Single-Row Functions in orcale Data base

3
Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
Single-Row Functions

3-2 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to
do the following:
• Describe various types of functions available
in SQL
• Use character, number, and date functions in
SELECT statements
• Describe the use of conversion functions

SQL Functions
FunctionFunction
Input
arg 1arg 1
arg 2arg 2
argarg nn
Function
performs action
Output
ResultResult
valuevalue

Two Types of SQL Functions
FunctionsFunctions
Single-rowSingle-row
functionsfunctions
Multiple-rowMultiple-row
functionsfunctions

Single row functions:
• Manipulate data items
• Accept arguments and return one value
• Act on each row returned
• Return one result per row
• May modify the data type
• Can be nested
• Accept arguments which can be a column or an
expression
function_name [(arg1, arg2,...)]function_name [(arg1, arg2,...)]

ConversionConversion
CharacterCharacter
NumberNumber
DateDate
GeneralGeneral
Single-rowSingle-row
functionsfunctions

Character Functions
CharacterCharacter
functionsfunctions
LOWER
UPPER
INITCAP
CONCAT
SUBSTR
LENGTH
INSTR
LPAD | RPAD
TRIM
REPLACE
Case-manipulationCase-manipulation
functionsfunctions
Character-manipulationCharacter-manipulation
functionsfunctions

Function Result
Case Manipulation Functions
These functions convert case for character strings.
LOWER('SQL Course')
UPPER('SQL Course')
INITCAP('SQL Course')
sql course
SQL COURSE
Sql Course

Using Case Manipulation Functions
Display the employee number, name, and department
number for employee Higgins:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'higgins';
no rows selectedno rows selected
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'higgins';
no rows selectedno rows selected
FROM employees
WHERE LOWER(last_name) = 'higgins';

CONCAT('Hello', 'World')
SUBSTR('HelloWorld',1,5)
LENGTH('HelloWorld')
INSTR('HelloWorld', 'W')
LPAD(salary,10,'*')
RPAD(salary, 10, '*')
TRIM('H' FROM 'HelloWorld')
HelloWorld
Hello
10
6
*****24000
24000*****
elloWorld
Function Result
Character-Manipulation Functions
These functions manipulate character strings:

SELECT employee_id, CONCAT(first_name, last_name) NAME,
job_id, LENGTH (last_name),
INSTR(last_name, 'a') "Contains 'a'?"
FROM employees
WHERE SUBSTR(job_id, 4) = 'REP';
Using the Character-Manipulation
Functions
1
2
31 2
3

Number Functions
• ROUND: Rounds value to specified decimal
ROUND(45.926, 2) 45.93
• TRUNC: Truncates value to specified decimal
TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92
• MOD: Returns remainder of division
MOD(1600, 300) 100

SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0),
ROUND(45.923,-1)
FROM DUAL;
Using the ROUND Function
DUAL is a dummy table you can use to view results
from functions and calculations.
1 2
3
31 2

SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923),
TRUNC(45.923,-2)
FROM DUAL;
Using the TRUNC Function
31 2
1 2
3

SELECT last_name, salary, MOD(salary, 5000)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP';
Using the MOD Function
Calculate the remainder of a salary after it is divided
by 5000 for all employees whose job title is sales
representative.

Working with Dates
• Oracle database stores dates in an internal
numeric format: century, year, month, day, hours,
minutes, seconds.
• The default date display format is DD-MON-RR.
– Allows you to store 21st century dates in the 20th
century by specifying only the last two digits of the
year.
– Allows you to store 20th century dates in the 21st
century in the same way.
SELECT last_name, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE last_name like ''G%';';

Working with Dates
SYSDATE is a function that returns:
• Date
• Time

Arithmetic with Dates
• Add or subtract a number to or from a date for a
resultant date value.
• Subtract two dates to find the number of days
between those dates.
• Add hours to a date by dividing the number of
hours by 24.

