Issues in Data Link Layer
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Computer Networks - Issues in Datalink Layer (Access Control, Error Control, Framing, Link Control...)
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data-link layer protocols BE Smârt This document provides an overview of data link control (DLC) and data link layer protocols. It discusses the key functions of DLC including framing, flow control, and error control. Framing involves encapsulating data frames with header information like source and destination addresses. Flow control manages the flow of data between nodes while error control handles detecting and correcting errors. Common data link layer protocols described include simple protocol, stop-and-wait protocol, and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC). HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol that supports full-duplex communication over both point-to-point and multipoint links. It uses three types of frames: unnumbered, information, and supervisory frames.
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Distance Vector RoutingShouvikDhali Distance vector routing is a routing protocol that determines the best route for data packets based on distance. Each router maintains a routing table with the minimum distances to every other node and periodically shares its table with neighbors. When a router receives an update indicating a change, it will recalculate its own routing table and propagate changes. While simple to implement, distance vector routing is prone to counting to infinity problems and slow convergence.
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Routing algorithmBushra M The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
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Token ring
Token ringselvakumar_b1985 Computer Network - Token Ring (Physical Properties, Media Access Algorithm - Token Algorithm, Frame Format)
data link layer
data link layerahmad amiruddin Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Data Link Layer bertugas memindahkan datagram antar node melalui link yang berbeda-beda protokolnya. Layanannya meliputi pengemasan datagram ke dalam frame, mengatur akses media, deteksi dan koreksi kesalahan, serta kontrol aliran. Protokol akses multi seperti ALOHA dan CSMA digunakan untuk berbagi media secara bersamaan. Ethernet menerapkan CSMA/CD pada kabel UTP dan berkembang h
Dcn ppt by roma
Dcn ppt by romaboraroma The data link layer is the second layer in the OSI model. It receives data from the network layer, applies addressing information, and provides error control, flow control and access control. It has two sublayers - the logical link control and media access control. It offers three types of services to the network layer: unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, and acknowledged connection-oriented. Common functions of the data link layer include framing data, error control using checksums, and flow control using protocols like stop-and-wait and sliding window. The media access control sublayer determines how nodes access shared broadcast networks.
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Routing algorithmBushra M The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
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Csma
Csmamyrajendra CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) is a protocol where nodes listen to detect if other nodes are transmitting before transmitting themselves to avoid collisions. There are different types of CSMA including persistent CSMA, non-persistent CSMA, and CSMA/CD. CSMA/CD adds collision detection, allowing nodes to detect collisions while transmitting and stop transmitting to avoid wasting bandwidth.
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Congestion on computer networkDisi Dc This document presents an overview of computer network congestion and congestion control techniques. It defines congestion as occurring when too many packets are present in a network link, causing queues to overflow and packets to drop. It then discusses factors that can cause congestion as well as the costs. It outlines open-loop and closed-loop congestion control approaches. Specific algorithms covered include leaky bucket, token bucket, choke packets, hop-by-hop choke packets, and load shedding. The document concludes by noting the importance of efficient congestion control techniques with room for improvement.
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Dcn ppt on data link layer
Dcn ppt on data link layerroma bora The document provides information about the data link layer in the OSI model. It discusses that the data link layer is the second layer, and performs functions like addressing, flow control, error control, and accessing. It has two sublayers - logical link control and media access control. It provides services to the network layer like transferring data frames. The three main services are unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, and acknowledged connection-oriented. Error control methods like checksums are used. Flow control is implemented through protocols like stop-and-wait and sliding window. Framing converts data into frames. The medium access sublayer determines how nodes access shared channels and discusses protocols like ALOHA and CSMA.
Data Link Layer (DLL) is the second layer in the OSI model. It provides error...
Data Link Layer (DLL) is the second layer in the OSI model. It provides error...nilayarajait The Data Link Layer (DLL) is the second layer in the OSI model. It provides error detection, flow control, and media access control for reliable communication over a physical network.
Data link layer
Data link layerMonu Chaudhary The data link layer provides services like error detection and correction to the network layer. It deals with issues like framing, flow control, and error handling when transmitting data frames between devices. Flow control mechanisms like stop-and-wait and sliding window are used to regulate frame transmission rates to prevent the receiver from being overwhelmed. Stop-and-wait allows sending one frame at a time while sliding window allows sending a fixed number of frames before needing an acknowledgment, improving efficiency over stop-and-wait. The data link layer frames network layer packets for transmission and handles issues like framing the data, detecting and correcting errors, and implementing flow control.
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Triggering transmission
Triggering transmissionselvakumar_b1985 TCP uses three mechanisms to trigger the transmission of data segments:
1. It sends a segment when it has collected MSS bytes from the sending process, where MSS is usually the largest segment size without IP fragmentation.
