Alternate Building Materials,Alternative Construction Technology and Rain Water Harvesting
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The document discusses building materials and construction technologies, focusing on the evolution, current challenges, and future directions in the context of rainwater harvesting and alternate construction methods. It highlights various conventional and alternative materials used at site and building levels, addressing considerations such as environmental impact, cost, and durability. Additionally, it presents a case study of a mixed-use development in Bangalore, emphasizing the integration of efficient construction practices and sustainable solutions.
Alternate Building Materials,Alternative Construction Technology and Rain Water Harvesting
- 1. Building Materials & Alternate Construction Technology and Rain Water Harvesting Kolli Rajesh M.City Planning, B.Arch [email protected]
- 2. Current Challenges (Materials & Technology) Considerations (Materials & Technology) Evolution (Materials) Future (Materials) Overview - Alternative Materials (Site & Building Level) Alternative Technologies (Construction) Rain Water Harvesting Case Study
- 3. Challenges in Construction of Large Scale Projects - • Construction Time • Construction Cost • Skill of labor • Impact on Environment • Material availability • Energy efficiency • Flexibility of spaces • Multi hazard resistance • Indoor and outdoor quality of spaces
- 4. Considerations for material selection and alternate construction technology - • Availability of material • Climate • Cost • Aesthetics • Durability • Strength & Weight • Efficiency • Context • Ease of Construction • Maintenance
- 5. Evolution of building materials - • The Core of any construction project is its design and at basic level is the materials used. • During the first phase of civilization we used the raw material such as leaves, branches and animal hides for the construction but with increase in our intellect we started improvising other materials such as stone, clay and timber. • With growing time we developed other materials such as brick and concrete, these materials went under great change and stayed till date from the starting of Egyptian civilisation to the present one. • The sudden change in the palate for construction was marked by the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION giving birth to various materials such as metals, glass and steel. It gave rise to many new technologies. • After the industrial revolution many materials had come up over these years. Such as PVC and plastics , many types of concrete like ferrocrete & precast, GRF etc. even now lot of researches are going on new materials and about increasing the efficiency of earlier one.
- 6. Evolution of building materials -
- 7. 3D Printed BlocksKinetic Glass Permeable concreteNovacem (Carbon eating cement) Self healing concrete Hempcrete Lightweight concrete (developed by MIT) Litracon (Translucent concrete) Materials in Experimental stage -
- 8. Conventional and Alternate materials - Site level- Conventional materials Alternative Materials Pavements (pedestrian paths) Clay paver blocks , cast in situ concrete paving, Concrete paver blocks Precast concrete , Dimension stone, fly ash pavers , Permeable concrete and asphalt surfaces. Street furniture ( Permanent fixtures) Cast in situ concrete, brickwork, precast modules Steelwork, Natural stone walls(RR Masonry), Metals Signage Metallic frames , wood Precast modules, PVC Panels Facade Plastered, Cladded with stone, Exposed Brick, Flint glass, Alco panels, Exposed concrete Dimension stone , Double glazed glass , Solar control glass , Litracon (translucent concrete), exposed concrete, Hempcrete (100% recyclable) Compound wall Cast in situ concrete, composite metal and concrete work, brickwork Precast units, Robust stonework( Ashlar),
- 9. Conventional and Alternate materials - Building level- Conventional materials Alternative Materials Floors RCC slab RCC filler slab, Hollow blocks roofs, Ferro cement shellfloor Walls (fillers) Brickwork, CC block, fly ash blocks, hollow blocks, Sand lime bricks Rat-trap bond brick masonry, Solid and hollow cement concrete blocks, Fly ash blocks, Sand lime bricks, Light weight aerated blocks, Insulated concrete form, engineered wood, Double glazed glass, Solar control glass, stabilized clay interlocking blocks with cement/Lime/bitumen, Litracon (translucent concrete) , Hempcrete (100% recyclable) Framed structures RCC frame with brick infill walls RCC frame with hollow blocks,flyash blocks etc. as infills Sloping Roofing Mangalore pattern clay roofing tiles, CGI,Cement sheets, MCR (Micro Concrete Roofing tiles) roofing, Green roof and Reflective roofs, Rubber Roofing, Precast RCC joist with prefab brick panels /RC plank / funicular shell / Precast Jack arch panel and concretepanels Doors and windows frames MS, timber, Plastic/PVC RCC door frames
- 10. Conventional and Alternative construction techniques and technologies Whether a particular construction technology is Conventional or not depends on the abundance of its usage not that it is new or old. Even the place of use also can determine whether it is conventional or not. The alternate technology, considering India as the base, some of these technologies might be already conventional in other countries now. The Conventional technology are such as Concrete works(Cast in Situ and pretension), Rubble masonry, ALCO facade treatments etc. Limitations Technology Availability Cost
- 11. RMD (Rapid-Monolithic- Disaster proof) • All building elements are cast at a time with RCC using aluminium formwork. • Parameters are – Design & Reinforcement Selection of shuttering Skilled Labour Cycle time/ no. of Repetitions • Focus Areas – Time : ¼ of conventional time Cost : less than or equal to the conventional construction Quality: no joints leading to high disaster resistance Labour: Less number but skilled labour • Limitations – Huge intial planning and investment required, less flexibility in design, not suitable for individual small scale structures.
- 12. Example - • Project : Cluster of EWS Houses – 350 units • Client : Karnataka Housing Board • Implementing agency : Rajiv Gandhi Housing Corporation Karnataka Habitat Centre • Specifications: 285 sft plinth area, single storey, 1bhk with bath/toilet. Cost 2 Lakh/unit, M20 dynamic grade for wall & M20 for roof & Foundation. Aluminim Shuttering. • Carpet area increased 7.8% . • Minimal/No Wastage of materials, Early occupation cost, Aluminium Scrap cost etc. saving 15 – 20 % of overall cost be saved.
