Slum Conditions and Shelter Policy : Iran 2012
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The document discusses the rapid urbanization and population growth in Iran, highlighting severe slum conditions and the government's response to informal settlements and distressed urban fabric. It outlines the types of slums present, the impact of urban migration, and the government's urban management structure and strategies since 2003 to upgrade slum areas. Significant efforts include the Mehr Housing Plan aimed at constructing low-income housing and various initiatives to improve living conditions in slums across the country.
![Informal Settlements: Definition
“Hastily constructed housing often built by
their eventual occupants, mostly without
permit to construct…outside existing formal
planning…; Concentration of lower income
groups…with functional linkages to the main
city…; [and]… low quality of life and
desperately low urban services…and high
population density.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentation-151126114706-lva1-app6891/85/Slum-Conditions-and-Shelter-Policy-Iran-2012-9-320.jpg)
Slum Conditions and Shelter Policy : Iran 2012
- 1. Slum Conditions and Shelter Policy Iran 2012
- 2. Background: Rapid Population Growth and Urbanization Population was 74.7 million in 2010 (53.6 million or 71.75 percent urban and 21.1 million or 28.25 percent rural) Population growth was 2.4 % pre year between 1976 and 2006 (33.7 million compared to 70.5 million) Urban population of Iran grew at an average rate of 3.7 percent from 15.8 million to 48.2 million persons between 1996 and 2006 Population growth rate was1.6 percent per annum in 1996-2006
- 3. Continued 1014 cities in 2006, half of which have populations or larger than 50000 persons 80 cities have populations over 100,000 persons, accounting for 17 percent of the total population 53 percent urban residents live in cities with populations of 250,000 persons or more 17 percent of urban residents are found in 100,000-250,000 person cities Rural-urban migration in the period 1996-2006 was estimated as 4.2 million persons
- 4. Urban Sprawl in Mashhad (1950-1990)
- 5. 5 Formation of Urban Slums Due to the Following Urban Slums 1 4 2 3 5Difficulties in Managing Urban Expansion Housing Shortages Rapid Urbanization Urban Poverty Macroeconomic Factors
- 6. Two Types of Slum in Iran form the Point of View of the Government Distressed Urban Fabric (فرسوده )بافت Informal Settlements (غیررسمی )سکونتگاههای Inside urban boundaries Outside urban boundaries
- 7. Distressed Fabric: Definition Micro land divisions (less than 200 sqm for more than 50 percent of the lots) Impenetrability (less than 6 m wide alleys in 50 percent of cases) Lack of sustainability (lack of structural integrity in more than 50 percent of buildings). Depending on the existence of one or more of these conditions, the area is considered relatively distressed, highly distressed, or extremely distressed.
- 9. Informal Settlements: Definition “Hastily constructed housing often built by their eventual occupants, mostly without permit to construct…outside existing formal planning…; Concentration of lower income groups…with functional linkages to the main city…; [and]… low quality of life and desperately low urban services…and high population density.”
- 11. Another typology? Areas located in the historical/central parts of Iranian cities that have been experiencing steady physical, economic, and social decline Slums located outside official city boundaries Slums formed in villages located just outside city boundaries Slums recently incorporated into the cities Squatter settlements Slums formed in and around brownfields
- 12. Estimates on the Size of Slums Slums Percent of Total Urban Land Area Distressed Fabric (based on 146 cities) 10% Informal Settlements (based on 50 cities) 8% Underutilized 10% Total 28%
- 13. Slum characteristics In Iran, usually, basic services such as piped water, electricity as well as schools and clinics are provided High rates of unemployment, underemployment, and employment in the informal economy High incidence of poverty (economic, social, and cultural) A range of urban services may be missing Low quality of housing Sewerage, surface water drainage, and street conditions are problematic High levels of traditional social capital but not modern social capital
- 14. National-to-Local Structure of Urban Management Mayoral administrations Roads & Urban Development Ministry Supreme Council of Urban Planning & Architecture Private sector institutions and corporations:banks, consulting firms, investors, developers, financial institutions Relevant Ministries: Communication and Information Technology, Energy, etc. President Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicraft Organiz. Endowments Organization Article 5 Provincial Commissions Provincial Organizations: Water and Sewerage, Electricity, Gas, Cultural Heritage, Environment, Roads, Endowments, Municipalities Organization Interior Ministry Provincial governorate: Deputy for Coordination and Development Deputy for Strategic Planning and Control Municipal Councils Deputy for Strategic Planning and Control Planning for transport, urban development, architecture, housing and construction Affiliated organizations and corporations:National Organization for Land and Housing, New Towns Development Corporation, Urban Development and Revitalization Organization (Corporation),Executive Organization for the Construction of Government Buildings and Public Facilities Office for Upgrading Distressed Urban Fabric Provincial Physical Development and Housing Corporation
