Java

JAVA – J2EE
Programming with Java

History of Java
Java developed by James Gosling in
1990
It took 18 months to develop the first
working version
Introduced with name “AOK”
Again introduce as Java in 1995

Advantage of Java
Simple
Secure
Platform Independent
Object Oriented
Robust
Multithread
Distributed

Hello.java program in Java
File extension should be java
File name and Class name must be same
Class Hello
{
 Public static void main(string a[])
 {
 System.out.println(“Hello !!!”);
 }
}
Public is access modifier
Static is keyword that don’t require to create the instance
of class
Main is entry function

After compilation of java program it
converts in .class file i.e. byte code

Java source code compilation and
execution process

Data Types
Byte 1 byte
Short 2 byte
Int 4 byte
Long 8 byte
Float 4 byte
Double 8 byte
Char 2 byte
Boolean true/false

Global variable
Local variable
Casting
 int a;
 byte b;
 b = (int) a;
Arrays

Controls
If condtion
Switch
Loop – while, do while, for

OOPs
Class
Object
Encapsulation, data abstraction, data
hiding
Constructor
Parameterized constructor
Overloading
Constructor overloading
Static keyword

Final keyword
Finalize method
Inheritance
Overriding
Abstract class

Intro to Java
Java programming language
The one we use to write our program
Compiled to byte code of JVM
Java virtual machine (JVM)
Java interpreter – interpret the compiled byte code
Software simulated CPU architecture
Cross-platform: support Linux, Windows, PalmOS…etc.
Java runtime environment (JRE)
Predefined set of java classes available to use
Core Java APIs – basic utilities, I/O, graphics,
network…

Java is portable,
As long as there is a JVM compiled for
that particular processor and OS
Typical program, like C or C++, is
compiled for a particular processor
architecture and OS.
“Write once, run everywhere!”
Sun’s motto for Java

Getting and using java
J2SDK freely download from http://java.sun.com
All text editors support java
 Vi/vim, emacs, notepad, wordpad
 Just save to .java file
Have IDEs that comparable to Visual Studio
 JCreator (simple)
 Eclipse (more complicated)

Compile and run an application
Write java class Foo containing a main()
method and save in file “Foo.java”
The file name MUST be the same as class
name
Compile with: javac Foo.java
Creates compiled .class file: Foo.class
Run the program: java Foo
Notice: use the class name directly, no .class!

Hello World!
/* Our first Java program – Hello.java */
public class Hello {
//main()
public static void main ( String[] args ) {
System.out.println( "hello world!" );
}
}
File name: Hello.java
Command line
arguments
Standard output, print with new line

About class
Fundamental unit of Java program
All java programs are classes
Each class define a unique kind of object (
a new data type)
Each class defines a set of fields,
methods or other classes
public: modifier. This class is publicly
available and anyone can use it.

Things to notice
Java is case sensitive
whitespace doesn’t matter for compilation
File name must be the same as one of the
class names, including capitalization!
At most one public class per file
If there is one public class in the file, the
filename must be the same as it
Generally one class per file

What is an object?
Object is a thing
An object has state, behavior and identity
Internal variable: store state
Method: produce behavior
Unique address in memory: identity
An object is a manifestation of a class

What is class?
Class introduces a new data type
A class describes a set of objects that
have identical characteristics (data
elements) and behaviors (methods).
Existing classes provided by JRE
User defined classes
Once a class is established, you can
make as many objects of it as you like, or
none.

Simple example: class Person
A Person has some attributes
The class defines these properties for all
people
Each person gets his own copy of the
fields
Attributes = properties = fields

Class Person: definition
class Person {
String name;
int height; //in inches
int weight; //in pounds
public void printInfo(){
System.out.println(name+" with height="+height+", weight="+weight);
}
}
class ClassName{ /* class body goes here */ }
class: keyword

Class Person: usage
Person ke; //declaration
ke = new Person(); //create an object of Person
ke.name= “Ke Wang”; //access its field
Person sal = new Person();
sal.name=“Salvatore J. Stolfo”;
ke.printInfo();
Sal.printInfo(); // error here??

Class Person
Name: Ke Wang
height: 0
weight: 0
Name: Salvatore J. Stolfo
height: 0
weight: 0
ke
sal

Class Person: variables
Person x;
x=ke;
x.printInfo();
x=sal;
x.printInfo();
This gives the same output as previous code !

