayRefVar[]; // This style is allowed, but not preferred Example: double myList[];
4 Creating Arrays arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize]; Example: myList = new double[10]; myList[0] references the first element in the array. myList[9] references the last element in the array.
5 Declaring and Creating in One Step datatype[] arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize]; double[] myList = new double[10]; datatype arrayRefVar[] = new datatype[arraySize]; double myList[] = new double[10];
6 The Length of an Array Once an array is created, its size is fixed. It cannot be changed. You can find its size using arrayRefVar.length For example, myList.length returns 10
7 Indexed Variables The array elements are accessed through the index. The array indices are 0-based, i.e., it starts from 0 to arrayRefVar.length-1. In the example in Figure 3.1, myList holds ten double values and the indices are from 0 to 9. Each element in the array is represented using the following syntax, known as an indexed variable: arrayRefVar[index];
8 Using Indexed Variables After an array is created, an indexed variable can be used in the same way as a regular variable. For example, the following code adds the value in myList[0] and myList[1] to myList[2]. myList[2] = myList[0] + myList[1];
9 Array Initializers Declaring, creating, initializing in one step: double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5}; This shorthand syntax must be in one statement.
10 Declaring, creating, initializing Using the Shorthand Notation double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5}; This shorthand notation is equivalent to the following statements: double[] myList = new double[4]; myList[0] = 1.9; myList[1] = 2.9; myList[2] = 3.4; myList[3] = 3.5;
11 CAUTION Using the shorthand notation, you have to declare, create, and initialize the array all in one statement. Splitting it would cause a syntax error. For example, the following is wrong: double[] myList; myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
12 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } Declare array variable values, create an array, and assign its reference to values After the array is created 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 animation
13 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] =i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i becomes 1 After the array is created 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 animation
14 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i (=1) is less than 5 After the array is created 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 animation
15 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this line is executed, value[1] is 1 After the first iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 0 animation
16 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After i++, i becomes 2 animation After the first iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 0
17 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i+ values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i (= 2) is less than 5 animation After the first iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 0
18 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this line is executed, values[2] is 3 (2 + 1) After the second iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 0 0 animation
19 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this, i becomes 3. After the second iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 0 0 animation
20 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i (=3) is still less than 5. After the second iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 0 0 animation
21 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this line, values[3] becomes 6 (3 + 3) After the third iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 0 animation
22 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this, i becomes 4 After the third iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 0 animation
23 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i (=4) is still less than 5 After the third iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 0 animation
24 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this, values[4] becomes 10 (4 + 6) After the fourth iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 10 animation
25 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After i++, i becomes 5 animation After the fourth iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 10
26 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i ( =5) < 5 is false. Exit the loop animation After the fourth iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 10
27 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this line, values[0] is 11 (1 + 10) 0 1 2 3 4 11 1 3 6 10 animation
28 Example: Analyzing Array Elements Objective: The program receives 6 numbers from the user, Finds the largest number And counts the occurrence of the largest number entered. Suppose you entered 3, 5, 2, 5, 5, and 5, the largest number is 5 and its occurrence count is 4. TestArrayTestArray
29 Problem: Assigning Grades Objective: read student scores (int), get the best score, and then assign grades based on the following scheme: – Grade is A if score is >= best–10; – Grade is B if score is >= best–20; – Grade is C if score is >= best–30; – Grade is D if score is >= best–40; – Grade is F otherwise. AssignGradeAssignGrade
30 Two-dimensional Arrays Chicago Boston New York Atlanta Miami Dallas Houston Distance Table (in miles) Chicago Boston New York Atlanta Miami Dallas Houston 0 983 787 714 1375 967 1087 983 0 214 1102 1763 1723 1842 787 214 0 888 1549 1548 1627 714 1102 888 0 661 781 810 1375 1763 1549 661 0 1426 1187 967 1723 1548 781 1426 0 239 1087 1842 1627 810 1187 239 0 1723 1548 781 1426 0 239 Thus far, you have used one-dimensional arrays to model linear collections of elements. You can use a two-dimensional array to represent a matrix or a table. For example, the following table that describes the distances between the cities can be represented using a two-dimensional array.