2. The sending process explicitly requests TCP to send data using the push operation.
3. A timer expires, causing TCP to send as many buffered bytes as possible in a segment.
Subnetting
Subnettingselvakumar_b1985 The document discusses subnetting and provides an example of how to subnet the IP network address 192.168.1.128 into 6 subnets. It explains that subnetting allows a single network number to be shared among multiple physical networks. Each host is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, where the subnet is calculated by performing a bitwise AND of the IP address and subnet mask. The example shows how to determine the subnet mask is 255.255.255.224 when creating 6 subnets, and that each subnet can support up to 30 hosts.
Email Security
Email Securityselvakumar_b1985 PGP and SSH are encryption protocols that provide security for email and remote login services. PGP provides authentication, confidentiality, data integrity, and non-repudiation for email using public key encryption and a web-of-trust system to distribute keys. SSH was created as a secure replacement for insecure remote login programs, using strong authentication and encryption to protect remote access and login sessions from tampering or eavesdropping.
RIP - Routing Information Protocol
RIP - Routing Information Protocolselvakumar_b1985 Distance vector routing is an algorithm where each node maintains a routing table with the distances to all other nodes and shares this table periodically with its neighbors. Nodes initially only know the cost to directly connected neighbors and update their tables based on information received, potentially leading to a "count to infinity" problem if routes oscillate. Solutions include using split horizon to not pass back the source of a route and poison reverse to mark such routes as infinite. RIP is an implementation of distance vector routing that shares updates every 30 seconds.
Physical Mediums
Physical Mediumsselvakumar_b1985 Physical links connect computers in a network and use transmission media like coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, or fiber optic cable to carry signals. Transmission media can be either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless). Guided media provide a direct path for signals and include coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, and fiber optic cable. Twisted pair cable uses two insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce interference, while coaxial cable has a central conductor surrounded by an insulated shield. Fiber optic cable carries signals in the form of light pulses and provides higher bandwidth and less attenuation than other wired media.
OSPF - Routing Protocol
OSPF - Routing Protocolselvakumar_b1985 Link state routing relies on each node disseminating information about its directly connected links to all other nodes, allowing each node to build a map of the network and calculate the shortest paths using Dijkstra's algorithm; nodes reliably flood their link state packets to ensure all nodes receive the latest information, then independently calculate routes based on the accumulated knowledge; routes are determined by having each node maintain tentative and confirmed lists, moving entries from tentative to confirmed after calculating costs through neighboring nodes' links.
Layering and Architecture
Layering and Architectureselvakumar_b1985 The document discusses network architecture and layering. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and the Internet (TCP/IP) architecture. The key points are:
- Network architecture provides a framework for network design and implementation and decomposes building a network into manageable components through layering.
- Layering provides modularity, making it easy to add new services by modifying only one layer. It also decomposes network services into well-defined layers.
- The OSI model has 7 layers, each solving a part of the networking problem. The Internet architecture is based on a layered model but does not imply strict layering.
- The Internet architecture uses a "hourglass" shape with IP at the
Internetworking - IP
Internetworking - IPselvakumar_b1985 - The Internet Protocol (IP) is the key networking protocol that enables internetworking and provides host-to-host delivery of data packets across interconnected networks of varying technologies.
- IP uses a best-effort delivery model, meaning it does not guarantee delivery of data packets and does not remedy lost, corrupted, misdelivered, or undelivered packets.
- IP packet headers contain fields for source and destination addresses, protocol type, fragmentation information, and more. IP packets can be fragmented into smaller pieces to accommodate networks with smaller maximum transmission unit sizes.
ICMP
ICMPselvakumar_b1985 The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) allows devices on an IP network to send error and control messages to other devices to report issues or unexpected network conditions. It provides communication between IP layers to facilitate troubleshooting by transmitting error messages with a type and code field as well as checksum for verification. Common ICMP message types include queries to request information and error messages sent in response to problems with IP datagrams.
Hybrid Channel Access Link
Hybrid Channel Access Linkselvakumar_b1985 GSM uses FDD to prevent interference between outgoing and incoming signals, and uses FDMA and TDMA to allow multiple devices to operate in a single cell. It combines these techniques with slotted Aloha and dynamic TDMA for data transfer. Bluetooth combines frequency hopping and CSMA/CA, using frequency hopping to transmit signals across multiple frequency channels and CSMA/CA for multiple access. Wireless LAN uses FDMA, DS-CDMA, and CSMA/CA, with FDMA and DS-CDMA to avoid interference between access points and CSMA/CA for multiple access within a cell. HIPERLAN/2 combines FDMA with dynamic TDMA for packet scheduling and resource reservation.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocolselvakumar_b1985 HTTP is the protocol used to retrieve web pages over the Internet. It uses a request/response model where browsers make requests to web servers using HTTP and receive responses. HTTP 1.1 introduced persistent connections allowing multiple requests to be sent over a single TCP connection, improving efficiency over HTTP 1.0 which required a separate connection for each request. Caching of responses in browsers and proxies improves page load times and reduces server load.
Addressing Scheme IPv4
Addressing Scheme IPv4selvakumar_b1985 Global IP addresses uniquely identify hosts globally and are hierarchical, consisting of a network and host part. There are four billion total addresses divided into Class A, B, and C types, with Class A making up half and Classes B and C each making up one-fourth. IP addresses are represented in dot notation such as 192.168.0.1.