Class Person: variables
Name: Ke Wang
height: 0
weight: 0
Name: Salvatore J. Stolfo
height: 0
weight: 0
ke
sal
x
references objects

Reference
We call x, as well as ke and sal, “reference” to
the object
Handles to access an object
Reference itself is not accessible/manipulable
Different from C/C++, cannot increment/decrement it
Implemented as pointer+
Java runtime is watching all assignment to references
Why? – garbage collection (later)

Reference
Person ke; //only created the reference, not an object.
It points to nothing now (null).
ke = new Person(); //create the object (allocate storage
in memory), and ke is initialized.
ke.name=“Ke Wang”; //access the object through
the reference

More on reference
Have distinguished value null, meaning
pointing to nothing
if( x==null) { … }
Multiple references can point to one
object
When no reference point to an object, that
object is never accessible again.

Class Person: problem
ke.weight = 150; // too bad, but possible
ke.weight = -20; // Houston, we have a problem!!
Need to ensure the validity of value.
Solution: ask the class to do it!
ke.setWeight(150); // OK, now ke’s weight is 150
ke.setWeight(-10); ******** Error, weight must be positive number

Class Person: add method
class Person{
...
void setWeight(int w){
if(w<=0)
System.err.println("***** error, weight must be positive
number! ");
else
weight = w;
}
}

Class Person: new problem
ke.setWeight(-10);
******** Error, weight must be positive number
ke.weight = -20; //haha, I’m the boss!
How about we forgot to use the set function? Or
we just don’t want to?
Solution: just make the variable inaccessible
from outside!

Class Person: private variable
class Person{
private String name;
private int weight;
private int height;
public void setWeight(int w){
if(w<=0)
System.err.println("***** error, weight must be positive
number! ");
else
weight = w;
}
}
Keyword private: no one can access the element except itself
Keyword public: everyone can access the element

Class Person
class Hello{
Person ke = new Person();
ke.weight = -20;
}
}
>javac Hello.java
Hello.java:5: weight has private access in Person
ke.weight = -20;
^
1 error

Access functions
Generally make fields private and provide
public getField() and setField() access
functions
O-O term for this is Encapsulation
C# does this by default

Java Basics: primitive types
One group of types get special treatment
in Java
Variable is not created by “new”, not a
reference
Variable holds the value directly

Primitive types
Primitive type Size Minimum Maximum Wrapper type
boolean 1-bit — — Boolean
char 16-bit Unicode 0 Unicode 216
- 1 Character
byte 8-bit -128 +127 Byte
short 16-bit -215
+215
-1 Short
int 32-bit -231
+231
-1 Integer
long 64-bit -263
+263
-1 Long
float 32-bit IEEE754 IEEE754 Float
double 64-bit IEEE754 IEEE754 Double

Primitive types
All numerical types are signed!
No unsigned keyword in Java
The “wrapper” class allow you to make a
non-primitive object to represent the
primitive one
char c =‘a’;
Character C = new Character(c);
Character C = new Character(‘a’);

Primitive types - boolean
boolean can never convert to or from
other data type, not like C or C++
boolean is not a integer
if(0) doesn’t work in java
Have to explicitly state the comparison
if( x ==0) {

Primitive types - char
Char is unsigned type
The Character wrapper class has several
static methods to work with char, like
isDigit(), toUpperCase() etc.

Default values for primitive members
When a primitive type
data is a member of a
class, it’s guaranteed
to get a default value
even if you don’t
initialize it.
Not true for those
local variables!!
There will be compile
error if you use it
without initialization
Primitive type Default
boolean false
char ‘u0000’ (null)
byte (byte)0
short (short)0
int 0
long 0L
float 0.0f
double 0.0d

Example
class Hello{
int x;
System.out.println(x);
}
}
>javac Hello.java
Hello.java:5: variable x might not have been initialized
System.out.println(x);
^
1 error

Arrays in Java
An ordered collection of something, addressed
by integer index
Something can be primitive values, objects, or even
other arrays. But all the values in an array must be of
the same type.
Only int or char as index
long values not allowed as array index
0 based
Value indexes for array “a” with length 10
a[0] – a[9];
a.length==10
Note: length is an attribute, not method

Arrays in Java: declaration
Declaration
int[] arr;
Person[] persons;
Also support: int arr[]; Person persons[];
(confusing, should be avoided)
Creation
int[] arr = new int[1024];
int [][] arr = { {1,2,3}, {4,5,6} };
Person[] persons = new Person[50];

Arrays in Java: safety
Cannot be accessed outside of its range
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
Guaranteed to be initialized
Array of primitive type will be initialized to their
default value
Zeroes the memory for the array
Array of objects: actually it’s creating an array
of references, and each of them is initialized to
null.