31 Declare/Create Two-dimensional Arrays // Declare array ref var dataType[][] refVar; // Create array and assign its reference to variable refVar = new dataType[10][10]; // Combine declaration and creation in one statement dataType[][] refVar = new dataType[10][10]; // Alternative syntax dataType refVar[][] = new dataType[10][10];
32 Declaring Variables of Two- dimensional Arrays and Creating Two-dimensional Arrays int[][] matrix = new int[10][10]; or int matrix[][] = new int[10][10]; matrix[0][0] = 3; for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) matrix[i][j] = (int)(Math.random() * 1000); double[][] x;
33 Two-dimensional Array Illustration 0 1 2 3 4 0 7 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 matrix[2][1] = 7;matrix = new int[5][5]; 3 7 0 1 2 0 1 2 int[][] array = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12} }; 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 array.length? 4 array[0].length? 3 matrix.length? 5 matrix[0].length? 5
34 Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using Shorthand Notations You can also use an array initializer to declare, create and initialize a two-dimensional array. For example, int[][] array = new int[4][3]; array[0][0] = 1; array[0][1] = 2; array[0][2] = 3; array[1][0] = 4; array[1][1] = 5; array[1][2] = 6; array[2][0] = 7; array[2][1] = 8; array[2][2] = 9; array[3][0] = 10; array[3][1] = 11; array[3][2] = 12; int[][] array = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12} }; Same as
35 Lengths of Two-dimensional Arrays x x[0] x[1] x[2] x[0][0] x[0][1] x[0][2] x[0][3] x[1][0] x[1][1] x[1][2] x[1][3] x[2][0] x[2][1] x[2][2] x[2][3] x.length is 3 x[0].length is 4 x[1].length is 4 x[2].length is 4 int[][] x = new int[3][4];
36 Lengths of Two-dimensional Arrays, cont. int[][] array = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12} }; array.length array[0].length array[1].length array[2].length array[3].length array[4].length ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
37 Ragged Arrays Each row in a two-dimensional array is itself an array. So, the rows can have different lengths. Such an array is known as a ragged array. For example, int[][] matrix = { {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {2, 3, 4, 5}, {3, 4, 5}, {4, 5}, {5} }; matrix.length is 5 matrix[0].length is 5 matrix[1].length is 4 matrix[2].length is 3 matrix[3].length is 2 matrix[4].length is 1
38 Ragged Arrays, cont. 1 2 3 4 5int[][] triangleArray = { {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {2, 3, 4, 5}, {3, 4, 5}, {4, 5}, {5} }; 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 1 2
39 Problem: Grading Multiple- Choice Test Objective: write a program that grades multiple-choice test.A B A C C D E E A D D B A B C A E E A D E D D A C B E E A D C B A E D C E E A D A B D C C D E E A D B B E C C D E E A D B B A C C D E E A D E B E C C D E E A D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Student 0 Student 1 Student 2 Student 3 Student 4 Student 5 Student 6 Student 7 Students’ Answers to the Questions: D B D C C D A E A D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Key Key to the Questions: GradeExamGradeExam
40 Problem: Finding Two Points Nearest to Each Other FindNearestPointsFindNearestPoints (1, 1) (-1, -1) (-1, 3) (2, 0.5) (3, 3) (4, 2) (2, -1) (4, -0.5) -1 3 -1 -1 1 1 2 0.5 2 -1 3 3 4 2 4 -0.5 x y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
41 Case Study: Sudoku 5 3 7 6 1 9 5 9 8 6 8 6 3 4 8 3 1 7 2 6 6 4 1 9 5 8 7 9 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2 6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8 1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7 8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9 The objective is to fill the grid (see Figure 3.2(a)) so that every row, every column, and every 3×3 box contain the numbers 1 to 9, as shown in Figure 3.2(b).
