Pin Description and Register Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
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The Intel 8086 microprocessor is the first 16-bit microprocessor with dual inline package and operates in minimum and maximum modes for single and multiprocessor systems respectively. It features a range of control signals, registers, and buses for data handling, memory management, and addressing, including 16-bit address lines allowing for 1MB of memory capacity and four types of segment registers. Its architecture includes general data registers, segment registers, pointers, index registers, and status registers which influence operation and control flow.
Pin Description and Register Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
- 1. Pin Description of Intel 8086 Microprocessor 1
- 2. 8086 was the first 16-bit microprocessor available in 40-pin DIP (Dual Inline Package) chip. 2
- 3. Intel 8086 MP can operate in two modes • minimum mode • maximum mode For Minimum mode, a unique processor system with a single 8086 is required. For Maximum mode a multiprocessor system with more than one 8086 is required. 3
- 4. Power supply and frequency signals: It uses 5V DC supply at VCC pin 40, and uses ground at VSS pin 1 and 20 for its operation. Clock signal: Clock signal is provided through Pin-19. It provides timing to the processor for operations. Its frequency is different for different versions, i.e. 5MHz, 8MHz and 10MHz. Address/data bus: Pin 2-16 AD0-AD15 - These are 16 bit multiplexed address/data bus. AD0-AD7 - carries low order byte data and AD8-AD15 - carries higher order byte data. During the first clock cycle, it carries 16-bit address and after that it carries 16-bit data. Address/status bus: Pin 35-38 A16-A19/S3-S6 -These are the 4 bit address/status buses. During the first clock cycle, it carries 4-bit address and later it carries status signals. 4
- 5. S7/BHE: BHE stands for Bus High Enable. It is available at pin 34 and it is used in conjunction with AD0 to select the memory. RD: It is available at pin 32 and is used to read signal for Read operation. Ready: It is available at pin 32. It is an acknowledgement signal from I/O devices that data is transferred. It is an active high signal. When it is high, it indicates that the device is ready to transfer data. When it is low, it indicates wait state. RESET: It is available at pin 21 and is used to restart the execution. INTR: It is available at pin 18. It is an interrupt request signal. NMI: It stands for non-maskable interrupt and is available at pin 17. It is an edge triggered input, which causes an interrupt request to the microprocessor. 5
- 6. TEST: This signal is like wait or idle state and is available at pin 23. MN/MX: It stands for Minimum/Maximum and is available at pin 33. when it is high, it works in the minimum mode and vice-versa. INTA: It is an interrupt acknowledgement signal and available at pin 24. When the microprocessor receives this signal, it acknowledges the interrupt. ALE: Address Latch Enable (Pin 25) An o/p signal used to de-multiplexed AD0 to AD15 into A10 to A15 and D0 to D15. DEN: It stands for Data Enable and is available at pin 26. It is used to enable transceiver to separate data from the address / data bus. 6
- 7. DT/R: It stands for Data Transmit / Receive signal and is available at pin 27. It decides the direction of data flow through the transceiver. M/IO This signal is used to distinguish between memory and I/O operations. When it is high, it indicates I/O operation and when it is low indicates the memory operation. It is available at pin 28. WR: It stands for write signal and is available at pin 29. It is used to write the data into the memory or the output device depending on the status of M/IO signal. HLDA: It stands for Hold Acknowledgement signal and is available at pin 30. This signal acknowledges the HOLD signal. HOLD: This signal indicates to the processor that external devices are requesting to access the address/data buses. It is available at pin 31. 7
- 8. QS1 and QS0 These are queue status signals and are available at pin 24 and 25. These signals provide the status of instruction queue. Their conditions are shown in the following table, S0, S1, S2 These are the status signals that provide the status of operation, which is used by the Bus Controller 8288 to generate memory & I/O control signals. These are available at pin 26, 27, and 28. QS0 QS1 Status 0 0 No operation 0 1 First byte of opcode from the queue 1 0 Empty the queue 1 1 Subsequent byte from the queue 8
- 9. S2 S1 S0 Status 0 0 0 Interrupt acknowledgement 0 0 1 I/O Read 0 1 0 I/O Write 0 1 1 Halt 1 0 0 Opcode fetch 1 0 1 Memory read 1 1 0 Memory write 1 1 1 Passive state 9