Using Arithmetic Operators
with Dates
SELECT last_name, (SYSDATE-hire_date)/7 AS WEEKS
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 90;

Date Functions
Number of months
between two dates
MONTHS_BETWEEN
ADD_MONTHS
NEXT_DAY
LAST_DAY
ROUND
TRUNC
Add calendar months to
date
Next day of the date
specified
Last day of the month
Round date
Truncate date
Function Description

• MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')
Using Date Functions
• ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6)
• NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY')
• LAST_DAY('01-FEB-95')
19.6774194
'11-JUL-94'
'08-SEP-95'
'28-FEB-95'

• ROUND(SYSDATE,'MONTH') 01-AUG-95
• ROUND(SYSDATE ,'YEAR') 01-JAN-96
• TRUNC(SYSDATE ,'MONTH') 01-JUL-95
• TRUNC(SYSDATE ,'YEAR') 01-JAN-95
Using Date Functions
Assume SYSDATE = '25-JUL-95':

Practice 3, Part One: Overview
This practice covers the following topics:
• Writing a query that displays the current date
• Creating queries that require the use of numeric,
character, and date functions
• Performing calculations of years and months of
service for an employee

Conversion Functions
Implicit data typeImplicit data type
conversionconversion
Explicit data typeExplicit data type
Data typeData type

Implicit Data Type Conversion
For assignments, the Oracle server can automatically
convert the following:
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
From To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
NUMBER
DATE
NUMBER
DATE
VARCHAR2
VARCHAR2

Implicit Data Type Conversion
For expression evaluation, the Oracle Server can
automatically convert the following:
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
From To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
NUMBER
DATE

Explicit Data Type Conversion
NUMBER CHARACTER
TO_CHAR
TO_NUMBER
DATE
TO_CHAR
TO_DATE

Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates
The format model:
• Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case
sensitive
• Can include any valid date format element
• Has an fm element to remove padded blanks or
suppress leading zeros
• Is separated from the date value by a comma
TO_CHAR(date, 'format_model')TO_CHAR(date, 'format_model')

YYYY
Elements of the Date Format Model
YEAR
MM
MONTH
DY
DAY
Full year in numbers
Year spelled out
Two-digit value for month
Three-letter abbreviation of the
day of the week
Full name of the day of the week
Full name of the month
MON
Three-letter abbreviation of the
month
DD Numeric day of the month

Elements of the Date Format Model
• Time elements format the time portion of the date.
• Add character strings by enclosing them in double
quotation marks.
• Number suffixes spell out numbers.
HH24:MI:SS AM 15:45:32 PM
DD "of" MONTH 12 of OCTOBER
ddspth fourteenth

Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates
SELECT last_name,
TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'fmDD Month YYYY')
AS HIREDATE
FROM employees;
…

Using the TO_CHAR Function with
Numbers
These are some of the format elements you can use
with the TO_CHAR function to display a number value
as a character:
TO_CHAR(number, 'format_model')TO_CHAR(number, 'format_model')
9
0
$
L
.
,
Represents a number
Forces a zero to be displayed
Places a floating dollar sign
Uses the floating local currency symbol
Prints a decimal point
Prints a thousand indicator

SELECT TO_CHAR(salary, '$99,999.00') SALARY
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Ernst';
Using the TO_CHAR Function with Numbers

Using the TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE
Functions
• Convert a character string to a number format
using the TO_NUMBER function:
• Convert a character string to a date format using
the TO_DATE function:
• These functions have an fx modifier. This modifier
specifies the exact matching for the character
argument and date format model of a TO_DATE
function
TO_NUMBER(char[, 'format_model'])TO_NUMBER(char[, 'format_model'])
TO_DATE(char[, 'format_model'])TO_DATE(char[, 'format_model'])

RR Date Format
Current Year
1995
1995
2001
2001
Specified Date
27-OCT-95
27-OCT-17
27-OCT-17
27-OCT-95
RR Format
1995
2017
2017
1995
YY Format
1995
1917
2017
2095
If two digits
of the
current
year are:
0–49
0–49 50–99
50–99
The return date is in
the current century
The return date is
in the century after
the current one
the century before
the current one
the current century
If the specified two-digit year is:

Example of RR Date Format
To find employees hired prior to 1990, use the RR
format, which produces the same results whether the
command is run in 1999 or now:
SELECT last_name, TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'DD-Mon-YYYY')
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date < TO_DATE('01-Jan-90', 'DD-Mon-RR');

