![www.spiraltrain.nl Intro Apache 5
Apache Name and Marketshare
• Name Apache comes from ASF's development philosophy :
• Refers to the tribe of Apache indians
• It isn’t an attack helicopter nor a “patchy” server. That's just for fun
Characteristic of both Eastern and Western Apache, [...] was the lack of a centralized tribal organization. The
band, an autonomous collection of small local groups within a given locality, was the primary political unit a well
as the primary warring and raiding unit. The strongest headman of the local groups was recognized as an
informal chief, and several bands might be united under one leader. Chieftainship was thus not generally
hereditary. (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
• Market Share Apache Web Server through the years :](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/intro-apache-200606144549/85/Intro-apache-5-320.jpg)
![www.spiraltrain.nl Intro Apache 13
Uniform Resource Locators (URL’s)
• Used to locate resources on the Internet :
• protocol://hostname[:port]/pathname
• protocol specifies application protocol to access resource :
• https : HTTPS protocol
• http : HTTP protocol
• ftp : FTP protocol
• mailto : SMTP protocol
• telnet : Telnet protocol
• hostname specifies name or IP address host computer :
• port field is optional and specifies TCP port connection
• pathname :
• Identifies requested resource on host
• Path is relative to root directory Web server
• Also called Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/intro-apache-200606144549/85/Intro-apache-13-320.jpg)
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Intro apache
- 2. © copyright : [email protected] Course Schedule 2 • Apache Web Server • What is the ASF? • Apache Name and Marketshare • Apache Installation • Apache Directory Structure • Apache Directories • Starting Apache • Apache Startup Parameters • Uniform Resource Locators (URL’s) • Resource Localization with URL’s • Domain Name Service (DNS) • Static HTML pages • Styling with CSS • Dynamic Content Generation • Intro Apache • Apache Configuration • Apache Architecture • Virtual Hosting • Logging • Web Application Security • Hardening Apache • Mod Security • Handlers and Filters • Tomcat and Apache • Performance and Scalability
- 3. www.spiraltrain.nl Apache Web Server • Widely used Web Server developed by the Apache group : • Open source software under the Apache license • Binary distribution can be installed • Source distribution can be changed and recompiled • Apache Releases : • Apache 1.0 was released on 12/1/95 • Major releases were version 1.3 and 2.0 • Most recent stable version is Apache 2.4 • Apache characteristics : • Modular structure and API for extensibility • Ported to multiple platforms • Well documented • Default Web Server on many Linux distributions • History : • http://httpd.apache.org/ABOUT_APACHE.html 3Intro Apache
- 4. www.spiraltrain.nl Intro Apache 4 What is the ASF? • ASF stands for Apache Software Foundation : • Registered non-profit organization • Incorporated in the state of Delaware, USA • Volunteer organization beside a paid administrator • ASF History : • In 1995 people gathered to exchange software patches for the NCSA web server • They called themselves the Apache Group • Later that year they released their own web server : the Apache HTTP Server • ASF provides : • Foundation for open, collaborative software development projects • Means for individual volunteers to be sheltered from lawsuits directed at projects • Protect “Apache” brand from being abused by other organizations • ASF provides many more projects then just Apache Web Server : • https://www.apache.org/index.html#projects-list
- 5. www.spiraltrain.nl Intro Apache 5 Apache Name and Marketshare • Name Apache comes from ASF's development philosophy : • Refers to the tribe of Apache indians • It isn’t an attack helicopter nor a “patchy” server. That's just for fun Characteristic of both Eastern and Western Apache, [...] was the lack of a centralized tribal organization. The band, an autonomous collection of small local groups within a given locality, was the primary political unit a well as the primary warring and raiding unit. The strongest headman of the local groups was recognized as an informal chief, and several bands might be united under one leader. Chieftainship was thus not generally hereditary. (Encyclopaedia Britannica) • Market Share Apache Web Server through the years :
- 6. www.spiraltrain.nl Apache Installation • In Windows install Apache by first downloading from : • https://www.apachelounge.com/download/ • Apache home site http://httpd.apache.org/ : • Does not provide Windows binaries • Choose between Apache for Win32 or Win64 : • httpd-2.4.7-win32-VC11.zip • httpd-2.4.7-win64-VC11 • Should install Visual C++ redistributable for Visual Studio 2012 first • httpd is the name of the Apache binary : • Some distributions feel the need to call it apache or apache2 instead • Location Apache Binary for a default install : • C:/Apache24/bin/httpd.exe • Ubuntu : • sudo apt-get install apache2 • Or use the 6Intro Apache
- 7. www.spiraltrain.nl Apache Directory Structure Windows 7Intro Apache
- 8. www.spiraltrain.nl Apache Directories Windows • bin : • Apache binaries like the server executable httpd.exe • cgi-bin : • Contains CGI program written in Perl printenv.pl to test Perl installation • conf : • Contains configuration files like main configuration file httpd.conf • htdocs : • Serves as default Web Server root for Web sites • Contains default HTML page you see when you visit http://localhost/ • logs : • Directory for the placement of log files • manual : • Contains local Apache documentation • modules : • Contains modules of the Apache installation 8Intro Apache
- 9. www.spiraltrain.nl Apache Directory Structure Ubuntu 9Intro Apache