File Transfer Protocol
File Transfer Protocolselvakumar_b1985 FTP is a standard protocol for transferring files over the Internet. It establishes two connections between hosts - one for data transfer and the other for control information like commands. FTP uses ports 21 for control and 20 for data. It supports different transmission modes like stream, block, and compressed. It allows clients to authenticate, specify file formats, and access files anonymously in some cases.
Framing Protocols
Framing Protocolsselvakumar_b1985 This document discusses different approaches for framing at the data link layer. It describes byte-oriented protocols like BISYNC, PPP that use sentinel characters or byte stuffing to delineate frames. The byte count approach used in DDCMP is also covered. For bit-oriented protocols, HDLC is described in detail, including its use of start/end bit sequences and bit stuffing to recognize frame boundaries despite corruption. Protocols like LCP, PAP, CHAP used along with PPP are also summarized briefly.
Flow Control
Flow Controlselvakumar_b1985 Flow control specifies how much data a sender can transmit before receiving permission to continue. There are two main types of flow control: stop-and-wait and sliding window. Stop-and-wait allows transmission of one frame at a time, while sliding window allows transmitting multiple frames before needing acknowledgement. Sliding window flow control uses variables like window size, last ACK received, and last frame sent to determine how transmission proceeds. It provides more efficiency than stop-and-wait. Automatic repeat request (ARQ) handles retransmission of lost or damaged frames through timeouts, negative acknowledgements, or cumulative acknowledgements depending on the specific ARQ protocol used.
FDDI
FDDIselvakumar_b1985 FDDI is a fiber optic network similar to IEEE 802.5 but uses fiber cables instead of copper. It uses a dual ring topology with two independent rings transmitting in opposite directions to provide redundancy in case the primary link fails. Nodes can attach to the network via a single cable using a single attachment station concentrator. The timed token protocol is used to ensure fair access to the network and maintains a target token rotation time to prevent latency.
Ethernet
Ethernetselvakumar_b1985 Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method where nodes can sense carrier and detect collisions. It was first defined in 1978 and formed basis for IEEE 802.3 standard. It uses exponential backoff to retry transmission after collisions and is limited to 2500m to ensure collisions can be detected. Ethernet addresses are unique to each adapter and frames contain fields for source, destination, data and error checking.
Error control
Error controlselvakumar_b1985 This document discusses different types of errors that can occur during data transmission and various error detection and correction techniques. It describes single-bit errors where one bit is changed and burst errors where multiple consecutive bits are changed. It then explains techniques like two-dimensional parity, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks which add redundant bits to detect errors by checking for discrepancies between transmitted and received data. The document provides examples of how internet checksums and cyclic redundancy checks work to detect errors.
DNS 
DNS selvakumar_b1985 The Domain Name System (DNS) is used to translate human-friendly host names into IP addresses. It implements a hierarchical namespace where each level of the hierarchy is administered separately. DNS servers store resource records containing name-value pairs that map names to IP addresses or other information. When a name is queried, the DNS system recursively searches through these records across multiple name servers to return the corresponding value.
DHCP
DHCPselvakumar_b1985 The document discusses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP allows network devices to request and obtain IP addresses and other configuration information automatically from a DHCP server. When a device boots up or connects to the network, it will broadcast a DHCP discover message. A DHCP relay forwards the request to the DHCP server, which will provide an IP address and other configuration parameters to the client through a DHCP offer message. Addresses are leased for a period of time before needing renewal to allow for dynamic allocation and reuse of addresses. This automatic provisioning simplifies network configuration management.
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Issues in Data Link Layer
- 2. Issues in Data Link Layer • The main job of the data link layer is to make the communication on the physical link reliable & efficient. Issues, – Provide interface to the network layer services. – Framing – Flow Control – Error Control – Synchronization – Link Configuration Control.
- 3. Issues in Data Link Layer Services provided to Network layer Virtual Communication Actual Comunication
- 4. Types of services provided to the Network Layer, Unacknowledged Connectionless service Acknowledged Connectionless service Acknowledged Connection oriented service Framing • Translation of physical layer’s raw bits into a larger aggregate (or) discrete units called frames. • Here beginning and end of the data are marked to recognize the frame & used in synchronization. Issues in Data Link Layer
- 5. Synchronization • Receiver must know, when the data begins & when it ends and also receiver should be able to distinguish between each bit in the frame of data. Flow Control • Refers to the mechanisms that make sure that the sending station cannot overwhelm the receiving station. • Preventing the buffer overflow. Eg., Sliding Window. Issues in Data Link Layer
- 6. Error Control • All transmission media have potential for introduction of errors. • Error control mechanisms can detect as well as correct errors. Link Configuration Control • Link Topology Physical arrangement of the connection between the devices. • Link Duplexity Simplex – only one device can transmit to other. (ie., one direction transmit) Issues in Data Link Layer
- 7. half duplex – Both device can transmit to each other, but not simultaneously. full duplex – Both device can transmit simultaneously. Issues in Data Link Layer