- 13. Structural insulated panels • They are rigid foam insulation sandwiched between two OSB (Oriented strand board) panels. • They can be used structurally and create a wall or roof system with no thermal bridging. • There are structural limitations to the panels as well as fire rated assemblies that need to be addressed for larger commercial use. Insulated Concrete Panels • They are continuous rigid foam panels that are used as concrete forms and left in place after the pour to create a wall that has both thermal mass as well as high R-value. • They are basically used only for foundations. They are relatively costlier and not easy to modify with conventional tools once built.
- 14. Radiant wall Systems • The rigid insulation is an interior layer, sandwiched by the concrete layers. • The exterior concrete makes it more durable and makes it more efficient. • It has very high R-value. • The interior layer of concrete also has hydronic tubing in it, so they can serve as the heating distribution for the building. • This walls have to be formed by very trained crew so as result it is quite expensive. • Radiant wall systems are even more difficult to modify once built due to the embedded hydronic tubing.
- 15. Steel framing with Closed Structurals • These are closed structural steel members with high strength configurations. • They are quite adaptable for the use in closed and open space with no further treatment required after erection. Economy of Steel Consumption through use of closed-structural.
- 16. Pre-engineered Buildings • They are obtained by both pre-casting and formwork of structural steel. • Some of the framing systems are clear span rigid frames, beam and column frames, space saver frames & lean-to frames etc. • They are multi-disaster resistance and reliable in sustaining hazards. Machine Automated Slip-form Pavers • It is a solution to problem of paving which we conventional perform by means of manpower. • The machine guides the pavers along the desired alignment of the pavement, they are also equipped with tilt blades to enhance working in slopes. • The work progress is elevated a lot with proper workmanship and of course less manpower.
- 17. Precast Constructions( Post tensioning) • The Pre casting is not very new even in case of India. We are fully know to the pre tensioning style but all that new is the Massive Post tensioned once. • They are various flyovers and bridges now coming up with pre casting because if that. • It not only only influced infrastructural sector but also the housing sector with development of precast beams and coloumns. • They are structural more stronger and workmen ship is also high compared to the conventional style.
- 18. Rain Water Harvesting • Rain water harvesting is the technique of collection and storage of rain water at surface or in sub-surface aquifers, before it is lost as surface run-off. The augmented resource can be harvested in the time of need. Necessity • Toovercome the inadequacy of water to meet our demands. • Toarrest decline in ground water levels. • Toenhance availability of ground water at specific place and time and utilize rain water for sustainable development. • Toincrease infiltration of rain water in the subsoil which has decreased drastically in urban areas due to paving of open area • Toimprove ground water quality by dilution. • Toincrease agriculture production. • Toimprove ecology of the area by increase in vegetation cover, etc.
- 19. Urban Areas - Roof Top Rain Water /Storm runoff harvesting through • Recharge Pit • Recharge Trench • Tube well • Recharge Well
- 20. Rural Areas - Rain Water Harvesting through • Gully Plug • Contour Bund • Gabion Structure • Percolation tank • Check Dam/ Cement Plug/ Naala Bund • Recharge shaft • Dug well Recharge • Ground Water Dams/Subsurface Dyke
- 21. Provisions For Rainwater Harvesting By Building Types
- 23. Advantages • Cost of recharge to sub-surface reservoir is lower than surface reservoirs. • The aquifer serves as distribution system also. • No land is wasted for storage purpose and no population displacement is involved. • Ground water is not directly exposed to evaporation and pollution. • Storing water underground is environment friendly. • It increases the productivity of aquifer. • It reduces flood hazards. • Effects rise in ground water levels. • Mitigates the effects of drought. • Reduces soil erosion.
- 24. Case study • Project: Mixed use development • Location: Bangalore peri- urban/rural • Developer: BMTPC
- 25. Design Objectives • Scope of the Design was: • Dwelling Unit 60 No.(minimum of 25 sq.m carpet area each) • Community centre- 1 No (300 sq.m built up area) • Primary School 1 No (250 sq.m) • Shops/Kiosk 4 No (100 sq.m each ) • The project has focused on bringing appropriateness at all levels; Habitability, Stability and Durability. • The Project Design takes into account the • “Current Trends in the Construction Sector” • “Construction Time” with a focus on efficient construction • “Prefabrication” • “Earthquake Resistant Features &Multi Hazard Resistance” • “Space efficiency by design” • The “Peri-Urban” location of chosen site • The “Upward Urban Mobility” of residents
- 26. Building types and Construction systems • Building Types Maximum of Ground + 2 floors, with varying floor levels across the campus. The structure is framed with infill walls. The G+2 is considered given the urban context, looking at the scarcity and the cost of land for developing the habitat. • Construction Systems RCC Framed Structure - especially considering the G + 2 and the need for special features for multi-hazard resistance.
- 27. Site elements
- 28. Materials and Technology used
- 29. Materials and Technology used Details of Filler Slab
- 31. References • G.O.119 - 2017, AP Building Rules • BUILDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION COUNCIL, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India. • Challenges before Construction Industry in India, Arghadeep Laskar and C.V.R. Murty, Dept. of Civil Eng., IIT Kanpur. • Tiong, R. L. K. (1990). Effective controls for large scale construction projects. Project Management Journal, 21(1), 32–42. • http://www.tuflite.com/blog/evolution-building-materials • http://evstudio.com/top-10-alternative-construction-methods