- 10. www.spiraltrain.nl Apache Directories and Files Ubuntu • apache2.conf : • Global Configuration file for the web server • Impacts default web server and any virtual servers • mods-available : • Modules that can be loaded as they are installed on the system • mods-enabled : • Modules that are loaded • ports.conf : • Ports available for apache to listen on • Change this file if you want server to listen on different ports • sites-available : • Sites that you could enable on your system • Actually there are two templates :default and default-ssl • sites-enabled : • Sites that are enabled, domains set up and server running 10Intro Apache
- 11. www.spiraltrain.nl Starting Apache • Start Apache from command line as a console application : • Running httpd.exe from Apache24/bin directory • Apache will execute, and will remain running until it stopped with CTRL-C • In case of errors during startup : • Error message written either to the console or to ErrorLog before exiting • First thing httpd.exe does when it is invoked : • Locate and read the configuration file httpd.conf • Apache may also be installed and started as a service : • httpd.exe -k install • httpd.exe -k start 11Intro Apache
- 12. www.spiraltrain.nl Apache Startup Parameters • httpd -d serverroot : • Set the initial value for the ServerRoot directive to serverroot • httpd -e level : • Sets the LogLevel to level during server startup • Useful for increasing verbosity of error messages to find problems during startup • httpd –S : • Shows virtualhost settings as parsed from the config file • httpd –t : • Run syntax tests for configuration files only • Program immediately exits with either a return code of 0 and Syntax OK • Or return code not equal to 0 and error messages 12 Exercise 1 Installing Apache Intro Apache
- 13. www.spiraltrain.nl Intro Apache 13 Uniform Resource Locators (URL’s) • Used to locate resources on the Internet : • protocol://hostname[:port]/pathname • protocol specifies application protocol to access resource : • https : HTTPS protocol • http : HTTP protocol • ftp : FTP protocol • mailto : SMTP protocol • telnet : Telnet protocol • hostname specifies name or IP address host computer : • port field is optional and specifies TCP port connection • pathname : • Identifies requested resource on host • Path is relative to root directory Web server • Also called Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
- 14. www.spiraltrain.nl Resource Identification with URL’s 14Intro Apache
- 15. www.spiraltrain.nl Intro Apache 15 Domain Name Service (DNS) • Provides a naming service : • Provides many functions related to IP addresses and names • Three components : • A name server, a name resolver, and a database • DNS consists of : • Domain Name Space and resource records, Name servers, Resolvers Name Server 198.1.1.1198.1.1.2 Database containing the mapping for SomeServer 198.1.1.1 (1) Name Query “SomeServer” (2) Query Response “198.1.1.1” (3) Connection DNS Resolver TELNET SomeServer 110001 101010
- 16. www.spiraltrain.nl Static HTML Pages • HTML pages or HTML documents : • Contain text with format tags understood by browsers • Contain elements structured according the HTML object model • HTML Elements : • Combination of an opening <tag> and a closing </tag> • Examples are Tables, Frames, Forms, Text boxes, Buttons, Lists • HTML Elements consists of three basic parts : • Opening tag, element contents and closing tag • <p> paragraph contents </p> • Key element in HTML is the hyperlink <a> : • Creates links between resources which are often documents • Resources may also represent devices or sensors • HTML Forms : • Enable interactive documents to enter data and control devices 16Intro Apache
- 17. www.spiraltrain.nl Styling with CSS • CSS is the abbreviation of Cascading Style Sheet • HTML uses predefined tags : • Meanings of these tags are well understood • <p> element defines a paragraph and <h1> element defines a heading • Browser knows how to display these elements • CSS allows display style to be added to HTML elements : • CSS uses one or more rules to define output of HTML elements • Selectors are used to associate the rule with an HTML element • CSS rule : • Consists of a selector and a declaration • Main benefit of CSS is the separation of content and style : • Allows web site based on CSS to change style easily • Refer to a CSS file in HTML with : • <LINK ID="LinkStyle" REL=STYLESHEET href="Blue.css"> 17Intro Apache
- 18. www.spiraltrain.nl Dynamic Content Generation • Possible with a multitude of Server Technologies : • PHP, Perl, Cold Fusion, ASP.NET, Java Servlets and JSP’s • Read any data sent by the user : • From HTML form, applet, or custom HTTP client • Look up HTTP request information : • Browser capabilities, cookies, requesting host, etc. • Generate the results : • Database Access, direct computation, legacy app, etc. • Format the results inside a document : • HTML, Excel, etc. • Set HTTP response parameters : • MIME type, cookies, compression, etc. • Send the document to the client Intro Apache 18 Exercise 2 Install Static Web Site
- 19. © copyright : [email protected] Summary : Intro Apache • Apache is a widely used Web Server : • Open source and available for many platforms • Apache is a product of the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) : • Source of many popular Open Source projects like Apache, Tomcat, Struts • Name of the Apache binary is httpd : • Can be started as a console application or as a service • Web server has an IP address and most of the time a DNS name : • Listens on a port for client requests typically from a browser • Uniform Resource Locators (URL’s) used to locate resources : • Consist of protocol, hostname, port and pathname • Hostname of server is resolved by Domain Name Service (DNS) : • Translates human readable names into IP addresses • Apache may serve static and dynamic content : • Static content through HTML, CSS • Dynamic content through PHP, Java Servlets , ASP.NET Intro Apache 19 Exercise 3 Observing HTTP Traffic