Tip Top Typing - A Look at Python Typing

Nov 9, 20190 likes233 views

Slides accompanying talk at : https://youtu.be/vtUiZkHVi-w Come learn about Python typing, and we'll cover the type system as well as the mypy tool and all the tools that you need for your typing needs. Given to HSV.py on Nov 8th, 2019

Tip-Top Typing
A Look At Python's Typing
HSV.py
Pat Viafore

Tip Top Typing - A Look at Python Typing

unsigned int x = 10u;
std::vector<unsigned int> v;
v.push_back(x);

>>> type(10)
<class 'int'>
>>> type('abc')
<class 'str'>

>>> type(print)
<class
'builtin_function_or_method'>

A type is a semantic
representation of data

00011001000011111010110
11101010010010011010011
10100111011101100011010
01111010101011010101001
01010011010010100110001
01010001010010100010011

1. How data is represented in
memory (don't care for this talk)
2. What operations are possible on
it

def print_and_clear(collection):
print(collection)
collection.clear()

● bytes
● complex
● namedtuple
● module
● etc.

● [1, 2, 3]
● (1, 2, 3)
● {1, 2, 3}
● {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}

1. To communicate intent to
other developers
2. Tooling can use types to help
you catch mistakes

class TrafficLight(Enum):
RED = 0
YELLOW = 1
GREEN = 2

if light == TrafficLight.RED:
# do something
>>> TrafficLight(2)
<TrafficLight.GREEN: 2>

TrafficLight.RED + 1 # error
TrafficLight(4) # error

HOMEWORK
IntEnum
IntFlag
@unique()
auto()

@dataclass
class Presenter:
name: str
age: int
talks: List[str]

p = Presenter("Pat",
32,
["Docker Runtimes",
"Python Typing"])
p.age # prints 32

class Presenter:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.__talk_counter = Counter()
def give_talk(self, talk):
self.__talk_counter[talk] += 1

Enum -> Selection from values
Dataclass -> Related fields
Class -> Related fields w/ invariant

>>> Presenter.do_something()
AttributeError: type object
'Presenter' has no attribute
'do_something'

x: int = 0
y: str = 'abc'
p: Presenter = make_presenter()

def get_price(base: float,
tax: float,
state: State) -> float:

wrong: int = 'abc' # error
wrong_again: Presenter = 42 # error

def plus_one(num: int) -> int:
return num + 1
# snip 1000s of lines
print("1 + 1 = " + plus_one(1))

color: Color = Color.RED
presenters: List[Presenter] = []
matcher: Callable[[int], bool]

T = TypeVar('T')
def first(seq: Sequence[T]) -> T:
return seq[0]

T = TypeVar('T')
Seq = Sequence[T]
def first(seq: Seq) -> Union[T, None]:
if not seq: return None
return seq[0]

T = TypeVar('T')
Seq = Sequence[T]
def first(seq: Seq) -> Optional[T]:
if not seq: return None
return seq[0]

coll: List[int] = make_list()
f = first(coll)
this_function_expects_an_int(f)

with open("path/filename.txt", "r"):
pass

def open(path: str,
mode: Literal["r", "r+",
"w", "w+"
...]
pass

ReadOnlyMode = Literal["r", "r+"]
WriteMode = Literal["w", "w+"]
AllModes = Literal[
ReadOnlyMode,
WriteMode
]

class Keynote(Presenter):
def __init__(self, name):
super().__init__(self, name)
def give_talk(self, t):
self.__talk_counter["K: " + t] += 1
self.__talk_counter[t] += 1

class Keynote(Presenter):
def __init__(self, name):
super().__init__(self, name)
@final
def give_talk(self, t):
self.__talk_counter["K: " + t] += 1
self.__talk_counter[t] += 1

@final
class Keynote(Presenter):
def __init__(self, name):
super().__init__(self, name)
def give_talk(self, t):
self.__talk_counter["K: " + t] += 1
self.__talk_counter[t] += 1

