10. Impacts of climate change on aquaculture and fisheries in the Mekong region
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This document outlines a proposed project to address climate change adaptation needs in aquaculture and inland fisheries in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. The project would have 4 main components: 1) conducting vulnerability assessments and risk mapping, 2) developing and piloting adaptation measures using an ecosystem approach, 3) building adaptive capacity, and 4) monitoring and evaluation. The overall objective is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity of rural communities dependent on aquaculture and fisheries in the face of climate change risks. Key activities would include research, developing management plans, strengthening government and community capacity, and mainstreaming adaptation into policies. The project aims to support sustainable development and food security in vulnerable communities.
10. Impacts of climate change on aquaculture and fisheries in the Mekong region
- 1. Impacts of climate change on aquaculture and fisheries in the Mekong region and main adaptive activities Can Tho, June 4, 2013 1 International Collaborating Centre For Aquaculture and Fisheries Sustainability
- 2. Presentation outline • Introduction: ICAFIS • Fisheries sector in Vietnam • Climate Change impacts, policies and initiatives in Vietnam • Developing a project to address CC adaptive activities in the fisheries sector 2
- 3. ICAFIS • Registered (March 2010) as a non-profit org. but with strong links with the Government • Sustainability arm of the Vietnam Fisheries Society (VINAFIS) – >800 local branches – 34,000 members (farmers/fishers) • Global focus, capacity building, research….
- 4. Production • 2,671,800 Tonnes (FAO )2010 Consumption • Apparent per-capita 17.2 kg/year Employment • Livelihood for > half million people The aquaculture sector in Vietnam
- 5. Inland fisheries in the Delta • 40% to the country’s inland capture fisheries nearly 850,000 t/yr (based on consump. est.) • The bulk of it being from the floodplains of the Delta • Fishery mainly artisanal and more intense in the flood period (seasonality) • Mainly non-mainstream • Livelihoods, food security, generating revenue • Used also for aquaculture (feed) • Impact from CC very difficult to predict
- 6. Climate Change: What impact? 1. Temperature increase of +1.10C by 2100 2. Increase average sea surface temperature 3. Sea level rise at least +0.6m by 2100 4. Marine primary productivity +0.7-8.1% by 2050 5. Increase ocean acidification due to CO2 6. Impacts on freshwater systems (reduced water levels and flow rates) 7. Increase in water run-off 8. Intensification extreme weather events (floods, typhoons) (IPCC, 2007; Nicholls et al., 2007; FAO, 2009; Nellemann et al., 2009)
- 7. The impact of CC on fisheries Water temperature increase by +1.10C by 2100 Sea level to rise at least +0.6m by 2100 Marine primary productivity (micro organisms) +0.7-8.1% by 2050 Increased ocean acidification Impacts on freshwater systems (reduced water levels and flow rates) Intensification of extreme weather events Changes in rainfall and run-off Shift distribution of many fish and shellfish Change in ocean fish productivity Disappearance of coral reef ecosystems Reduced oxygen in the oceans Possible impact on fisher’s safety at sea and livelihoods Shrinking of inland waters Salinization of river basins Impact on inland fisheries (IPCC, 2007; Nicholls et al., 2007; FAO, 2009; Nellemann et al., 2009; SPC, 2008; Daw et all, 2009)
- 8. The impacts of CC on aquaculture Physical change Sea level rise Salinity intrusion Ocean currents Temperature rise Ocean acidification River flows Rainfall patterns Storm severity Wave surges Coastal erosion Droughts Enhanced stratification Impacts Direct Indirect Production and yield (+/-) Stress on CaCO3 organisms (shellfish) New diseases Increased diseases susceptibility Physical damage Changes in spawning patterns Fish kills (from upswellings) Fish oil & meal supply Trash fish supply Reduction in productivity Loss of farming sites Loss of livelihoods/increased vulnerability Increased competition for scarce resources Economic viability Social impact +: increased growth rates Food conversion efficiency Decrease of some existing diseases (WSD) Extended growing season (Daw et al., 2009; De Silva, 2010 modified) Climate Change
- 9. F/A impacts on CC F/A make a minor, but still significant contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the sectors’ supply chain (FAO, 2009) Fisheries •Fuel inefficient fishing methods •Emissions associated with trading products worldwide, including air freight and shipping Aquaculture •Carbon footprint is lower than other farm- raised protein industry e.g. livestock •LCA: shrimp farming produces 11,10 kg CO2/kg •Tilapia, carps, bivalves – 1.67, 0.80, 0.01 kg CO2/kg (Davies, 2010)