- 15. Evolution of Government Policy on Slums Informal Settlements From ambivalence and antagonism to incorporation to enabling and upgrading Adoption of National Document on Enabling and Upgrading of Informal Settlements, 2003 Establishment of the National Enabling Taskforce Initiation of the Urban Upgrading and Housing Reform Project with the Help of the World Bank
- 16. Continued Distressed Fabric From purchase of land and resettlement to urban renewal to local participation and upgrading Timeframe Since 2009: Urban Upgrading Main approach Sustainable and widespread participation of citizens through the creation of appropriate grounds and activities to jump start local development process Main players Central government as policy maker and monitoring authority, mayoral administrations for management of implementation, and the private sector as the main actor Financing Private sector, participation bonds, general government budget Social aspect Emphasis on the participation of all social groups Physical aspect Addressing spatial disorganization of major structural axes of urban centers Preservation aspect Withholding intervention in historical zones and striving to interact with relevant organizations, especially Cultural Heritage Organization
- 17. Orientation and Principles Main players in the process of urban upgrading: private sector, the government, the mayoral administrations, and most importantly the people. The main governmental agency responsible for policy and coordination is UDRO. Creating the grounds for upgrading activities: formulation of necessary means, enabling, and cultural advocacy. Tools to jumpstart local development: demonstration pilots on the one hand and provision of services and improvement of infrastructure on the other. Managing the upgrading process strategically: Institution-building, capacity-building, and coordination.
- 18. Current activities concerning Distressed Fabric 72,800 hectares of distressed fabric with a total population of 8.5 million persons across 471 cities have been identified by UDRO. Since 2005, 5885 hectares of the urban distressed fabric has been renovated. The current instruments for the renovation of distressed fabric are: preparation of specific plans for physically- distressed zones; provision of loans up to the amount of 150 million rials for each housing unit without any collateral; giving a 50 percent discount on housing construction taxes; provision of a loan for temporary resettlement; permit for the construction of additional floor.
- 19. Stressed fabric, continued Construction or renovation of a total of 113,904 housing units was initiated across Iranian cities in the past year (requiring a total investment of 34,913 billion rials). A total of 35,700 housing units have been demolished to be replaced, while around 1,400 hectares of distressed fabric was renovated (only 29 hectares of this was achieved through direct government involvement with the rest undertaken by the private sector and residents).
- 20. Informal Settlements UDRO has identified 43,000 hectares of informal settlements across 60 cities. Of the 710 informal settlements identified in these cities, 250 settlements have been targeted for upgrading feasibility studies. To date, other than the informal settlements in 5 cities covered under the Urban Upgrading and Housing Reform Project, upgrading activities have been initiated in target informal settlements of 13 cities. Activities undertaken in the target settlements are threefold: physical upgrading, social and economic enabling, and municipal capacity building.
- 21. Low-Income Housing Provision: Mehr Housing Plan (MHP) Constructing medium-height buildings on publicly-owned land and exempting them from construction taxes and fees. The goal is to build 1.5 million low-income housing units per year. To qualify for Mehr housing, applicants must show that neither they nor their spouses own any house or land, have used no government housing credit previously, have lived in the city for 5 years, and are married/head of household or older than a certain age.
- 22. MHP, continued The cost of each unit has been in the order of 270-400 million rails depending on the location and size. Around one third of this must be covered by the applicant – usually in installments that may take between a few months and a couple of years – before keys are handed over to him/her. The rest is covered by a loan from the Housing Bank that must be paid back in 13 years (at below market rate). Facilities are also provided to builders to expedite the process.
- 23. Slum in Tabriz
- 24. Slum Conditions and Shelter Policy Iran 2012