Smart door project report shivnaresh likhar

SMART DOOR
A Major Project Report submitted to
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal
Towards partial fulfilment for
The degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Mrs. Rashmi singh
Submitted by:
Name of Student: -
Mahesh Patil (0863EC121011)
Shivnaresh Likhar (0863EC121028)
Session: 2015-16
Department of Electrical Engineering
PRESTIGEINSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH
Prestige Vihar, Scheme No. 74-C, Sector-D, Vijay Nagar, Indore - 452010 (M. P.)
[Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, DTE Govt. of M.P. & Affiliated to RGPV, Bhopal]

Sch. No. 74C, Prestige Vihar, Vijay Nagar, Indore- 452010
RECOMMENDATION
This Project Report entitled “Smart Door” Submitted as Major Project by Mr. Mahesh Patil &
Mr. Shivnaresh Likhar in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics & Communication Engineering of the Prestige Institute of
Engineering Management & Research, Indore during the academic year 2015-16.
The work contained in the report is a satisfactory account of his project work and is
recommended for the major project.
Prof. Mrs. Rashmi singh Prof. Sadhana Tiwari
Asst. Professor Prof. & Head
EC Department EC Department
P.I.E.M.R., Indore P.I.E.M.R., Indore
Dr. Suresh Jain
Director
P.I.E.M.R., Indore

Sch. No. 74C, Prestige Vihar, Vijay Nagar, Indore- 452010
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Mahesh Patil & Mr. Shivnaresh Likhar Student’s of Final year,
of Electronics & Communication Engineering in academic year 2015-16 have completed
their project work on “Smart Door” and have submitted their Major Project report as partial
fulfilment of the requirement of Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal for
award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Date: 18/05/2016 Date: 23/05/2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
After the completion of major project work, words are not enough to express our feelings
about all those who helped us to reach our goal; feeling above this is our indebtedness to the
almighty for providing us this moment in life.
First and foremost, we take this opportunity to express our deep regards and heartfelt
gratitude to our project guide Prof. Mrs. Rashmi singh, Designation, Department of
Electronics & Communication Engineering ,PIEMR, Indore for her inspiring guidance and
timely suggestions in carrying out our project successfully. She has also being a constant source
of inspiration for us. Working under her guidance has been an opportunity for us to learn more
and more.
We are extremely thankful to Prof. Sadhana Tiwari, Prof. & Head, Electronics and
Communication Engineering Department, PIEMR, Indore for her co-operation and
motivation during the project.
We extend our deepest gratitude to Dr. Suresh Jain, Director, PIEMR Indore for
providing all the necessary facilities and true encouraging environment to bring out the best of
our endeavours.
We would also like to thank all the teachers of our department for providing invaluable
support and motivation.
We are also grateful to our friends and colleagues for their help and cooperation throughout
this work.
Last but not the least; we thank our family for their support, patience, blessings and
understanding while completing our project.
MaheshPatil (0863EC121011)
Shivnaresh Likhar (0863EC121028)

ABSTACT
This major report is all about the embedded systems and its application in various fields of real
world with the help of arduino software. As a result of enhanced civilization and modernization,
the human nature demands more comfort to his life. The man seeks ways to do things easily and
which saves time. So thus, the automatic gates are one of the examples that human nature invent
to bring comfort and ease in its daily life. Automatic entrance/exit door control is widely used in
public places such as shopping malls, transportation stations, airports, and theatres stores to
eliminate the need of manually opening and closing actions. Smart door system provides advance
automation for owners. The smart door project is an innovative access control system, based on
human detection. The proposed system can first identify a person with the help of PIR sensor and
if any change in temperature detected then control unit (8mega 328 microcontroller) sends a
control action to relay driver unit to finally activate the door accordingly.

Table of Contents
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Introduction 1-2
1.1 Problem Statement 2
1.1.1 Existing System 2
1.1.2 Limitations 2
1.2 Proposed System 2
2 Literature Survey 3-8
2.1 Technologies 4-6
2.1.1 Embedded System 4-6
2.2 Tools 7-8
2.2.1 Multimeter 7
2.2.2 Drilling Machine 7
2.2.3 Soldering Iron 7-8
2.2.4 Screwdriver 8
2.2.5 Pliers 8
3 Analysis 9-35
3.1Detailed Statement of Problem 10
3.2 Hardware Requirements 11-26
3.2.1 ATmega328 microcontroller 11-13
3.2.2 PIR sensor 14-16

