METHODS AND MEDIA OF HEALTH EDUCATION
- 1. METHODS AND MEDIA OF HEALTH EDUCATION MS LYDIA EVELYN
- 2. MEDIA • since early days, as far back as 1756, Johann Pestalozzi based his instruction on 'sense perception’. • He insisted that the teacher should use the 'object method'. To make teaching meaningful, a teacher must 'teach and show’. • No health education can be effective without the use of audio-visual aids. • There are many terms for media, such as audio- visual aids, audio-visual material, audio-visual media, communication technology, educational or instructional media, learning resources, educational techno etc.
- 3. DEFINITIONS • Audio-visual aids can be defined as any device used to aid in the communication of an idea. • Audio—visual aids, such as still photography, motion picture, audio or videotape, slide or filmstrip, are prepared singly or in combination to communicate information or to elicit a desired audience response. • "Audio-visual aids are anything by means of which the learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or the sense of sight.” Carter V Good's Dictionary of Education
- 4. PURPOSES The need for audio-visual aids is very essential in health education for the following reasons. • They help to reduce the amount of verbalism. • They help making the understanding of the material better. • They attract and keep the attention of the learner. • More permanent images are formed in the mind when the learners see, hear, touch or smell. • They offer reality of experience, for example, a video, of tonsillectomy will help the student understand much better than just reading from a textbook hearing a lecture. • The retention rate of knowledge is better when one can see rather than only hear. • They save time and energy
- 5. TYPES OF MEDIA Varied methods are to be used for health education - to see, hear and learn, especially in a country where literacy levels vary from state to state. Audio-visual aids may be grouped as • Audio aids • Visual aids • Combined audio-visual aids Or • Projected aids • Nonprojected aids
- 6. AUDIO AIDS Tape recordings --- breath sounds, heart sound, language, etc. • Radio • Sound systems • CDs (Compact Discs)
- 7. VISUAL AIDS • Black/white/green boards • Charts • Posters • Flannel graphs • Flashcards • Exhibitions, specimens • Models • Overhead Projectors (OHP) • MapsBulletin boards • Pictures and photographs • Film strips and slides • Epidiascopes
- 8. AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS • Computer educational materials - CDs or DVDs • Demonstrations • Movies • Study tours • Video tapes • Television • Internet • Simulation games • Puppet shows Of the above, there are some, which can be projected and others nonprojected. The projected aids are slides and movie projectors, OHP, LCD, epidiascopes and the remaining aids are nonprojected.
- 9. PREPARATION AND USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS • Prepared material is the best in most instances, unless a teacher is aiming to help the student understand how to draw the figure (diagram of the GI system) or the process (e.g. pathophysioloU of cirrhosis of liver) which is being described. • Therefore, the teacher should have the necessary technical knowledge of the educational material and its use. • Some materials may be drawn or painted or typed — by oneself or with help from another. • The preparation of some of the graphic aids, printed, three dimensional and projected aids are given below.
- 10. GRAPHIC AIDS Graphic aids are those two-dimensional aids, which catch the attention of the learners, convey the message and can be retained in memory. E.g., cartoons, charts, flashcards, maps, posters, pictures or photographs, comic strips, diagrams, graphs, blackboards, mind maps (association), etc.
- 11. FLASHCARDS A good size to make flashcards will be 10x12 inches of chart paper. The writing or drawing on it must be clear and convey the needed message. Few words, more diagrams and logical sequence serve as guidelines in making flashcards. A set of flashcards of about 5—10 in number will enable a story with a message to be told.
- 12. POSTERS • Posters made of chart paper with messages made of words or drawings to catch the attention. • Posters should be simple, using minimum words, but conveying the message correctly. • More colour and catchy phrases will attract the observer. • To serve the purpose of getting the message across, the poster should have only a few words posters can be made by using photographs and pictures too.
- 13. CHALKBOARD Chalkboard can be used by preparing it ahead of the class or while taking the class too. For those who need time to draw or are not so artistic, he or she should have the blackboard prepared in advance. This will help to cut short the time the teacher will have to stand facing the chalkboard.
- 14. MIND MAPS Mind map is an interactive activity, which is finally made into a model, which can remain on the board. The teacher writes a key word on the board and the learners say whatever association comes to their mind in connection with that word. It is written down around the key word. Lessons can be learnt from it with some more supplementation from the teacher.
- 15. 1. Printed aids Printed aids are those aids, which are printed and may be even those that are mentioned above. The same principles apply while making printed material if it is being made for small groups. Charts, pictures, diagrams, maps, graphs, flashcards, flip cards, flip charts, etc., are some of the printed aids for groups or individuals. Some printed materials are made for individuals like nutrition education, diet plans, reminder cards, under five cards, antenatal cards, immunization cards, etc. These can be printed in small print with adequate explanation for the individual.
- 16. Health messages, instructions, weight recordings (showing ideal weight and deviations), cartoons, comic strips, etc., are some of the printed materials available. 2.Three-Dimensional aids Models, actual specimens, objects, exhibits, dioramas, museums, exhibits, etc., are some of the threedimensional aids. These will be scaled down or blown up replicas of the actual objects
- 17. MODELS Models are recognizable representation of an actual object. For example, heart, eye, ear, etc.
- 18. ACTUAL SPECIMENS These include the real specimen put into formalin for preservation. For example, a malformed fetus, liver with cirrhosis, culture plates, flowers, seeds, etc
- 19. EXHIBITS Any item or object publicly displayed is called an 'exhibit'. Some activity that can be made for display as a model is an exhibit, e.g. a patient's unit in the hospital.