42 Case Study: Sudoku SudokuSudoku int[][] grid = {{5, 3, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {6, 0, 0, 1, 9, 5, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 9, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0}, {8, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 3}, {4, 0, 0, 8, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1}, {7, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 6}, {0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 8, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 9, 0, 0, 5}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 7, 9} }; int[][] freeCellList = {{0, 2}, {0, 3}, {0, 5}, {0, 6}, {0, 7}, {0, 8}, {1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 6}, {1, 7}, {1, 8}, {2, 0}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 6}, {2, 8}, {3, 1}, {3, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 5}, {3, 6}, {3, 7}, {4, 1}, {4, 2}, {4, 4}, {4, 6}, {4, 7}, {5, 1}, {5, 2}, {5, 3}, {5, 5}, {5, 6}, {5, 7}, {6, 0}, {6, 2}, {6, 3}, {6, 4}, {6, 5}, {6, 8}, {7, 0}, {7, 1}, {7, 2}, {7, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 0}, {8, 1}, {8, 2}, {8, 3}, {8, 5}, {8, 6} };

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Chapter 3 Arrays in Java

  • 1. 1 Chapter 3 Arrays : Motivations Often you will have to store a large number of values during the execution of a program. Suppose, for instance, that you need to read one hundred numbers, compute their average, and find out how many numbers are above the average. Your program first reads the numbers and computes their average, and then compares each number with the average to determine whether it is above the average. The numbers must all be stored in variables in order to accomplish this task. You have to declare one hundred variables and repeatedly write almost identical code one hundred times. From the standpoint of practicality, it is impossible to write a program this way. So, how do you solve this problem?
  • 2. 2 Introducing Arrays Array is a data structure that represents a collection of the same types of data. 5.6 4.5 3.3 13.2 4 34.33 34 45.45 99.993 11123 double[] myList = new double[10]; myList reference myList[0] myList[1] myList[2] myList[3] myList[4] myList[5] myList[6] myList[7] myList[8] myList[9] Element value Array reference variable Array element at index 5
  • 3. 3 Declaring Array Variables datatype[] arrayRefVar; Example: double[] myList; datatype arrayRefVar[]; // This style is allowed, but not preferred Example: double myList[];
  • 4. 4 Creating Arrays arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize]; Example: myList = new double[10]; myList[0] references the first element in the array. myList[9] references the last element in the array.
  • 5. 5 Declaring and Creating in One Step datatype[] arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize]; double[] myList = new double[10]; datatype arrayRefVar[] = new datatype[arraySize]; double myList[] = new double[10];
  • 6. 6 The Length of an Array Once an array is created, its size is fixed. It cannot be changed. You can find its size using arrayRefVar.length For example, myList.length returns 10
  • 7. 7 Indexed Variables The array elements are accessed through the index. The array indices are 0-based, i.e., it starts from 0 to arrayRefVar.length-1. In the example in Figure 3.1, myList holds ten double values and the indices are from 0 to 9. Each element in the array is represented using the following syntax, known as an indexed variable: arrayRefVar[index];
  • 8. 8 Using Indexed Variables After an array is created, an indexed variable can be used in the same way as a regular variable. For example, the following code adds the value in myList[0] and myList[1] to myList[2]. myList[2] = myList[0] + myList[1];
  • 9. 9 Array Initializers Declaring, creating, initializing in one step: double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5}; This shorthand syntax must be in one statement.