3.2.3 Relay driver IC (ULN 2003A) 17-18
3.2.4 Crystal Oscillator 19-20
3.2.5 Voltage regulator IC (7805 IC) 21-22
3.2.6 SPDT Relay 23
3.2.7 Bridge Rectifier 24-25
3.2.8 Liquid Crystal Display 26
3.3 Software Requirements 27-30
3.3.1 EAGLE 27-28
3.3.2 Arduino 29-30
3.4 Block Diagram 31
3.5 Schematic Diagram 32
3.6 Flow Chart 33
3.7 Working 34
3.8 Project Image 35
4 Conclusion 36-38
4.1 Future Extensions 37
4.2 Limitations 38
5 References 39

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. CAPTION OF FIGURE PAGE NO.
1 ATmega328 Microcontroller
2 PIR sensor
3 Relay driver IC (ULN 2003A)
4 Crystal Oscillator
5 Voltage regulator IC (7805 IC)
6 SPDT Relay
7 Bridge Rectifier
8 Liquid Crystal Display
9 EAGLE
10 Arduino
11 Block Diagram
12 Schematic Diagram
13 Flow chart

1.1 Problem Statement
Opening and closing of doors is always a tedious job, especially in places like shopping malls,
airports, hotels, hospitals and theatres where a person is always required to open the door for
visitors.
For people in wheelchairs (disabled persons), it is very difficult to open the door.
In warehouses and other facilities where people frequently have their hands full, contributing to
safety and efficiency by making it easier for people to get around.
1.1.1 Existing System
To open and close the door, the traditional way is to manually open and close the door.
1.1.2 Limitations
In traditional way, the manually opening and closing door take human effort.
It is time consuming and tedious job.
1.2 Proposed System
Smart door system provides advance automation for owners. You must have seen automatic door
openers in shopping malls, theatres and commercial buildings. These systems are used to open
the door when a person comes near to the entrance of the door and close it after entered into the
door.
This project proposes a system of automatic opening and closing of door by sensing any body
movement near the door. This is achieved with the help of a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor.

2.1 Technologies
2.1.1 Embedded System
As a technology, embedded system is very useful, because in today era all the projects
are now embedded. An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within
a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It
is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts.
In other words embedded system is defined as “A way of working, organizing or performing one
or many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or plan.”
In our project too, embedded system are used as the technology. The hardware part of system
consist an ATmega328 microcontroller & with suitable Arduino software part. Smart door
system is an appropriate use of embedded technology.
Other examples of embedded system are as follows:
Time display system – A watch
Automatic cloth washing system – A washing machine
Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose
computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met,
for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements,
allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs with integrated
memory or peripheral interfaces) and dedicated to specific tasks,
Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to
large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems

like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a
single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals..
Embedded systems are widespread in consumer, industrial, commercial and navigation services.
Telecommunication systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for
the network to mobile phones at the end- user. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and
network bridges to route data.
 Key components of embedded system
Processors:
It is the central processing unit known as the heart of embedded system.
It is the hardware that executes the software.
Control the activities of all the other circuits.
Memory:
It is used to store the software.
It also provides storage for data such as program variables, intermediate results and any other
data generated throughout the operation.
 Characteristics of embedded system:
User interface
Embedded systems range from no user interface at all, in systems dedicated only to one task, to
complex graphical user interfaces that resemble modern computer desktop operating systems.
Simple embedded devices use buttons, LEDs, graphic or character LCDs with a simple menu
system.

Reliability
Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for years
without errors and in some cases recover by them if an error occurs. Therefore, the software is
usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable
mechanical moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.
Peripherals
Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as:
Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI)
Universal Serial Bus (USB)

2.2 Tools
Depending on the task at hand, we have used a variety of tools that may be needed. Being able to
do the job properly, that may depend on having the correct tools or equipment.
The tools used in our project for successful completions are-
2.2.1 Multimeter
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm meter or volt-ohm-
milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement
functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance.
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding. They can be used to
troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such
as electronic equipment, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems. Most
multimeters are designed to be used in both AC and DC circuits.
2.2.2 PCB Drilling Machine
A PCB drilling machine is used to cut a hole of circular cross-section on a PCB with the help of
drill bit. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the PCB
and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the
cutting edge against the PCB.
2.2.3 Soldering Iron
A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can flow
into the joint between two workpieces.