- 10. Capture fisheries • Global annual loss in landed value between US$ 17 and 41 bln (World Bank, 2010) • Mostly in LDCs countries (Allison et al, 2009) Aquaculture • No global data • Vietnam with +1m slr scenario: – 11% of the population affected especially in Mekong and Red River Deltas – impact on 7% of agriculture land – reduce GDP by 10% – Pangasius industry reduction in margins US$ 145,000/ha by 2020 – Shrimp profit fall by US$ 6,500/ha in 2020, and by US$ 47,500/ha in 2050 Economic impact (Dasgupta et al, 2007, Kam et al, 2010)
- 11. Vietnam CC Policy • National communications to UNFCC (2003/2010) • National Target Programme to Respond to CC (2009-2015)/(2012-2015) Pilot provinces: Quang Nam and Ben Tre with priority interventions • National Action Plan on CC 2012-2020 • MONRE Climate Change, Sea Level Rise Scenarios (2009/2012) • MONRE National Climate Change Strategy with priority (2011-2015) and plans (2016-2025) • MARD Action Plan CC agric. dev. 2011-15 & vision to 2050
- 12. Global research & projects focus 1. Diagnosing F/A dependent communities’ vulnerability to climate change 2. Understanding & documenting current F/A communities’ coping mechanisms and adaptive responses 3. Identifying and testing effective measures to improving adaptability and enabling mitigation 4. Building the capacity to respond, adapt and increase resilience
- 13. Major CC Initiatives in the MD 13 Agency - Institute - Donor Central Local CBCC project (MONRE, MARD, UNDP) DANIDA CC Programme to support NTP-RCC GIZ Integrated Coastal and Mangrove Forest Protection for the Adaptation to Climate Change (ICMP) Climate Change and Coastal Ecosystem Program (CCCEP) CARE Integrated Community-based Adaptation in the Mekong (ICAM AquaClimate project (NACA & Can Tho University) Research Institute of Aquaculture (1; 2); MARD; MONRE; ISPONRE; VASI; NGOs and Int’l research (IUCN, WWF, CARE, OXFAM, MCD, SNV, ACIAR, etc.) NORAD; FAO; DANIDA; UNDP; JICA; World Bank; ADB; CIDA; GEF; DfID, AusAID, several governments, etc.
- 14. Major CC Initiatives in the MD 14 Province Aquaculture Inland Fisheries Agriculture ICMP Infrastr. Cap Building An Giang Ben Tre Bac Lieu Ca Mau Can Tho Dong Thap Kien Giang Soc Trang Tra Vinh
- 15. Developing a Project to Address Climate Change Adaptation Needs in Aquaculture and Inland Fisheries in the Mekong Delta – Vietnam 15
- 16. Key issues considered in the project development Aquaculture and inland fisheries have been underestimated in their contribution to food security and poverty alleviation Many initiatives including strategies related to CC but very few fully integrating aquaculture and even less inland fisheries Aquaculture and inland fisheries have not been considered in their potential for adaptation for other sectors 16
- 17. The Mekong Delta (potential areas of focus) 17 S S S P P P S IF S S P IF IF IF IF IF
- 18. Project characteristics Target species/systems: Shrimp and clams systems Pangasius et al. Inland fisheries Project components: 4 Time frame: 5 years Overall development goal: Poverty alleviation and food security focus including gender and ethnicity Implementation Strategy: Ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture 18
- 19. Ensuring ecological well being Ensuring human wellbeing Ensuring the ability to achieve (governance) The EAF/EAA have these three objectives at the core e.g. integration with other sectors EAF & EAA
- 20. Vulnerability framework (adapted from Allison et al., 2005) Exposure (E) The nature and degree to which fisheries production systems are exposed to climate change Sensitivity (S) Degree to which national economies are dependent on fisheries and therefore sensitive to any change in the sector Potential impacts (PI) All impacts that may occur without taking into account planned adaptation Adaptive capacity (AC) Ability or capacity of a system to modify or change to cope with changes in actual or expected climate stress + = Vulnerability V = f(PI, AC)
- 21. Funding and operational structure Funds: SCCF and other donors GEF Agency: FAO Potential implementing agencies MARD, MONRE, OCCA, D-Fish, DARD, DONRE, Research Institutes and Universities, NGOs and IGOs Potential cooperation with ongoing and future projects/programmes SNV, IFAD, NORAD, CARE, Oxfam, IUCN, WWF, NACA, SEAFDEC, GIZ, World Bank etc. 21
- 22. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT Strengthening adaptive capacity and resilience of rural communities in the Mekong Delta to critical risks posed by climate change to the sustainability of the aquaculture and fisheries sectors 22