- 10. LOCK: This signal is used to lock the peripherals from the system . It is available at pin 29. RQ/GT1 and RQ/GT0 These are the Request/Grant signals used by the other processors requesting the CPU to release the system bus. When the signal is received by CPU, then it sends acknowledgment. RQ/GT0 has a higher priority than RQ/GT1. 10
- 11. Register Organization of 8086 11
- 12. Intel 8086 uses 20 bit address lines. So its memory capacity is (2^20) = 1MB of memory. Memory segmentation is first introduced in this type of microprocessor. All the registers of 8086 are 16-bit registers. The general purpose registers can be used as either 8-bit registers or 16-bit registers. The register set of 8086 can be categorized into 4 different groups. General data registers Segment registers Pointers and index registers Status registers 12
- 13. General data registers The registers AX, BX,CX and DX are the general purpose 16-bit registers. AX is used as 16-bit accumulator. Accumulator can be used for I/O operations, rotate and string manipulation. The lower 8-bit is designated as AL (accumulator) and higher 8-bit is designated as AH. BX is a 16 bit register mainly used as base register for memory address calculation, BL indicates the lower 8-bit and BH indicates the higher 8-bit of BX. Register CX is used default counter (looping) DX is used to hold I/O address during certain I/O instructions. Ex: If the result of multiplication is more than 16 bits the low order bits are stored in AX, the high-order 16 bits are stored in DX register. 13
- 14. Segment Registers Intel 8086 is byte organized. Here 1 MB of memory is divided into 16 logical segments. Each segment contains 64 kilobytes of memory. There are four segment register in 8086 • Code segment register (CS) • Data segment register (DS) • Extra segment register (ES) • Stack segment register (SS) Code segment register (CS): is used fro addressing memory location in the code segment of the memory, where the executable program is stored. Data segment register (DS): points to the data segment of the memory where the data is stored. Extra Segment Register (ES) : also refers to a segment in the memory which is another data segment in the memory. 14
- 15. Stack Segment Registers: • By default, the processor assumes that all data referenced by the stack pointer (SP) and base pointer (BP) registers is located in the stack segment. • SS register can be changed directly using POP instruction. • It is used for addressing stack segment of memory, which is used to store stack data. 15
- 16. Pointers and Index Registers The pointers IP, BP, SP usually contain offsets within the code, data and stack segments respectively. • Stack Pointer (SP) is a 16-bit register pointing to program stack in stack segment. • Base Pointer (BP) is a 16-bit register pointing to data in stack segment. BP register is usually used for based indexed or register indirect addressing. The index registers are particularly useful for string manipulation. SI is used to store the offset of source data in data segment. DI is used to store the offset of destination in data or extra segment. 16
- 17. Status Register It determines the current state of the processor. They are modified automatically by CPU after mathematical operations, this allows to determine the type of the result, and to determine conditions to transfer control to other parts of the program. Two types, Conditional (or) Status Flag and Control Flag. 17
- 18. 18 024 67
- 19. Status flag Carry flag (CY) It is set whenever there is a carry or borrow out of the MSB of a result. CY=1, Carry is generated CY=0, Carry is not generated Parity flag (PF) It is set if the result has even parity. If parity is odd, PF is reset. Auxiliary carry flag (AC) Holds a carry after addition or a borrow after subtraction between bit positions 3 and 4 of the result. Zero flag (ZF) Indicates that the result of an arithmetic or logic operation It is set if the result is zero Sign flag (SF) Indicates the arithmetic sign of the result after an addition or subtraction. If S = 1, the result is negative. If S = 0, the result is positive.19
- 20. Overflow flag (OF) A overflow condition indicates that a result has exceeded the capacity of the machine. A condition that can occur when signed numbers are added or subtracted. Control Flags Trap flag (TF) Debugging feature of the microprocessor Interrupt enable flag (IF) - interrupt controls operation If I = 1, the INTR pin is enabled. If I = 0, the INTR pin is disabled. Direction flag (DF) Controls the selection of increment and decrement for the DI and SI registers during string instructions. 20