1.6 Phenylpropanoid and flavonoids.pptx
- 1. Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids Flavonoids come under the class of phenolic compounds. Phenolic constituents are present in the vast group of plants. Phenolic groups consist of at least one benzene ring with one or more hydroxyl group. Though they are present as glycoside or with sugar, they have aqueous solubility. Generally they are located in cell vacuole. Phenolic compounds can be categorized in following groups. o Phenyl propanoids o Phenol and phenolic acids o Flavonoids o Flavonols and flavones o Xanthone and stillbene o Anthocyanins o Quinones o Tannins
- 2. Phenolic compounds (such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids) belong to the largest group of secondary metabolites produced by plants, and are known to have antioxidant activity, protecting the cells against biotic and abiotic stresses including infections, wounding, UV irradiation, exposure to ozone, pollutants Flavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures, are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. These natural products are well known for their beneficial effects on health and efforts are being made to isolate the ingredients so called flavonoids. Flavonoids possess a number of medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. They also have neuroprotective and cardio-protective effects. These biological activities depend upon the type of flavonoid, its (possible) mode of action, and its bioavailability.
- 3. Phenylpropanoids are naturally occurring phenolic compounds which contain three carbon side chains attached aromatic ring. They are biosynthetically derived from phenylalanine (amino acid) which contains one or more C6-C3 residues. Hydroxycinnamic acid is most widely occurring compound which provides building block of lignins, growth regulation and disease resistance. Hydroxycoumarins, phenylpropenes and lignans are other phenylpropanoids existing in this category. Generally four hydroxycinnamic acids named as ferulic acid, caffeic acid, ρ-coumaric acid and sinapic acid are found abundantly in nature.
- 4. R1 R2 R3 P- Coumaric acid --- OH --- Caffeic acid -- OH OH Ferulic acid OH OCH3 Sinapic acid OCH3 OH OCH3
- 5. The other group of phenylpropanoids is the phenylpropenes which contributes in the volatile flavor and odour of plants. These phenylpropenes are isolated from plants in essential oil fraction along with volatile terpenes. Hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxyl coumarins are detected together by acid or alkaline treatment of plant extract. The extraction can be done by ether and ethyl acetate solvents. The extract is washed and dried properly.
- 6. BAW = n butanol : Acetic acid : Water (4 : 1 : 5) BN = n butanol : Ammonium hydroxide (1:1) BEW = n butanol : Ethanol : Water (4 : 1 : 2.2) These compounds give characteristic fluorescent colour in UV light which gets intensified by ammonia vapor treatment The flavonol glycosides and their aglycones are known as flavonoids The most common flavonoidal constituents are rutin, quercitin, citrus bioflavonoids like hesperidin, hesperetin, naringin, doismin etc. Rutin and hesperidin are commonly known as Vitamin P (or permeability factor) which is used in the treatment of capillary bleeding and capillary fragility.
- 7. Flavonoids are generally the compound which gives colour to the plant or responsible for plant pigmentation in the fruits, leaves and flowers. The yellow pigmentation of the plant is responsible for various flavonoids like aurones, chalcones and yellow flavonols.
- 8. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • Flavonoids generally found in glycosidic form. • They are water as well as alcohol soluble but some numbers are sparingly soluble like hesperidine or rutin. • Aglycone part of the flavonoid glycosides are more frequently solubilize in polar solvent. They may be solubilized in alkaline hydroxide solution if one or more free phenolic group are present. • The flavonoids which have lipophilic characteristic generally found in superficial tissue i.e. leaf can be separated with the help of medium polarity solvent like dichloromethane then the other impurities like fats and waxes should be separated from this extract (generally a prewash with n-hexane are performed but sometime it also dissolves some lipophilic flavonoids.
- 9. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTY • Flavonoids or polyphenols are also well known for their free radicals scavenge activity which is formed under different conditions. • Flavonoids also act as enzyme inhibitor for example histidine decarboxylase inhibits the naringenin or quercitin. • Flavonoids are also useful as antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, maintains blood cholesterol level, diuretic, antispasmodic, antiviral or antibacterial. • Some of them inhibit the growth of tumor or anticancer activity.
- 11. CHEMICAL TESTS 1. Shinoda test: Upon addition of few magnesium turnings and conc. Hydrochloric acid (drop by drop) to the test solution, a pink scarlet, crimson red or sometimes green to blue colour develops after some time. 2. Alkaline reagent test: When few drops of sodium hydroxide solution are added in the test solution, first sharp yellow colour develops which upon addition of dil. acid becomes colourless. 3. Zinc hydrochloric acid test: A mixture of zinc dust and concentrated hydrochloric acid is added in the test solution, it develops red colour after some time.
- 12. LIGNANS The lignans comprises a large group of polyphenols which mainly occurs in plants (e.g. enterolignans, enterodiol and enterolactone). Plant lignans are polyphenolic substances which derived from phenylalanine (an amino acid) via dimerization of substituted cinnamic (a) Lignans are those compounds whose skeleton results from bonding between the beta carbons of the side chains of two units derived from 1-Phenylpropane (8-8’ bond). (b) Neolignan is a structure formed by condensation of phenylpropanoid units. The actual bond varies which involves only one beta carbon (e.g. 8-3', 8-1', 3-3', 8-ο-4’). (c) The oligomers are improper resulted from condensation of two to five phenylpropanoid units. (d) Norlignans are specific to gymnosperm which have C17 skeleton.