- 23. 1: Supporting national policies through communities’ vulnerability assessment (including risk mapping of target pilot areas) 2: Developing adaptation measures within an ecosystem approach perspective (Plan) 3: Building/strengthening adaptive capacity (including testing implementation) 4: Project Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) 23 Summary project components • Some elements are cross-cutting to all project components: increasing equity, gender, mitigation considered along adaptation measure (CSA – Climate Smart Aquaculture)
- 24. Component 1 24 Supporting national fisheries and aquaculture policies and planning as well as inter-sectoral development and climate change programmes with key elements related to inland capture fisheries and aquaculture sectors •Outcome 1.1 Provincial and national competent authorities aware of risks posed by a changing climate on the aquaculture and fisheries sectors and vulnerability of communities living in the Mekong Delta Output 1: Vulnerability assessment Output 2: Risk mapping Output 3: Innovative climate proof adaptation measures
- 25. Component 1 25 •Outcome 1.2 Climate change adaptation for vulnerable communities relying on aquaculture and inland capture fisheries mainstreamed into national and provincial broader sectoral, food-security, disaster risk preparedness and reduction, integrated coastal zone management and climate change frameworks Output 1: Individuation of Gaps and opportunities to mainstream climate change adaptations into national and provincial policies Output 2: Develop cross-sectoral synergetic collaborations on vulnerability and adaptation requirements
- 26. Component 2 26 Piloting innovative adaptation measures for inland capture fisheries and aquaculture within an ecosystem approach perspective •Outcome 2.1 Strengthened resilience to climate change threats in vulnerable inland fishing communities and aquaculture farmers identified as being at high risks Output 1: Adaptive action research. Output 2: Stakeholders and communities-based action plans Output 3: Innovative micro-finance and micro-insurance schemes Output 4: Farmers’ advocacy strengthened and co-management arrangements fostered
- 27. Component 2 27 • Outcome 2.2 National and provincial authorities are well prepared and have the capabilities to integrate viable climate change adaptation (CCA) into inland capture fisheries and aquaculture practices and based on highly participatory and comprehensive consultative processes Output 1: Fisheries and aquaculture managements plans and watershed management system developed or strengthened Output 2: An integrated and early-warning monitoring system on extreme weather events developed or strengthened
- 28. Component 3 28 Building and strengthening capacity to understand and implement adaptation measures Outcome 3.1 At least 60% of targeted communities, government authorities and other relevant stakeholders have moderate to high understanding and awareness of the problems caused to inland fisheries and aquaculture sectors by a changing climate, adaptation best practices and coping strategies Output 1: Specific and user friendly communication material on the risks associated to climate change developed and disseminated
- 29. Component 3 29 Outcome 3.2 Strengthened capacity of national and provincial authorities to increase resilience to impacts from climate change by including adaptation measures Output 1: Communities knowledge and climate risks understanding strengthened Output 2: Officers, extension workers and other relevant stakeholders knowledge and climate risks understanding strengthened Output3: Adaptation, best practices and lesson learned derived from pilot action and researches, synthesised and disseminated
- 30. Component 4 30 Project monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Outcome 4.1 Implementation of the project driven by the continue assessment based on the SCCF/LDCF AMAT in order to achieve the project outputs, outcomes and objective Output 1: Project M&E system developed Output 2: Mid-term and final evaluation performed
- 31. Component 4 31 Outcome 4.2 Application in future planning and operations of project findings and lessons learned facilitated Output 1: A database of project’s lesson learned, best practices and strategies to face a changing climate developed Output 2: A website containing the project main features, activities and reports developed and updated
- 32. Thank you! Comments? 32 [email protected] International Collaborating Centre For Aquaculture and Fisheries Sustainability