A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is often
achieved electrically, by passing an electric current through a resistive heating element. In our
project it is used for connecting components to printed circuit boards.
2.2.4 Screwdriver
A screwdriver is a tool, for turning (driving or removing) screws. A typical simple screwdriver
has a handle and a shaft, and a tip that the user inserts into the screw head to turn it. The shaft is
usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist wear,
treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw or ridged or
treated for additional 'grip'. Handle are typically wood, metal, or plastic and usually hexagonal,
square, or oval in cross-section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down.
2.2.5 Pliers
Pliers are a hand tool used to hold object. They are also useful for bending and compressing a
wide range of materials. Generally, pliers consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at
a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the levers, creating short jaws on one side of the
fulcrum, and longer handles on the other side. This arrangement creates a mechanical advantage,
allowing the force of the hand's grip to be amplified and focused on an object with precision. The
jaws can also be used to manipulate objects too small or unwieldy to be manipulated with
the fingers.

3.1 Detailed Statement of Problem
We have seen automatic door openers in shopping malls, theatres, airports, warehouses, hospitals
and commercial buildings.
In this type of places or other many other places opening and closing of doors is always a tedious
job. Where a person is always required to open and close the door.
For people in wheelchairs and other disabled individuals, since conventional doors can be very
hard to work with. It may be impossible to open a conventional door while seated in a
wheelchair.

3.2 Hardware Requirements
3.2.1 ATMEGA328 Microcontroller

The ATmega328 is a single chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family and
it is an 8 bit microcontroller.
The AVR architecture was conceived by two students at the Norwegian Institute of
Technology (NTH) Alf-Egil Bogen] and Vegard Wollan.
AVR stands for Alf (Egil bogen) and Vegard (wollan)’s RISC processor.
AT mega 328 is dual inline package (DIP).
Features
 28-pin AVR Microcontroller
 Flash Program Memory: 32 Kbytes
 EEPROM Data Memory: 1 Kbytes
 SRAM Data Memory: 2 Kbytes
 I/O Pins: 23
 Timers: Two 8-bit / One 16-bit
 A/D Converter: 10-bit Six Channel
 USART: Yes
 Advanced RISC Architecture –
31 Powerful Instructions
Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
 Peripheral Features –
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters
One 16-bit Timer/Counter Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
 Operating Voltage: – 1.8 - 5.5V
 Temperature Range: – 40°C to 85°C

Applications
ATmega328 is widely used in various projects where a simple low powered, low cost
microcontroller is needed and it provides much functionality on a single chip.
The most common implementation of this chip is on the popular Arduino development platform,
namely the Arduino Uno and Arduino Nano models.

3.2.2 Passive Infrared Sensor
A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light
radiating from objects in its field of view and it always detects change in temperature.
All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation.
Usually this radiation is invisible to the human eye.
The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or radiate any
energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting the energy given off by other
objects. PIR sensors don't detect or measure "heat"; instead they detect the infrared radiation
emitted or reflected from an object.

Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the 'sensor face'. At the core of
a PIR sensor is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made from pyroelectric materials—materials
which generate energy when exposed to heat. Typically, the sensors are approximately 1/4 inch
square (40 mm2), and take the form of a thin film.
Materials commonly used in PIR sensors include gallium nitride (GaN), caesium
nitrate (CsNO3), polyvinyl fluorides, and cobalt phthalocyanine.
Operating temperature: 0 to 50 °C
Sensitivity range: up to 15-20 feet
A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other objects.
They are commonly used in burglar alarms and automatically-activated lighting systems. They
are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive infrared detector".
Operation
An individual PIR sensor detects changes in the amount of infrared radiation impinging upon it,
which varies depending on the temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in front of
the sensor. When an object, such as a human, passes in front of the background, such as a wall,
the temperature at that point in the sensor's field of view will rise from room temperature to body
temperature, and then back again. The sensor converts the resulting change in the incoming
infrared radiation into a change in the output voltage, and this triggers the detection.
PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The most common models
have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments, an effective range of about ten meters (thirty
feet), and a field of view less than 180 degrees. Models with wider fields of view, including 360
degrees, are available—typically designed to mount on a ceiling. Some larger PIRs are made
with single segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared energy over one hundred feet
away from the PIR. There are also PIRs designed with reversible orientation mirrors which allow