Nesting Functions
• Single-row functions can be nested to any level.
• Nested functions are evaluated from deepest level
to the least deep level.
F3(F2(F1(col,arg1),arg2),arg3)
Step 1 = Result 1
Step 2 = Result 2
Step 3 = Result 3

SELECT last_name,
NVL(TO_CHAR(manager_id), 'No Manager')
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
Nesting Functions

General Functions
These functions work with any data type and pertain
to using nulls.
• NVL (expr1, expr2)
• NVL2 (expr1, expr2, expr3)
• NULLIF (expr1, expr2)
• COALESCE (expr1, expr2, ..., exprn)

NVL Function
Converts a null to an actual value.
• Data types that can be used are date, character,
and number.
• Data types must match:
– NVL(commission_pct,0)
– NVL(hire_date,'01-JAN-97')
– NVL(job_id,'No Job Yet')

SELECT last_name, salary, NVL(commission_pct, 0),
(salary*12) + (salary*12*NVL(commission_pct, 0)) AN_SAL
FROM employees;
Using the NVL Function
…
1 2
1
2

SELECT last_name, salary, commission_pct,
NVL2(commission_pct,
'SAL+COMM', 'SAL') income
FROM employees WHERE department_id IN (50, 80);
Using the NVL2 Function
1 2
1
2

SELECT first_name, LENGTH(first_name) "expr1",
last_name, LENGTH(last_name) "expr2",
NULLIF(LENGTH(first_name), LENGTH(last_name)) result
FROM employees;
Using the NULLIF Function
…
1
2
3
1 2 3

Using the COALESCE Function
• The advantage of the COALESCE function over the
NVL function is that the COALESCE function can
take multiple alternate values.
• If the first expression is not null, it returns that
expression; otherwise, it does a COALESCE of the
remaining expressions.

SELECT last_name,
COALESCE(commission_pct, salary, 10) comm
FROM employees
ORDER BY commission_pct;
Using the COALESCE Function
…

Conditional Expressions
• Provide the use of IF-THEN-ELSE logic within a
SQL statement
• Use two methods:
– CASE expression
– DECODE function

The CASE Expression
Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of
an IF-THEN-ELSE statement:
CASE expr WHEN comparison_expr1 THEN return_expr1
[WHEN comparison_expr2 THEN return_expr2
WHEN comparison_exprn THEN return_exprn
ELSE else_expr]
END
CASE expr WHEN comparison_expr1 THEN return_expr1
[WHEN comparison_expr2 THEN return_expr2
WHEN comparison_exprn THEN return_exprn
ELSE else_expr]
END

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary,
CASE job_id WHEN 'IT_PROG' THEN 1.10*salary
WHEN 'ST_CLERK' THEN 1.15*salary
WHEN 'SA_REP' THEN 1.20*salary
ELSE salary END "REVISED_SALARY"
FROM employees;
Using the CASE Expression
an IF-THEN-ELSE statement:
…
…

The DECODE Function
a CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE statement:
DECODE(col|expression, search1, result1
[, search2, result2,...,]
[, default])
DECODE(col|expression, search1, result1
[, search2, result2,...,]
[, default])

Using the DECODE Function
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary,
DECODE(job_id, 'IT_PROG', 1.10*salary,
'ST_CLERK', 1.15*salary,
'SA_REP', 1.20*salary,
salary)
REVISED_SALARY
FROM employees;
…
…

Using the DECODE Function
SELECT last_name, salary,
DECODE (TRUNC(salary/2000, 0),
0, 0.00,
1, 0.09,
2, 0.20,
3, 0.30,
4, 0.40,
5, 0.42,
6, 0.44,
0.45) TAX_RATE
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 80;
Display the applicable tax rate for each employee in
department 80.

Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
• Perform calculations on data using functions
• Modify individual data items using functions
• Manipulate output for groups of rows using
functions
• Alter date formats for display using functions
• Convert column data types using functions
• Use NVL functions
• Use IF-THEN-ELSE logic

Practice 3, Part Two: Overview
This practice covers the following topics:
• Creating queries that require the use of numeric,
character, and date functions
• Using concatenation with functions
• Writing case-insensitive queries to test the
usefulness of character functions
• Performing calculations of years and months of
service for an employee
• Determining the review date for an employee

Single-Row Functions in orcale Data base

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