- 13. Lignans are widely distributed among several families. They are mainly found in wood in gymnosperms and in angiosperm they are present in all tissues. Neolignans have limited distribution. The plant lignans, if taken in diet form gets metabolized by intestinal bacteria to mammalian lignans named enterodiol and enterolactone. Lignans that can be metabolized to mammalian lignans are pinoresinol, lariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, hydroxymatairesinol, syringaresinol and sesamin. Lignans is the largest class of phytoestrogens (estrogen-like substance) which act as antioxidant.
- 15. TEA Synonym: Camellia thea. Biological source: leaves and leaf buds of sinensis Linn. Family: Theaceae. Geographical source: Tea is cultivated in India, Srilanka, Indonesia, China and Japan. India - Assam and Bengal, South India Nilgiri, Palni, Annamalai hills in Tamilnadu, Kerala and Karnataka states and North West Dehradun, Almora and Garhwal district of Uttaranchal, Kangra valley and Mandi district of Himanchal Pradesh. The propagation is by seeds which are sown and developed saplings are transplanted into the open fields. Weeding - the better quality of crop. Pruning is done time to time for maintaining the proper shape of tea bush. The yield can be increase by the use of nitrogenous fertilizers like ammonium sulphate. Tea does not favor water logging because roots of tea plant gets leached and deteriorated. Hence it is grown in hilly areas where water drains out easily. The tea leaves along with bud are plucked by the skilled labour preferably female labourers and dried by artificial method. Tea needs to be stored in heat, light, air and moisture proof packing to remain fresh and mold free
- 16. Cultivation and Collection: The tea is available in two forms: 1. Black tea- from India and Srilanka 2. Green tea- from Endonesi, China and Japan Black tea is obtained by fermentation of fresh tea leaves which further dried artificially. Green tea is obtained by keeping tea leaves in copper vessel and then dried artificially. The basic requirement -deep, light, well drained acidic soil (pH 5.8 to 5.4 or less), humid climate with Annual rainfall -100 cm, Altitude - 2100 meter above sea level, Temperature is in the range of 21°C to 29°C is ideal for its cultivation. Tea is shade loving plant and it develops more vigorously when planted along with shady trees. Macroscopic Characters: The cultivated tea is 1 - 1.5 meter in height. The wild one up to 6 meter in height. The leaves are dark green in colour, lanceolate, elliptical, blunted at apex, serrate, hairy and glabrous in nature. Flowers are solitary in nature and generally in group of 2 to 3 leaf axils. It possesses characteristic odour and bitter taste.
- 17. Preparation of Green Tea: The freshly collected tea leaves are exposed to air until most of the moisture gets removed. Then it is roasted and stirred continuously so that the leaves become moist and flaccid. These are passed through rolling table to make rolling balls which should be moisture free. The leaves are shaken and roasted in copper vessel. The leaves turned dull green in colour. The leaves are winnowed, screened and graded into different varieties. Chemical Constituents: Tea leaves contain caffeine (1 to 3 percent), theobromine and theophylline (in trace amount), gallotannic acid (15 percent) and an enzyme mixture known as thease. The colour of tea leaves -Gallotannic acid. Caffeine is weakly basic in nature. It has feeble solubility in water, alcohol, chloroform and ether. Caffeine is an example of purine group of alkaloids which gives positive Murexide test. Chemical Test: 1. Murexide test: Take caffeine in a petridish and add hydrochloric acid with potassium chlorate. Heat it upto dryness. Then this obtained residue is exposed to ammonia vapours, a purple colour develops which disappears upon the addition of alkali solution. 2. When caffeine is treated with tannic acid solution it produces white precipitate. Uses: Tea, Caffeine possess cerebral vasoconstrictor action hence it uses as CNS stimulant. and as diuretic. Caffeine also uses in migraine (given along with ergotamine tartarate).
- 18. RUTA Synonyms: Ruta graveolens, Rue, Herby grass, Garden rue Biological source: It is a perennial shrub which consists of dried herb of Ruta graveolens. Family: Rutaceae. Geographical source: It is indigenous to Southern Europe cultivated in Britain and India. Cultivation of plant: It grows well in well drained in any variety of soil prefers rocky and dry soil. It needs full sunshine to grow well. It is drought resistant and needs very less watering. Care should be taken during handling of plant because the sap is often irritating and leaves burn like rashes on people’s skin. Rue can be harvested and used in the houses as an insect repellant. Simply cut the leaves and dry them properly. Then keep the dried leaves in cloth bags and place them where ever needed to repel insects. Macroscopic characters: It is an erect, glabrous shrub 30 to 40 cm height. Its leaves are bluish green in colour. It has characteristic and strong aromatic odour and pungent taste. Flowers have green yellow colour, Fruits are sub cylindrical, brownish green in colour and rough on external surface. Chemical constituents: Rue contains alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils and fixed oils. contains rutin, psoralen, bergapten, graveolin, rutarin and naphthoharniarin. Rutin is pale yellow crystalline compound which belongs to flavonosoidal glycoside category. The alkaloids like rutalinium, dictamine, rutamine, rubalinium and 1-methyl-2-nonyl-4-quinoline are present in drug. The fixed oils which are present in drug are linoleic, stearic and palmitic acid where as volatile oils are limonene, cineole, ethyl valerate, methyl salicylate, caryophylline and myrecine.