COMP 4010 Lecture6 - Virtual Reality Input Devices
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COMP 4010 Lecture 6 on Virtual Reality Input Devices. Lecture taught by Bruce Thomas on August 23rd 2016 at the University of South Australia.
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COMP 4010 Lecture6 - Virtual Reality Input Devices
- 1. LECTURE 6: VIRTUAL REALITY INPUT DEVICES COMP 4026 – Advanced HCI Semester 5 – 2016 Bruce Thomas, Mark Billinghurst University of South Australia August 23rd 2016
- 2. •  Audio Displays •  Synthesizing audio •  Sound mixing •  Spatial Audio Display •  HRTF, Google VR Spatial Audio SDK •  VR Tracking •  Performance criteria •  Latency, accuracy, update, drift, etc. •  Tracking technologies •  Mechanical, electromagnetic, visual, etc •  Example Vive Lighthouse Tracking Recap – Last Week
- 4. VR Input Devices •  Physical devices that convey information into the application and support interaction in the Virtual Environment
- 5. Mapping Between Input and Output Input Output
- 6. Motivation •  Mouse and keyboard are good for desktop UI tasks •  Text entry, selection, drag and drop, scrolling, rubber banding, … •  2D mouse for 2D windows •  What devices are best for 3D input in VR? •  Use multiple 2D input devices? •  Use new types of devices? vs.
- 7. Input Device Characteristics •  Size and shape, encumbrance •  Degrees of Freedom •  Integrated (mouse) vs. separable (Etch-a-sketch) •  Direct vs. indirect manipulation •  Relative vs. Absolute input •  Relative: measure difference between current and last input (mouse) •  Absolute: measure input relative to a constant point of reference (tablet) •  Rate control vs. position control •  Isometric vs. Isotonic •  Isometric: measure pressure or force with no actual movement •  Isotonic: measure deflection from a center point (e.g. mouse)
- 8. Hand Input Devices •  Devices that integrate hand input into VR •  World-Grounded input devices •  Devices fixed in real world (e.g. joystick) •  Non-Tracked handheld controllers •  Devices held in hand, but not tracked in 3D (e.g. xbox controller) •  Tracked handheld controllers •  Physical device with 6 DOF tracking inside (e.g. Vive controllers) •  Hand-Worn Devices •  Gloves, EMG bands, rings, or devices worn on hand/arm •  Bare Hand Input •  Using technology to recognize natural hand input
- 9. World Grounded Devices •  Devices constrained or fixed in real world •  Not ideal for VR •  Constrains user motion •  Good for VR vehicle metaphor •  Used in location based entertainment (e.g. Disney Aladdin ride) Disney Aladdin Magic Carpet VR Ride
- 10. Non-Tracked Handheld Controllers • Devices held in hand •  Buttons, joysticks, game controllers, etc. • Traditional video game controllers •  Xbox controller
- 11. Tracked Handheld Controllers •  Handheld controller with 6 DOF tracking •  Combines button/joystick input plus tracking •  One of the best options for VR applications •  Physical prop enhancing VR presence •  Providing proprioceptive, passive haptic touch cues •  Direct mapping to real hand motion HTC Vive Controllers Oculus Touch Controllers
- 12. Example: Sixense STEM •  Wireless motion tracking + button input •  Electromagnetic tracking, 8 foot range, 5 tracked receivers •  http://sixense.com/wireless
- 14. Cubic Mouse •  Plastic box •  Polhemus Fastrack inside (magnetic 6 DOF tracking) •  3 translating rods, 6 buttons •  Two handed interface •  Supports object rotation, zooming, cutting plane, etc. Fröhlich, B., & Plate, J. (2000). The cubic mouse: a new device for three-dimensional input. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 526-531). ACM.
- 15. Cubic Mouse Video •  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WuH7ezv_Gs
- 16. Hand Worn Devices •  Devices worn on hands/arms •  Glove, EMG sensors, rings, etc. •  Advantages •  Natural input with potentially rich gesture interaction •  Hands can be held in comfortable positions – no line of sight issues •  Hands and fingers can fully interact with real objects
- 17. Data Gloves •  Bend sensing gloves •  Passive input device •  Detecting hand posture and gestures •  Continuous raw data from bend sensors •  Fibre optic, resistive ink, strain-gauge •  Large DOF output, natural hand output •  Pinch gloves •  Conductive material at fingertips •  Determine if fingertips touching •  Used for discrete input •  Object selection, mode switching, etc.