  • 10. 10 Declaring, creating, initializing Using the Shorthand Notation double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5}; This shorthand notation is equivalent to the following statements: double[] myList = new double[4]; myList[0] = 1.9; myList[1] = 2.9; myList[2] = 3.4; myList[3] = 3.5;
  • 11. 11 CAUTION Using the shorthand notation, you have to declare, create, and initialize the array all in one statement. Splitting it would cause a syntax error. For example, the following is wrong: double[] myList; myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
  • 12. 12 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } Declare array variable values, create an array, and assign its reference to values After the array is created 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 animation
  • 13. 13 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] =i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i becomes 1 After the array is created 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 animation
  • 14. 14 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i (=1) is less than 5 After the array is created 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 animation
  • 15. 15 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this line is executed, value[1] is 1 After the first iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 0 animation
  • 16. 16 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After i++, i becomes 2 animation After the first iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 0
  • 17. 17 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i+ values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i (= 2) is less than 5 animation After the first iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 0
  • 18. 18 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this line is executed, values[2] is 3 (2 + 1) After the second iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 0 0 animation
  • 19. 19 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this, i becomes 3. After the second iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 0 0 animation
  • 20. 20 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i (=3) is still less than 5. After the second iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 0 0 animation
  • 21. 21 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this line, values[3] becomes 6 (3 + 3) After the third iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 0 animation
  • 22. 22 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this, i becomes 4 After the third iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 0 animation
  • 23. 23 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i (=4) is still less than 5 After the third iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 0 animation
  • 24. 24 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this, values[4] becomes 10 (4 + 6) After the fourth iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 10 animation
  • 25. 25 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After i++, i becomes 5 animation After the fourth iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 10
  • 26. 26 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } i ( =5) < 5 is false. Exit the loop animation After the fourth iteration 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 3 6 10
  • 27. 27 Trace Program with Arrays public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) { int[] values = new int[5]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { values[i] = i + values[i-1]; } values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; } } After this line, values[0] is 11 (1 + 10) 0 1 2 3 4 11 1 3 6 10 animation
  • 28. 28 Example: Analyzing Array Elements Objective: The program receives 6 numbers from the user, Finds the largest number And counts the occurrence of the largest number entered. Suppose you entered 3, 5, 2, 5, 5, and 5, the largest number is 5 and its occurrence count is 4. TestArrayTestArray
  • 29. 29 Problem: Assigning Grades Objective: read student scores (int), get the best score, and then assign grades based on the following scheme: – Grade is A if score is >= best–10; – Grade is B if score is >= best–20; – Grade is C if score is >= best–30; – Grade is D if score is >= best–40; – Grade is F otherwise. AssignGradeAssignGrade
  • 30. 30 Two-dimensional Arrays Chicago Boston New York Atlanta Miami Dallas Houston Distance Table (in miles) Chicago Boston New York Atlanta Miami Dallas Houston 0 983 787 714 1375 967 1087 983 0 214 1102 1763 1723 1842 787 214 0 888 1549 1548 1627 714 1102 888 0 661 781 810 1375 1763 1549 661 0 1426 1187 967 1723 1548 781 1426 0 239 1087 1842 1627 810 1187 239 0 1723 1548 781 1426 0 239 Thus far, you have used one-dimensional arrays to model linear collections of elements. You can use a two-dimensional array to represent a matrix or a table. For example, the following table that describes the distances between the cities can be represented using a two-dimensional array.