- 20. DIORAMAS This is a three-dimensional arrangement of related models, objects or cut-outs to illustrate a topic or concept kept inside a transparent box, e.g. a ward scene, a village scene, etc. A diorama is a small segment of reality inside the four walls of the classroom. Projected aids Projected aids may be able to project still pictures or motion pictures. Slide and movie projectors, OHP, LCD, epidiascopes, etc., are examples of projected aids.
- 21. SLIDE OR MOVIE PROJECTOR • One needs to get the slides or the movies to project them, as it is not easy to make these in our settings. • The projector and screen/ a good wall/ a plain bed sheet are required for the projection to be made possible.
- 22. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR • (OHP)overhead Projector is a simple device, found in most nursing schools. • The teachers can prepare transparencies for each class. Transparencies can be used singly, or be made for superimposition (to show differences too). • For example, make one transparency with a norma! colon, make another with only the abnormalities fitting it onto the first, another with various surgeries, etc. • Therefore, one does not need to draw the whole colon repeatedly and the teacher has to only change the second and third transparencies as she speaks or teaches. • The OHP is a versatile device and one can also use it like a chalkboard by using the transparency and watersoluble OHP pens. • The advantage of this is the teacher can be facing the class. The OHP can be multicoloured; no chalk dust will be generated; can be written or drawn in a small size itself and not in a big size as on a chalkboard.
- 23. LCD PROJECTOR • An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface. • It is the modern equivalent of the slide projector or overhead projector. • Here, the teacher needs to prepare her message by using a computer with the same principles, a few important Words and not to clutter the screen with too many words. • This media can show words, phrases, pictures, photographs, etc.
- 24. EPIDIASCOPE OR EPISCOPE • Epidiascope or episcope is a device in which one can project a page directly from a book, flat objects like coins, leaves, cloth, etc. • The projection can be magnified too.
- 25. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA
- 26. Media Advantages Disadvantages Flashcards Supplementary aid to teaching, easy to transport Can be used for small groups only Chalkboard Convenient, economical, can draw enlarged diagrams from the book Makes students dependent on the teacher, not individual- based, chalk dust can spread Bulletin board Good supplement, arouses students' interest, adds colour and decorativeness to the classroom, can introduce or review the topic Collection of relevant material is sometimes difficult Flannel board Holds interest, teacher can talk along while changing the pictures, kindles enthusiasm The relevant pictures are required Models or specimens Makes learning direct, firsthand and meaningful, lasting, economical involves the use of 5 senses Expertise is required to make models Exhibits or dioramas Inspires learning by involvement, fosters creativity, social skills, accomplishment, opportunity for students to do project work Time consuming
- 27. Media Advantage Disadvantages Demonstration Good for acquiring and perfecting operational skills, engages attention and participation through learning The demonstrator should be perfect Puppet shows Catches attention, holds interest, helps coordination and social skills, provides amusement and entertainment Practice and coordination are required Tape recorder To teach different body sounds and music, can be used for repetition and is a common household equipment Only audio equipment
- 28. Media Advantage Disadvantages Slide projector Simple skills required for use, can be carried around easily, keeps the attention of the learners, the image can be held for any time interval Cumbersome to make slides Overhead projector Economical, projector can be used in a lighted room, teacher will be facing the student, saves class time with prepared overheads, allows for overlay and superimposition, easy to operate Should be covered when not in use, should not keep the OHP on for a long time, after switching the bulb off, the blower should be left on for cooling for sometime LCD Can show pictures, photos, tables or anything which can be seen on amount of Costly equipment, skills needed for use
- 29. USES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA • The types of media, which are used today, are so varied that one needs to select the right audio-visual aid suited to the situation. • Different situations require the use of different audio-visual aids to make the teaching and learning effective. • Many of the common aids cannot be used for self-instruction. • It will also help if a combination of aids is used than just one.
- 30. Criteria for selectin the aidse • Cost effectiveness • Accuracy of the subject matter • Subject relatedness • Teacher friendly — does the teacher know the proper use of the aid? • Does the aid supplement the teaching or vice versa?
- 31. Points to remember while using the aids • There is no substitute for knowledge of the subject matter. • The teacher should know how the equipment works. • The teacher should remember the objectives of the lesson. • The aim should be that the learners learn thoroughly. • The teacher should 'talk less' and 'show more'.The teacher should be passionate about teaching, move around and always keep the attention of the learner.
- 32. • Never show the back to the audience — 1. If using flashcards, face the audience. 2. If using the OHP — once the screen is checked, always look at the learners and teach from the OHP and not from the screen. The same applies to the use of an LCD projector. There is no need for looking at the screen and talking. Not facing the class breaks eye contact and shatters attention. If needed, the teacher may sit and talk audibly, so as not to obstruct the view of the screen. 3. Be careful while using the chalkboard, the more one talks facing the chalkboard, the less attentive will the class be. • Ensure that the audio-visual aid is in good working condition before the start of the class. • Ensure that the material is appropriate and visible. • Talk to the learners not facing the aid.
- 33. CONCLUSION In this era of information technology, the nurse, to fulfil her role as an effective teacher should know how to use the resources available, whether it is a classroom teaching, teaching a group of patients and their relatives in a healthcare setting or teaching in a community. She should remember the principles involved in teaching and learning and disseminate the information effectively and familiarize herself with the use of different types of audiovisual aids to enble her to make the best use of them in her teaching.
- 34. ALL THE BEST Thank you