Arrays in Java:
second kind of reference types in Java
int[] arr = new int [5];
arr
int[][] arr = new int [2][5];
arr[0]
arr[1]
arr

More on reference
Java doesn’t support & address of , or *, ->
dereference operators.
reference cannot be converted to or from
integer, cannot be incremented or decremented.
When you assign an object or array to a
variable, you are actually setting the variable to
hold a reference to that object or array.
Similarly, you are just passing a reference when
you pass object or array to a method

Reference vs. primitive
Java handle objects and arrays always by
reference.
classes and arrays are known as reference types.
Class and array are composite type, don’t have
standard size
Java always handle values of the primitive types
directly
Primitive types have standard size, can be stored in a
fixed amount of memory
Because of how the primitive types and objects
are handles, they behave different in two areas:
copy value and compare for equality

copy
Primitive types get copied directly by =
 int x= 10; int y=x;
Objects and arrays just copy the
reference, still only one copy of the object
existing.
Name: Ke Wang
height: 0
weight: 0
ke
x
Person ke =new Person();
ke.name="Ke Wang";
Person x=ke;
x.name="Sal";
System.out.println(ke.name); // print Sal!

Compare equality
Primitive use ==, compare their value directly
int x = 10; int y=10;
if(x==y) { // true !
Object or array compare their reference, not
content
Person ke =new Person();
ke.name="Ke Wang";
Person ke2 =new Person();
ke2.name="Ke Wang";
if(ke==ke2) //false!!
Person x = ke;
if(ke==x) //true

Copy objects and arrays
Create new object, then copy all the fields
individually and specifically
Or write your own copy method in your class
Or use the special clone() method (inherited by
all objects from java.lang.Object)
int[] data = {1,2,3}; //an array
int[] copy = (int[]) data.clone(); //a copy of the array
Notice: clone() is shallow copy only! The copied object or
array contains all the primitive values and references in the
original one, but won’t clone those references, i.e., not
recursive.

Compare objects and arrays
Write you own comparison method
Or use default equals() method
All objects inherit equals() from Object, but
default implementation simply uses == for
equality of reference
Check each class for their definition of equals()
String s = "cs3101";
int num=3101;
String t ="cs"+num;
if(s.equals(t)) { //true!
Notice: + operator also
concatenate string. If either of the
operand to + is a string, the
operator converts the other
operand to a string

Scoping
Scope determines both the visibility and lifetime
of the names defined within the scope
Scope is determined by the placement of {},
which is called block.
{
int x = 10;
//only x available
{
int y = 20;
//both x and y available
}
//only x available, y out of scope!
}

Scoping
Notice, you cannot do the following,
although it’s legal in C/C++.
{
int x = 10;
{
int x = 20;
}
}
Compile error
Hello.java:6: x is already defined in
main(java.lang.String[])
int x =20;
^
1 error

Scope of objects
When you create an object using new, the
object hangs around past the end of the
scope, although the reference vanishes.
{
String s = new String("abc");
}
Reference s vanishes, but the String
object still in memory
Solution: Garbage Collector!

Garbage collector
In C++, you have to make sure that you
destroy the objects when you are done
with them.
Otherwise, memory leak.
In Java, garbage collector do it for you.
It looks at all the objects created by new and
figure out which ones are no longer being
referenced. Then it release the memory for
those objects.

Importing library
If you need any routines that defined by
java package
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
Put at the very beginning of the java file
java.lang.* already been imported.
Check javadoc for the classes

Static keyword
Want to have only one piece of storage for a
data, regardless how many objects are created,
or even no objects created
Need a method that isn’t associated with any
particular object of this class
static keyword apply to both fields and methods
Can be called directly by class name
Example: java.lang.Math
Non-static fields/methods must be called
through an instance

main()
class Hello{
int num;
public static void main(String[] args) {
num = 10;
}
}
>javac Hello.java
Hello.java:4: non-static variable num cannot be referenced
from a static context
num = 10;
^
1 error

Main() doesn’t belong in a class
Always static
Because program need a place to start, before any
object been created.
Poor design decision
If you need access non-static variable of class
Hello, you need to create object Hello, even if
main() is in class Hello!
class Hello{
int num;
public static void main(String[] args){
Hello h = new Hello();
h.num = 10;
}
}

Difference between C and Java
No pointers
No global variable across classes
Variable declaration anywhere
Forward reference
Method can be invoked before defined
Method overloading
As long as the methods have different parameter lists
No struct, union, enum type
No variable-length argument list

Output
System.out.println();
System.err.println();
Err corresponds to Unix stderr
System.[out|err].print();
Same as println(), but no terminating newline
Easy to use, ready to go.

Input: importing library
Need routines from java.io package
import java.io.*;
System.in is not ready to use, need to build a
fully functional input object on top of it
InputStreamReader(System.in)
Basic byte-to-char translation
BufferedReader(InputStreamReader isr)
Allows us to read in a complete line and return it as a
String
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
//BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename));
String line = in.readLine();

Basic exception
readLine() throws IOException
Required to enclose within try/catch block
More on exception later

Integer.parseInt()
Static method
Can take the String returned by readLine()
and spit out an int
Throws NumberFormatException if String
cannot be interpreted as an integer

Java

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