MyDict = Dict[str, int]
d: MyDict = {
'int': 0,
}

MyDict = Dict[str, int]
d: MyDict = {
'int': 0,
'name': 'pat'
}

MyDict = Dict[str, int]
d: MyDict = {
'int': 0,
'list': []
}

MyDict = Dict[str, int]
d: MyDict = {
'int': 0,
'nested': {
# ... snip ...
}
}

class MyDict(TypedDict):
i: int
name: str
class MyNewDict(MyDict, total=False):
my_list: List[int]
nested: MyDict

$d: MyNewDict = { 'i': 0, 'name': 'pat', 'my_list': [1,2,3,4] }$

def print_and_clear(c):
print(c)
c.clear()

Collection = Union[Dict, List]
def print_and_clear(c: Collection):
print(c)
c.clear()

class Clearable(Protocol):
def clear(self) -> None:
pass

def print_and_clear(c: Clearable):
print(c)
c.clear()

class Custom:
def clear(self) -> None:
print("Clearing now")
print_and_clear(Custom())

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1. Tip-Top Typing A Look At Python's Typing HSV.py Pat Viafore

4. unsigned int x = 10u; std::vector<unsigned int> v; v.push_back(x);

6. x = 10 v = [x]

7. Does Python Have Types?

8. Dynamic Typing

9. >>> type(10) <class 'int'> >>> type('abc') <class 'str'>

10. >>> type(print) <class 'builtin_function_or_method'>

11. >>> type(int) <class 'type'>

12. What Is A Type?

13. A type is a semantic representation of data

14. 00011001000011111010110 11101010010010011010011 10100111011101100011010 01111010101011010101001 01010011010010100110001 01010001010010100010011

15. 1. How data is represented in memory (don't care for this talk) 2. What operations are possible on it

16. 1. How data is represented in memory (don't care for this talk) 2. What operations are possible on it

18. def print_and_clear(collection): print(collection) collection.clear()

19. Primitive vs Composite

21. ● int ● float ● bool ● str ● NoneType

23. ● bytes ● complex ● namedtuple ● module ● etc.

24. Collections

25. ● [1, 2, 3] ● (1, 2, 3) ● {1, 2, 3} ● {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}

26. Why Do We Have Types?

27. 1. To communicate intent to other developers 2. Tooling can use types to help you catch mistakes

28. ● [1, 2, 3] ● (1, 2, 3) ● {1, 2, 3} ● {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}

29. A Quick Note On Intent

30. 35758

31. User-Defined Types

32. class TrafficLight(Enum): RED = 0 YELLOW = 1 GREEN = 2

33. if light == TrafficLight.RED: # do something >>> TrafficLight(2) <TrafficLight.GREEN: 2>

34. TrafficLight.RED + 1 # error TrafficLight(4) # error

35. HOMEWORK IntEnum IntFlag @unique() auto()

36. @dataclass class Presenter: name: str age: int talks: List[str]

37. p = Presenter("Pat", 32, ["Docker Runtimes", "Python Typing"]) p.age # prints 32

38. Better Than NamedTuple

39. HOMEWORK Frozen Ordered InitVar

40. class Presenter: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.__talk_counter = Counter() def give_talk(self, talk): self.__talk_counter[talk] += 1

41. Invariants

42. Enum -> Selection from values Dataclass -> Related fields Class -> Related fields w/ invariant

43. Why Do We Have Types?

44. 1. To communicate intent to other developers 2. Tooling can use types to help you catch mistakes

45. >>> Presenter.do_something() AttributeError: type object 'Presenter' has no attribute 'do_something'

47. Type Hinting

48. x: int = 0 y: str = 'abc' p: Presenter = make_presenter()

50. def get_price(base: float, tax: float, state: State) -> float:

54. mypy

55. wrong: int = 'abc' # error wrong_again: Presenter = 42 # error

56. def plus_one(num: int) -> int: return num + 1 # snip 1000s of lines print("1 + 1 = " + plus_one(1))