- 18. How Pinch Gloves Work •  Contact between conductive fabric completes circuit •  Each finger receives voltage in turn (T3 – T7) •  Look for output voltage at different times
- 19. Example: Cyberglove •  Invented to support sign language •  Technology •  Thin electrical strain gauges over fingers •  Bending sensors changes resistence •  18-22 sensors per glove, 120 Hz samples •  Sensor resolution 0.5 o •  Very expensive •  >$10,000/glove •  http://www.cyberglovesystems.com
- 20. How CyberGlove Works •  Strain gauge at joints •  Connected to A/D converter
- 22. StretchSense •  Wearable motion capture sensors •  Capacitive sensors •  Measure stretch, pressure, bend, shear •  Many applications •  Garments, gloves, etc. •  http://stretchsense.com/
- 24. Comparison of Glove Performance From Burdea, Virtual Reality Technology, 2003
- 25. Bare Hands •  Using computer vision to track bare hand input •  Creates compelling sense of Presence, natural interaction •  Challenges need to be solved •  Not having sense of touch •  Line of sight required to sensor •  Fatigue from holding hands in front of sensor
- 26. Leap Motion •  IR based sensor for hand tracking ($50 USD) •  HMD + Leap Motion = Hand input in VR •  Technology •  3 IR LEDS and 2 wide angle cameras •  The LEDS generate patternless IR light •  IR reflections picked up by cameras •  Software performs hand tracking •  Performance •  1m range, 0.7 mm accuracy, 200Hz •  https://www.leapmotion.com/
- 28. Non-Hand Input Devices • Capturing input from other parts of the body • Head Tracking •  Use head motion for input • Eye Tracking •  Largely unexplored for VR • Microphones •  Audio input, speech • Full-Body tracking •  Motion capture, body movement
- 29. Eye Tracking •  Technology •  Shine IR light into eye and look for reflections •  Advantages •  Provides natural hands-free input •  Gaze provides cues as to user attention •  Can be combined with other input technologies
- 30. Example: FOVE VR Headset •  Eye tracker integrated into VR HMD •  Gaze driven user interface, foveated rendering •  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dwdzPaqsDY
- 31. Pupil Labs VIVE/Oculus Add-ons •  Adds eye-tracking to HTC Vive/Oculus Rift HMDs •  Mono or stereo eye-tracking •  120 Hz eye tracking, gaze accuracy of 0.6° with precision of 0.08° •  Open source software for eye-tracking •  https://pupil-labs.com/pupil/
- 32. Full Body Tracking •  Adding full-body input into VR •  Creates illusion of self-embodiment •  Significantly enhances sense of Presence •  Technologies •  Motion capture suit, camera based systems •  Can track large number of significant feature points
- 33. Camera Based Motion Capture •  Use multiple cameras •  Reflective markers on body •  Eg – Opitrack (www.optitrack.com) •  120 – 360 fps, < 10ms latency, < 1mm accuracy
- 35. Wearable Motion Capture: PrioVR •  Wearable motion capture system •  8 – 17 inertial sensors + wireless data transmission •  30 – 40m range, 7.5 ms latency, 0.09 o precision •  Supports full range of motion, no occlusion •  www.priovr.com
- 37. Pedestrian Devices • Pedestrian input in VR •  Walking/running in VR • Virtuix Omni •  Special shoes •  http://www.virtuix.com • Cyberith Virtualizer •  Socks + slippery surface •  http://cyberith.com
- 38. Cyberith Virtualizer Demo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8lmf3OFrms
- 39. Virtusphere • Fully immersive sphere •  Support walking, running in VR •  Person inside trackball • http://www.virtusphere.com
- 41. Omnidirectional Treadmills •  Infinadeck •  2 axis treadmill, flexible material •  Tracks user to keep them in centre •  Limitless walking input in VR •  www.infinadeck.com
- 43. Comparison Between Devices From Jerald (2015)
- 44. Input Device Taxonomies •  Helps to determine: •  Which devices can be used for each other •  What devices to use for particular tasks •  Many different approaches •  Separate the input device from interaction technique (Foley 1974) •  Mapping basic interactive tasks to devices (Foley 1984) •  Basic tasks – select, position, orient, etc. •  Devices – mouse, joystick, touch panel, etc. •  Consider Degrees of Freedom and properties sensed (Buxton 1983) •  motion, position, pressure •  Distinguish bet. absolute/relative input, individual axes (Mackinlay 1990) •  separate translation, rotation axes instead of using DOF
- 45. Foley and Wallace Taxonomy (1974) Separate device from interaction technique
- 46. Buxton Input Device Taxonomy (Buxton 1983) •  Classified according to degrees of freedom and property sensed •  M = devise uses an intermediary between hand and sensing system •  T = touch sensitive
- 47. Mackinlay, Card, Robertson Taxonomy (1990) P = position dP = movement F = force dF = delta force R = angle dR = delta angle T = torque dT = delta torque