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- 1. Data storage is the collective methods and technologies that capture and retain digital information on electromagnetic, optical or silicon-based storage media Storage is a key component of digital devices, as consumers and businesses have come to rely on it to preserve information ranging from personal photos to business-critical information 1
- 2. Larger application scripts and real-time database analytics have contributed to the advent of highly dense and scalable storage systems, including high- performance computing storage, converged infrastructure, composable storage systems, hyper- converged storage infrastructure, scale-out and scale- up network-attached storage (NAS) and object storage platforms 2
- 3. How data storage works The term storage may refer both to a user's data generally and, more specifically, to the integrated hardware and software systems used to capture, manage and prioritize the data. This includes information in applications, databases, data warehouses, archiving, backup appliances and cloud storage. 3
- 4. Digital information is written to target storage media The smallest unit of measure in a computer memory is a bit, described with a binary value of 0 or 1, according to the level of electrical voltage contained in a single capacitor. Eight bits make up one byte. 4
- 5. Larger measures kilobyte (KB) equal to 1,024 bytes megabyte (MB) equal to 1,024 KB gigabyte (GB) equal to 1,024 MB terabyte (TB) equal to 1,024 GB petabyte (PB) equal to 1,024 TB exabyte (EB) equal to 1,024 PB 5
- 6. Few organizations require a single storage system or connected system that can reach an exabyte of data, but there are storage systems that scale to multiple petabytes. 6
- 7. Data storage capacity requirements define how much storage is needed to run an application, a set of applications or data sets. Capacity requirements take into account the types of data. For instance, simple documents may only require kilobytes of capacity, while graphic-intensive files, such as digital photographs, may take up megabytes, and a video file can require gigabytes of storage. Computer applications commonly list the minimum and recommended capacity requirements needed to run them. 7
- 8. Types of data storage devices/mediums Data storage media have varying levels of capacity and speed. These include cache memory, dynamic RAM (DRAM) or main memory; magnetic tape and magnetic disk; optical disc, such as CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray disks; flash memory and various iterations of in-memory storage and cache memory 8
- 9. The main types of storage media in use today include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state storage, optical storage and tape. Spinning HDDs use platters stacked on top of each other coated in magnetic media with disk heads that read and write data to the media. HDDs are widely used storage in personal computers, servers and enterprise storage systems, but SSDs are starting to reach performance and price parity with disk. 9
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- 11. SSDs store data on nonvolatile flash memory chips. Unlike spinning disk drives, SSDs have no moving parts. They are increasingly found in all types of computers, although they remain more expensive than HDDs. Although they haven't gone mainstream yet, some manufacturers are shipping storage devices that combine a hybrid of RAM and flash. 11
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- 14. Flash memory cards are integrated in digital cameras and mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, audio recorders and media players. Flash memory is found on Secure Digital cards, CompactFlash cards, MultiMediaCards and USB memory sticks. 14
- 15. Enterprise storage networks and server-side flash Enterprise storage vendors provide integrated NAS systems to help organizations collect The hardware includes storage arrays or storage servers equipped with hard drives, flash drives or a hybrid combination, and storage OS software to deliver array- based data services. 15
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- 17. Since 2011, an increasing number of enterprises have implemented all-flash arrays outfitted only with NAND flash-based SSDs, either as an adjunct or replacement to disk arrays. 17
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- 19. Data storage is a must for everyone, as technology has evolved Computers have allowed for increasingly capacious and efficient data storage Which in turn has allowed increasingly sophisticated ways to use it 19
- 20. These include a variety of business applications, each with unique storage demands The storage used for long-term data archiving, in which the data will be very infrequently accessed, might be different from the storage used for backup and restore or disaster recovery, in which data needs to be frequently accessed or change 20
- 21. None of these new data storage technologies would be possible however, without a century of steady scientific and engineering progress From the invention of the magnetic tape in 1928 all the way to the use of cloud today, advanced data storage has come a long way 21
- 22. 1928 Magnetic Tape Fritz Pfleumer, a German engineer, patented magnetic tape in 1928 He based his invention off Vlademar Poulsen’s magnetic wire 22