57. def plus_one(num: int) -> int: return num + 1 # snip 1000s of lines print("1 + 1 = " + plus_one(1))

59. Check-time vs. Run-time

60. Using Type Hinting More Effectively

61. Composite Types

62. color: Color = Color.RED presenters: List[Presenter] = [] matcher: Callable[[int], bool]

63. Generics

64. T = TypeVar('T') def first(seq: Sequence[T]) -> T: return seq[0]

65. Billion-Dollar Problem

66. T = TypeVar('T') def first(seq: Sequence[T]) -> T: return seq[0]

67. Exceptions?

68. T = TypeVar('T') Seq = Sequence[T] def first(seq: Seq) -> Union[T, None]: if not seq: return None return seq[0]

69. T = TypeVar('T') Seq = Sequence[T] def first(seq: Seq) -> Optional[T]: if not seq: return None return seq[0]

70. coll: List[int] = make_list() f = first(coll) this_function_expects_an_int(f)

71. coll: List[int] = make_list() f = first(coll) this_function_expects_an_int(f)

72. What If I Want To Restrict Values?

73. Literals

74. x: int = 1 y: str = "abc"

75. x: int = 1 y: str = "abc" Literals

76. with open("path/filename.txt", "r"): pass

77. with open("path/filename.txt", "r"): pass

78. def open(path: str, mode: Literal["r", "r+", "w", "w+" ...] pass

79. ReadOnlyMode = Literal["r", "r+"] WriteMode = Literal["w", "w+"] AllModes = Literal[ ReadOnlyMode, WriteMode ]

80. What If I Want To Restrict Sub-Types?

81. class Presenter: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name self.__talk_counter = Counter() def give_talk(self, talk): self.__talk_counter[talk] += 1

82. class Keynote(Presenter): def __init__(self, name): super().__init__(self, name) def give_talk(self, t): self.__talk_counter["K: " + t] += 1 self.__talk_counter[t] += 1

83. Final

84. class Keynote(Presenter): def __init__(self, name): super().__init__(self, name) @final def give_talk(self, t): self.__talk_counter["K: " + t] += 1 self.__talk_counter[t] += 1

85. @final class Keynote(Presenter): def __init__(self, name): super().__init__(self, name) def give_talk(self, t): self.__talk_counter["K: " + t] += 1 self.__talk_counter[t] += 1

87. x: int = 1 y: str = "abc"

88. x: Final[int] = 1 y: Final[str] = "abc"

89. How Do We Get More Specific About Types

90. MyDict = Dict[str, int]

91. MyDict = Dict[str, int] d: MyDict = { 'int': 0, }

92. MyDict = Dict[str, int] d: MyDict = { 'int': 0, 'name': 'pat' }

93. MyDict = Dict[str, int] d: MyDict = { 'int': 0, 'list': [] }

94. MyDict = Dict[str, int] d: MyDict = { 'int': 0, 'nested': { # ... snip ... } }

95. MyDict = Dict[str, Any]

96. TypedDict

97. class MyDict(TypedDict): i: int name: str class MyNewDict(MyDict, total=False): my_list: List[int] nested: MyDict

98. d: MyNewDict = { 'i': 0, 'name': 'pat', 'my_list': [1,2,3,4] }

99. How Do We Get More Specific About Types

101. def print_and_clear(c): print(c) c.clear()

102. Collection = Union[Dict, List] def print_and_clear(c: Collection): print(c) c.clear()

103. Protocol

104. class Clearable(Protocol): def clear(self) -> None: pass

105. def print_and_clear(c: Clearable): print(c) c.clear()

106. class Custom: def clear(self) -> None: print("Clearing now") print_and_clear(Custom())

107. Protocols Can Act As Sub-classes

108. Takeaways

109. Why Do We Have Types?

110. 1. To communicate intent to other developers 2. Tooling can use types to help you catch mistakes

111. What Is A Type?

112. 1. How data is represented in memory (don't care for this talk) 2. What operations are possible on it

114. Pat Viafore @PatViaforever https://patviafore.com

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