either broad coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain" coverage or with individually
selectable segments to "shape" the coverage.
Product design
The PIR sensor is typically mounted on a printed circuit board containing the necessary
electronics required to interpret the signals from the sensor itself. The complete assembly is
usually contained within housing, mounted in a location where the sensor can cover area to be
monitored.
The housing will usually have a plastic "window" through which the infrared energy can enter.
Infrared energy is able to reach the sensor through the window because the plastic used
is transparent to infrared radiation. The plastic window reduces the chance of foreign objects
(dust, insects, etc.) from obscuring the sensor's field of view.
Different mechanisms can be used to focus the distant infrared energy onto the sensor surface.
The plastic window covering may have multiple facets molded into it, to focus the infrared
energy onto the sensor. Each individual facet is a Fresnel lens.
Some PIRs are manufactured with internal, segmented parabolic mirrors to focus the infrared
energy. Where mirrors are used, the plastic window cover generally has no Fresnel lenses
molded into it.

3.2.3 Relay driver IC (ULN 2003A)
A Relay driver IC is an electro-magnetic switch that will be used whenever we want to use a low
voltage circuit to switch a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains supply.
The ULN2003A is an array of seven NPN Darlington transistors capable of 500mA, 50V output.
It features common-cathode flyback diodes for switching inductive loads. It can come
in PDIP, SOIC, SOP or TSSOP packaging
The relay driver uln2003 IC is a high voltage and current darlington array IC, it comprises of 7-
open collector darlington pairs with common emitters. A pair of darlington is an arrangement of
two bipolar transistors. This IC belongs to the family of ULN200x ICs and various types of this
family interface to various logic families. This ULN2003 IC is for 5V TTL and CMOS logic
devices. These ICs are used as relay drivers as well as to drive a wide range of loads, line drivers,
display drivers etc. This IC is also normally used while driving Stepper Motors. The pairs of
darlington in ULN2003 is esteemed at 500mA and can withstand peak current of 600mA.In the

pin layout, the i/ps & o/ps are provided reverse to each other. Each driver also has a suppression
diode to dissipate voltage spikes while driving inductive loads
ULN2003 is used where the current rating and voltage rating of a motor or any load which is to
handled by microcontroller is more than the current handling and voltage handling capacity of
that microcontroller.
A pin of ULN2003 can handle 600 mA current. It can withstand voltage upto 50 volt. A pin of
any microcontroller can handle current upto 200 mA and controller voltage is around 5 volt.
So we use uln2003 in parallel to any microcontroller to drive heavy load devices. Uln2003
accepts TTL from MCU which may be 5v or 0v and depending on this value ULN2003 turns on
the heavy load or turn it off respectively.
The ULN2003 is known for its high-current, high-voltage capacity. The drivers can be paralleled
for even higher current output. Even further, stacking one chip on top of another, both
electrically and physically, has been done. Generally it can also be used for interfacing with
a stepper motor, where the motor requires high ratings which cannot be provided by other
interfacing devices.
Feature
Main specifications:
 500 mA rated collector current (single output)
 50 V output (there is a version that supports 100 V output)
 Includes output flyback diodes
 Inputs compatible with TTL and 5-V CMOS logic
Application
Typical usage of the ULN2003A is in driver circuits for relays, lamp and LED displays, stepper
motors, logic buffers and line drivers

3.2.4 Crystal Oscillator
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise
frequency.
The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits
incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators.
Crystal oscillators are oscillators where the primary frequency determining element is a quartz
crystal. Because of the inherent characteristics of the quartz crystal the crystal oscillator may
be held to extreme accuracy of frequency stability. Temperature compensation may be applied
to crystal oscillators to improve thermal stability of the crystal oscillator.
Crystal oscillators are usually, fixed frequency oscillators where stability and accuracy are the
primary considerations. For example it is almost impossible to design a stable and accurate LC
oscillator for the upper HF and higher frequencies without resorting to some sort of crystal
control. Hence the reason for crystal oscillators.
Typical crystal oscillator frequencies range between 1.8 and 70 MHz.

Crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly
ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.
Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a crystal, with
appropriate transducers, since all objects have natural resonant frequencies of vibration. For
example, steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was often used in mechanical
filters before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on size, shape, elasticity, and the speed of
sound in the material. High-frequency crystals are typically cut in the shape of a simple,
rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals, such as those used in digital watches, are typically cut
in the shape of a tuning fork. For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-
cost ceramic resonator is often used in place of a quartz crystal.
When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted, it can be made to distort in an electric
field by applying a voltage to an electrode near or on the crystal. This property is known
as electrostriction or inverse piezoelectricity. When the field is removed, the quartz generates an
electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can generate a voltage. The result is that
a quartz crystal behaves like an RLC circuit, composed of an inductor, capacitor and resistor,
with a precise resonant frequency.
Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that
the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics depend
on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative to its crystallographic
axes). Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which depends on its size, does not change
much. This means that a quartz clock, filter or oscillator remains accurate. For critical
applications the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called
a crystal oven, and can also be mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external
mechanical vibrations.

3.2.5 Voltage regulator IC (7805 IC)
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. The 78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...)
is a family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is
commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use
and low cost. For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the
output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5-volt output). The 78xx line is positive voltage
regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.
IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V regulated
power supply. It comes with provision to add heatsink.
The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a constant steady
voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V.
The LM7805 is a monolithic three 3-pin IC.

Pin 1 (Input Pin): The Input pin is the pin that accepts the incoming DC voltage, which the
voltage regulator will eventually regulate down to 5 volts.
Pin 2 (Ground): Ground pin establishes the ground for the regulator.
Pin 3 (Output Pin): The Output pin is the regulated 5 volts DC.
Advantages
 78xx series ICs do not require additional components to provide a constant, regulated source
of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical and efficient uses of space. Other
voltage regulators may require additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist
in the regulation process. Some other designs (such as a switched-mode power supply) may
need substantial engineering expertise to implement.
 78xx series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much current. They
have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite robust in most
applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 78xx devices can provide
protection not only for the 78xx itself, but also for other parts of the circuit.
Disadvantages
 The input voltage must always be higher than the output voltage by some minimum amount
(typically 2.5 volts). This can make these devices unsuitable for powering some devices from
certain types of power sources (for example, powering a circuit that requires 5 volts using 6-volt
batteries will not work using a 7805).

3.2.6 SPDT Relay
SPDT stand for Single Pole Double Throw. The SPDT relay is quite useful in certain
applications because of its internal configuration.
In this relay common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a
relay has five terminals in total.
It has one common terminal and 2 contacts in 2 different configurations: one can be Normally
Closed and the other one is opened or it can be Normally Open and the other one closed. So
basically you can see the SPDT relay as a way of switching between 2 circuits: when there is no
voltage applied to the coil one circuit “receives” current, the other one doesn’t and when the coil
gets energised the opposite is happening.
The coil voltage on this relay is rated at 12VDC, and the load current is rated up to 10A.
Features:
 12VDC SPDT Relay
 Rated up to 10A
 Fully Seale

3.2.7 Bridge Rectifier
A rectifier diode lets electrical current flow in only one direction and is mainly used for power
supply operation. Rectifier diodes can handle higher current flow than regular diodes and are
generally used in order to change alternating current into direct current.
A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration. It is
used for converting an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output. A bridge
rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, therefore resulting in lower
weight and cost when compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a
centre-tapped secondary winding.
Applications for Bridge Rectifiers:
The primary application of bridge rectifiers is to transform an AC supply into DC power. All
electronic devices require direct current, so bridge rectifiers are used inside the power supplies of
almost all electronic equipment. Bridge rectifiers are also used for detecting the amplitude of
modulated radio signals. The signal may be amplified before it is detected. If it is not, then a very

low voltage drop diode or a diode biased with a fixed voltage must be used. Rectifiers are also
used to supply polarized voltage for welding applications. Control of the output current is
required in such circuits, and this may be achieved by replacing some of the diodes in a bridge
rectifier with thyristors, which are diodes whose voltage output can be regulated by switching on
and off with phase fired controllers.

3.2.8 Liquid Crystal Display
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual display that uses
the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or
fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset
words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology,
except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays
have larger elements.