  • 31. 31 Declare/Create Two-dimensional Arrays // Declare array ref var dataType[][] refVar; // Create array and assign its reference to variable refVar = new dataType[10][10]; // Combine declaration and creation in one statement dataType[][] refVar = new dataType[10][10]; // Alternative syntax dataType refVar[][] = new dataType[10][10];
  • 32. 32 Declaring Variables of Two- dimensional Arrays and Creating Two-dimensional Arrays int[][] matrix = new int[10][10]; or int matrix[][] = new int[10][10]; matrix[0][0] = 3; for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) matrix[i][j] = (int)(Math.random() * 1000); double[][] x;
  • 33. 33 Two-dimensional Array Illustration 0 1 2 3 4 0 7 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 matrix[2][1] = 7;matrix = new int[5][5]; 3 7 0 1 2 0 1 2 int[][] array = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12} }; 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 array.length? 4 array[0].length? 3 matrix.length? 5 matrix[0].length? 5
  • 34. 34 Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using Shorthand Notations You can also use an array initializer to declare, create and initialize a two-dimensional array. For example, int[][] array = new int[4][3]; array[0][0] = 1; array[0][1] = 2; array[0][2] = 3; array[1][0] = 4; array[1][1] = 5; array[1][2] = 6; array[2][0] = 7; array[2][1] = 8; array[2][2] = 9; array[3][0] = 10; array[3][1] = 11; array[3][2] = 12; int[][] array = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12} }; Same as
  • 35. 35 Lengths of Two-dimensional Arrays x x[0] x[1] x[2] x[0][0] x[0][1] x[0][2] x[0][3] x[1][0] x[1][1] x[1][2] x[1][3] x[2][0] x[2][1] x[2][2] x[2][3] x.length is 3 x[0].length is 4 x[1].length is 4 x[2].length is 4 int[][] x = new int[3][4];
  • 36. 36 Lengths of Two-dimensional Arrays, cont. int[][] array = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12} }; array.length array[0].length array[1].length array[2].length array[3].length array[4].length ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
  • 37. 37 Ragged Arrays Each row in a two-dimensional array is itself an array. So, the rows can have different lengths. Such an array is known as a ragged array. For example, int[][] matrix = { {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {2, 3, 4, 5}, {3, 4, 5}, {4, 5}, {5} }; matrix.length is 5 matrix[0].length is 5 matrix[1].length is 4 matrix[2].length is 3 matrix[3].length is 2 matrix[4].length is 1
  • 38. 38 Ragged Arrays, cont. 1 2 3 4 5int[][] triangleArray = { {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {2, 3, 4, 5}, {3, 4, 5}, {4, 5}, {5} }; 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 1 2
  • 39. 39 Problem: Grading Multiple- Choice Test Objective: write a program that grades multiple-choice test.A B A C C D E E A D D B A B C A E E A D E D D A C B E E A D C B A E D C E E A D A B D C C D E E A D B B E C C D E E A D B B A C C D E E A D E B E C C D E E A D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Student 0 Student 1 Student 2 Student 3 Student 4 Student 5 Student 6 Student 7 Students’ Answers to the Questions: D B D C C D A E A D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Key Key to the Questions: GradeExamGradeExam
  • 40. 40 Problem: Finding Two Points Nearest to Each Other FindNearestPointsFindNearestPoints (1, 1) (-1, -1) (-1, 3) (2, 0.5) (3, 3) (4, 2) (2, -1) (4, -0.5) -1 3 -1 -1 1 1 2 0.5 2 -1 3 3 4 2 4 -0.5 x y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
  • 41. 41 Case Study: Sudoku 5 3 7 6 1 9 5 9 8 6 8 6 3 4 8 3 1 7 2 6 6 4 1 9 5 8 7 9 5 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 2 6 7 2 1 9 5 3 4 8 1 9 8 3 4 2 5 6 7 8 5 9 7 6 1 4 2 3 4 2 6 8 5 3 7 9 1 7 1 3 9 2 4 8 5 6 9 6 1 5 3 7 2 8 4 2 8 7 4 1 9 6 3 5 3 4 5 2 8 6 1 7 9 The objective is to fill the grid (see Figure 3.2(a)) so that every row, every column, and every 3×3 box contain the numbers 1 to 9, as shown in Figure 3.2(b).
  • 42. 42 Case Study: Sudoku SudokuSudoku int[][] grid = {{5, 3, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {6, 0, 0, 1, 9, 5, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 9, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0}, {8, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 3}, {4, 0, 0, 8, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1}, {7, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 6}, {0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 8, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 9, 0, 0, 5}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 7, 9} }; int[][] freeCellList = {{0, 2}, {0, 3}, {0, 5}, {0, 6}, {0, 7}, {0, 8}, {1, 1}, {1, 2}, {1, 6}, {1, 7}, {1, 8}, {2, 0}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 6}, {2, 8}, {3, 1}, {3, 2}, {3, 3}, {3, 5}, {3, 6}, {3, 7}, {4, 1}, {4, 2}, {4, 4}, {4, 6}, {4, 7}, {5, 1}, {5, 2}, {5, 3}, {5, 5}, {5, 6}, {5, 7}, {6, 0}, {6, 2}, {6, 3}, {6, 4}, {6, 5}, {6, 8}, {7, 0}, {7, 1}, {7, 2}, {7, 6}, {7, 7}, {8, 0}, {8, 1}, {8, 2}, {8, 3}, {8, 5}, {8, 6} };