- 23. 1932 Magnetic Drum G. Taushek, an Austrian innovator, invented the magnetic drum in 1932 He based his invention off a discovery credited to Fritz Pfleumer 23
- 24. 1946 Williams Tube Professor Fredrick C. Williams and his colleagues developed the first random access computer memory at the University of Manchester located in the United Kingdom. He used a series of electrostatic cathode-ray tubes for digital storage. A storage of 1024 bits of information was successfully implemented in 1948. 24
- 25. Selectron Tube In 1948 The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) developed the Selectron tube, an early form of computer memory, which resembled the Williams-Kilburn design 25
- 26. 1949 Delay Line Memory The delay line memory consists of imparting an information pattern into a delay path A closed loop forms to allow for the recirculation of information if the end of the delay path connects to the beginning through amplifying and time circuits A delay line memory functions similar to inputting a repeating telephone number from the directory until an individual dials the number 26
- 27. 1950 Magnetic Core A magnetic core memory, also known as a ferrite- core memory, uses small magnetic rings made of ceramic to store information from the polarity to the magnetic field it contains 27
- 28. 1956 Hard Disk A hard disk implements rotating platters, which stores and retrieves bits of digital information from a flat magnetic surface 28
- 29. 1963 Music Tape Philips introduced the compact audio cassette in 1963 Philips originally intended to use the audio cassette for dictation machines however, it became a popular method for distributing prerecorded music In 1979, Sony’s Walkman helped transformed the use of the audio cassette tape, which became widely used and popular 29
- 30. 1963 Music Tape Philips introduced the compact audio cassette in 1963 Philips originally intended to use the audio cassette for dictation machines; however, it became a popular method for distributing prerecorded music In 1979, Sony’s Walkman helped transformed the use of the audio cassette tape, which became widely used and popular 30
- 31. 1966 DRAM (PDF) In 1966, Robert H. Dennard invented DRAM cells Random Access Memory technology (DRAM) or memory cells that contained one transistor DRAM cells store bits of information as an electrical charge in a circuit DRAM cells increased overall memory density 31
- 32. 1968 Twistor Memory Bell Labs developed Twistor memory by wrapping magnetic tape around a wire that conducts electrical current. Bell Labs used Twistor tape between 1968 the mid-1970s before it was totally replaced by RAM chips 32
- 33. 1970 Bubble Memory In 1970, Andrew Bobeck invented the Bubble Memory, a thin magnetic film used to store one bit of data in small magnetized areas that look like bubbles The development of the Twistor memory enabled him to create Bubble Memory 33
- 34. 1971 8″ Floppy IBM started its development of an inexpensive system geared towards loading microcode into the System/370 mainframes As a result, the 8-inch floppy emerged A floppy disk, a portable storage device made of magnetic film encased in plastic, made it easier and faster to store data 34
- 35. 1975 5.25″ Floppy Allan Shugart developed a the 5.25-inch floppy disk in 1976 Shugart developed a smaller floppy disk, because the 8- inch floppy was too large for standard desktop computers The 5.25-inch floppy disk had a storage capacity of 110 kilobytes The 5.25-inch floppy disks were a cheaper and faster alternative to its predecessor 35
- 36. 1980 CD During the 1960s, James T. Russel thought of using light to record and replay music. As a result, he invented the optical digital television recording and playback television in 1970; however, nobody took to his invention In 1975, Philips representatives visited Russel at his lab. They paid Russel millions for him to develop the compact disc (CD). In 1980, Russel completed the project and presented it to Sony 36
- 37. 1981 3.5″ Floppy The 3.5-inch floppy disk had significant advantages over its predecessors It had a rigid metal cover that made it harder to damage the magnetic film inside 37
- 38. 1984 CD Rom The CD-ROM, also known as the Compact Disk Read- Only Memory, used the same physical format as the audio compact disks to store digital data. The CD-ROM encodes tiny pits of digital data into the lower surface of the plastic disc, which allowed for larger amounts of data to be stored 38
- 39. 1987 DAT In 1987, Sony introduced the Digital Audio Tape (DAT), a signal recording and playback machine It resembled the audio cassette tape on the surface with a 4 millimeter magnetic tape enclosed into a protective shell 39
- 40. 1989 DDS In 1989, Sony and Hewlett Packard introduced the Digital Data Storage (DDS) format to store and back up computer data on magnetic tape The Digital Data Storage (DDS) format evolved from Digital Audio Tape (DAT) technology 40
- 41. 1990 MOD (PDF) The Magneto-Optical disc emerged onto the information technology field in 1990 This optical disc format used a combination of optical and magnetic technologies to store and retrieve digital data A special magneto-optical drive is necessary to retrieve the data stored on these 3.5 to 5.25-inch discs 41