Smart door project report shivnaresh likhar

3.3 Software Requirements
3.3.1 Eagle
EAGLE stands for, Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor in English. It is designed and
developed by CadSoft Computer GmbH and is a flexible, expandable and scriptable, electronic
design automation (EDA) application with schematic capture editor, printed circuit board (PCB)
layout editor tools.
EAGLE 7.5.0 released on 17 November 2015.
EAGLE was developed in 1988 as a 16-bit application for Microsoft DOS, with support
for OS/2 and Windows added later on. Starting with version 4.0, EAGLE was converted to 32-bit.
EAGLE version 4.0 also dropped support for DOS and OS/2, but was among the first professional
electronic CAD tools available for Linux. A 32-bit DPMI version of EAGLE 4.0 running under
DOS was available on special request in order to help support existing customers, but was not
released commercially.
Starting with version 4.13, EAGLE became available for Mac OS X, with versions before 5.0.0
still requiring X11. Version 5.0.0 officially dropped support for Windows 9x and Windows
NT 3.x/4.x. EAGLE 6.0.0 no longer supports Mac OS X on the Power PC platform (only on Intel

Macs), and the minimum requirements have been changed to Mac OS X 10.6, Linux 2.6 and
Windows XP.
EAGLE contains a schematic editor, for designing circuit diagrams. Parts can be placed on many
sheets and connected together through ports. The PCB layout editor allows back annotation to the
schematic and auto-routing to automatically connect traces based on the connections defined in
the schematic.
EAGLE saves Gerber and PostScript layout files and Excellon and Sieb & Meyer drill files.
These
standard files are accepted by many PCB fabrication companies.

3.3.2 Arduino 1.6.5
Arduino is a software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures
computer open-source hardware, open-source software, and microcontroller-based kits for
building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices.
The Arduino's initial core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe,
Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, where some of the founders of the project used to
meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of
Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which is
a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. It originated from the
IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It is designed to introduce programming to artists
and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with
features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and provides
simple one-click mechanism to compile and load programs to an Arduino board. A program
written with the IDE for Arduino is called a "sketch".
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules to organize code. The
Arduino IDE supplies a software library called Wiring from the Wiring project, which provides
many common input and output procedures.
After compiling and linking with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution, the
Arduino IDE employs the programavrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in
hexadecimal coding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's
firmware.

3.7 Working
A live body generally emits infrared energy and when a body approaches within the operating
range of the PIR sensor. PIR sensor the change in temperature to equivalent voltage and this
signal is called sensing signal.
This sensing signal is fed to 8mega328 microcontroller by PIR sensor and 8mega328
microcontroller sends a logical command to motor driver IC for appropriate action.
The door automatically closes with a fixed time delay. If there is no further movement within the
PIR operating range.

4.1 Future Extensions
For an improved, effective system to be implemented and achieved, the following suggestion
should be considered for further work.
A better sensor is recommended to achieve better performance, enhance accuracy and achieve
new functionality. For instance, a suitable sensor such as microwave sensor, ultrasonic sensor and
radar sensor that could detects goods in any vehicle.
To achieve full automation, a real time system should be employed and a closed circuit television
(CCTV) system provided for proper monitoring and security purposes.
The system can be later enhanced by integrating counter mechanism or arrangement for keeping a
record of entry and exit of people at particular place.
This system can be used as a security purpose. In the sense that to identify thief entered in house.

4.2 Limitations
The reliability of a motion sensor may also be affected by rapid environmental changes and
direct sunlight. Also, things like a fireplace, and direct wind from an air conditioner or heater.
This is because a PIR sensor actually detects changes in infrared energy - specifically, the "heat
energy" emitted by normal human skin temperature.
PIR sensor is going to have trouble if you’re welkin out to the pool on a hot day, or back in from
a snowball fight in a heavy winter coat.

References
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor
 http://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/automatic-door-opener-project-using
Arduino http://www.slideshare.net/indira_kundu/report-on-automatic-door
 http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x11fgbb_movement-sensed-automatic-door-opening-
system-engineering-projects_tech
 http://www.datasheetarchive.com/ULN2003%20features-datasheet.html
 http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/pmcl/de/Downloads/Lecture04.pdf
 http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Atmega328-pinout.php
 https://www.parallax.com/sites/default/files/downloads/555-28027-PIR-Sensor-Product-
Guide-v2.3.pdf
 http://www.slideshare.net/indira_kundu/report-on-automatic-door
 https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-connecting-a-crystal-oscillator-to-your-
microcontroller-Why-cant-I-use-the-internal-oscillator-itself
 http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/oscillators/crystal-oscillators.htm
 http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/7805-voltage-regulator-ic
 http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/What-is-a-LM7805-voltage-regulator
 http://www.electroschematics.com/9598/spdt-relay-switch/
http://www.futureelectronics.com/en/diodes/bridge-rectifiers.aspx
 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/rectbr.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAGLE_(program)

Smart door project report shivnaresh likhar

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