- 42. 1992 MiniDisc The MiniDisc stored any kind of digital data; however, it was predominately used for audio Sony introduced MiniDisc technology in 1991 In 1992, Philip’s introduced the Digital Compact Cassette System (DCC) MiniDisc was intended to replace the audio cassette tape before it eventually phased out in 1996 42
- 43. 1993 DLT (PDF) The Digital Equipment Corporation invented the Digital Linear Tape (DLT) It is an alternative to the magnetic tape technology used for computer storage 43
- 44. 1994 Compact Flash Compact Flash (CF), also known as “flash drives,” used flash memory in an enclosed disc to save digital data CF devices are used in digital cameras and computers to store digital information 44
- 45. Zip The Zip drive became commonly used in 1994 to store digital files It was a removable disk storage system introduced by Iomega 45
- 46. 1995 DVD DVD became the next generation of digital disc storage DVD, a bigger and faster alternative to the compact disc, serves to store multimedia data SmartMedia Toshiba launched the SmartMedia, a flash memory card, in the summer of 1995 to compete with MiniCard and SanDisk 46
- 47. Phasewriter Dual The Phasewriter Dual (PD) was the first device that used phase-change technology to store digital data Panasonic introduced the Phasewriter Dual device in 1995 It was replaced by the CD-ROM and DVD 47
- 48. CD-RW The Compact Disc Rewritable disc, a rewritable version of the CD-ROM, allows users to record digital data over previous datas 48
- 49. 1997 Multimedia Card The Multimedia Card (MMC) uses a flash memory card standard to house digital data It was introduced by Siemen’s and SanDisk in 1997 49
- 50. 1999 Microdrive A USB Flash Drive uses a NAND-type flash memory to store digital data A USB Flash Drive plugs into the USP interface on standard computers 50
- 51. 2000 SD Card The Secure Digital (SD) flash memory format incorporates DRM encryption features that allow for faster file transfers Standard SD cards measure 32 millimeters by 32 millimeters by 2.1 millimeters A typical SD card stores digital media for a portable device 51
- 52. 2003 Blu Ray (PDF) Blu-Ray is the next generation of optical disc format used to store high definition video (HD) and high density storage Blu-Ray received its name for the blue laser that allows it to store more data than a standard DVD Its competitor is HD-DVD xD-Picture Card Olympus and Fujifilm introduced the xD-Picture Card in 2002, which are exclusively used for Olympus and Fujifilm digital cameras 52
- 53. 2004 WMV-HD The Windows Media High Definition Video (WMV-HD) references high definition videos encoded with Microsoft Media Video nine codecs. WMV-D is compatible for computer systems running Windows Vista, Microsoft Windows XP. In addition, WMV-D is compatible with Xbox-360 and Sony’s PlayStation 3. HD-DVD High-Density Digital Versatile Disc (HD-DVD), a digital optical media format, uses the same disc size as Blu-Ray. It is promoted by Toshiba, NEC, and Sanyo. 53
- 54. Holographic (PDF) The future of computer memory resides in holographic technology. Holographic memory can store digital data at high density inside crystals and photo-polymers. The advantage of holographic memory lies in its ability to store a volume of recording media, instead of just on the surface of discs. In addition, it enables a 3D aspect that allows a phenomenon known as Bragg volume to occur. 54
- 55. TODAY Cloud Data Storage Improvements in internet bandwidth and the falling cost of storage capacity means it’s frequently more economical for business and individuals to outsource their data storage to the cloud, rather than buying, maintaining and replacing their own hardware Cloud offers near-infinite scalability, and the anywhere/everywhere data access that users increasingly expect 55
- 56. Data storage technology has transformed completely since the initial models from the 1920s Today, the cloud is not just making data storage easier and more convenient it’s providing a platform for the businesses and services building the next era of computing keeping business-critical data backed up and available for recovery anytime, anywhere 56
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- 61. Current and Future Trends in DBMS New applications yield new techniques New techniques yield new applications Some “new” applications: Data warehousing On-line analytical processing (OLAP) Data mining Distributed data Heterogeneous data and data integration Scientific/sequential/ordered data Partial or approximate query answers 61
- 62. Current and Future Trends in DBMS (cont.) Active DBs: rule management (ICs and triggers) Real-time DBMS Web-based DBMS XML and semi-structured data Spatial and high-dimensional data (lots of columns) Special-purpose DBMSs Digital Libraries Geographic Information Systems etc….. 62
- 63. Current and Future Trends in DBMS (cont.) Some “new” techniques: New kinds of indices Improved B Trees Faster aggregation algorithms New QP algorithms Better optimization techniques Data broadcasting Generic data models Faster sorting algorithms New query languages Deductive DBMSs 63
- 64. Current and Future Issues (cont.) Object databases New algebras Query cost estimation New locking and commit protocols Main-memory databases CC/R techniques for non-relational settings DBMS interfaces, visualization tools DBMS development tools etc…. Lots of opportunities for research and development,!!! 64
- 65. Thank U 65