1. Basic safety engineering.pptx
- 1. Construction Safety Engineering 1. Basic Safety Engineering (2 hrs.) 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Industry 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety 1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- 2. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks History of Construction Industry • Construction activity has been in existence since the caveman started building his dwellings. • Construction has been practiced since the dawn of human civilization. • Construction industry is a basic of infrastructure development.
- 3. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Construction Industry • Construction industry is essential for the economic growth of a country. • Construction is the second largest economic activity after agriculture. • Construction covers new construction work, any works to expand, renovation, repair and maintenance work, and demolition.
- 4. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks History of Construction Industry • The Great Pyramid of Egypt was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. • The great wall of China has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. • Mohen-jo-daro, and Harappa provided comfort and luxuries to its citizen which were the early construction of infrastructures.
- 5. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Construction Industry • Construction accounts for more than 10% of global GDP (6-9% in developed countries) and employs around 7% of the global workforce. • Annual investment in most developing countries accounts about 40 to 50 % in infrastructure development projects.
- 6. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Construction Industry • Every activity in construction is associated with high risk and hazard. • Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector.
- 7. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Construction Industry • Lifting and moving ‘bulk and heavy load’ by hand is one of the most common causes of injury at work. • Many manual handling injuries result from repeated operations, but even one bad lift may cause lifetime pain and disability. • Back injuries are mainly occurring due to unsafe manual lifting practice.
- 8. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Example of Construction Industry a.Work above ground • Latest structure Burj Dubai - Area 2 km2 and 829.8 m tall. b.Work in open excavations • Panama Canal 77 km - ship canal that joins Atlantic ocean and Pacific ocean.
- 9. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Example of Construction Industry c. Work below ground • Channel Tunnel 50.5 km long and 75 m deep undersea rail tunnel linking England with northern France. d.Work under water • Construction beneath the sea with water filled coffer dam.
- 10. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Hazardous construction materials • Designers should eliminate hazardous construction materials from their design. • Contractors often have knowledge of alternative construction materials that is less hazardous. • Designers and contractors can often help each other in identifying hazardous materials and suggesting less hazardous materials.
- 11. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Hazardous construction materials • If hazardous materials need to be used, manufacturer and supplier have a legal duty to provide information. • Many manual handling injuries result from ‘hard and sharp substances’. • Hazardous chemical should be labeled as ‘Flammable and Combustible’, ‘Corrosive’, “Highly Toxic”, “Explosives” etc.
- 12. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Hazardous construction materials • Labeling systems shall be displayed in chemical containers to clearly convey relevant safety information regarding handling of the chemicals used, storage, transportation and waste disposal system. • Keep ‘flammable gases’ away from oxidizers (fire hazard) with an approved non-combustible partition or by a distance of 20 feet.
- 13. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Hazardous construction materials • Store flammable liquids in approved safety containers. • Keep flammables away from all ignition sources from open flames, hot surfaces, direct sunlight, spark sources. • Radioactive substances can lead to potential discomfort, injury or serious illness to worker.
- 14. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Risks • Risk means uncertainty, uncertain event, situations, or conditions. • Project risk is always in future. • Unfavorable risks are called threats or hazards. • Risk may have one or more causes and, if it occurs, it may have one or more impacts.
- 15. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Risks • Risk may have effect on project scope, schedule, cost, and quality. • Identified risks are called known risks. • It is possible to plan responses for known risks. • It is necessary to create contingency plan in order to manage specific unknown risks.
- 16. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Risks • Construction is always associated with risks. • Precautionary steps to minimize risk is called risk management. • Purpose of risk management is to reduce the risk in construction project. • Risk can be reduced though risk cannot be eliminated from projects.
- 17. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Risks • Risks is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. • Most hazards are inactive. • However, once a hazard becomes ‘active’, it can create emergency situation, injuries and accidents. • Identification of risks is the first step in performing a risk assessment.
- 18. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Risks • Where to look for risks? Machines Biological Energy Ergonomics (working conditions) Electrical Lifting equipment Acoustic Fire considerations Chemicals Pressure vessels Kinematic Facility design Confined space Risks are everywhere! We should be looking for them?
- 19. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Risks Not necessarily all hazards lead to accidents or injuries, but depends on: • What hazards are present? • How often and how much a person is exposed? • What is effect of specific exposure? • The risk of an injury or disease or damage due to exposure? • How severe would the damage, injury or harm be?
- 20. 1.1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Risks Risks: Effect of hazards • The effect of hazard can be severe, the injury or harm can occur or be felt as soon as a person comes in contact with the hazardous agent. • Some responses may be chronic (delayed). • A hazard may cause an injury that can heal completely (reversible) or result in an untreatable disease (irreversible).
- 21. 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety • Construction activities are executed at high risk working environments. • Employees are expected to work at great heights with heavy machinery and potentially dangerous building materials. • Fatality rates in construction industry were more than four times that of manufacturing in industrialized countries.
- 22. 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety Meaning of Safety • Safety is “a tool or device designed to prevent accidents, incidents and injuries” (OSHA 18001). • Safety means free from danger, injury, or giving protection from risk. • The objective of safety is to prevent all accidents.
- 23. 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety Meaning of Safety • Safety can be achieved only by eliminating or reducing the hazards and risk in every working activities. • Hazard identification, risk assessment and safe work procedure are essential for every activities to prevent accidents and incidents.
- 24. 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety Meaning of Construction Safety 1. An act of being safe from internal environment. • Materials: solid, liquid, gas, radioactive substance. • Machine: tools, plant, equipment. • Method: under water, high rise, under ground. • Men: skill, knowledge, attitude, socio-cultural behavior.
- 25. 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety Meaning of Construction Safety 2. An act of being safe from external environment • Heat • Wind • Snow • Cold
- 26. 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety Scope of construction safety 1. Safety of work. 2. Safety of third party property. 3. Safety of workers. • Safety at work site – process and fatigue. • Occupational health. • General hygiene.
- 27. 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety Scope of construction safety 4. Safety of general people. • The neighbors. • The on-lookers. • Other common people.
- 28. 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety Scope of construction safety 5.Safety of Environment. • The air. • The water bodies. • The land. • The geography.
- 29. 1.2 Meaning and Scope of Construction Safety Scope of construction safety 6.Social ambience (atmosphere). • Labor camp. • Shops and ‘Bhattis’. • Illegal relations?
- 30. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety • Construction safety is the state of being "safe” at workplace of construction activities. • Construction activities such as new construction, repair and maintenance of development infrastructures like building houses, roads, dams etc. involve hazardous jobs. • Construction work includes many hazardous task and conditions such as working with height, excavation, noise, dust, power tools and equipment.
- 31. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety The Accident • Accident is an undesired event which causes or likely to cause either physical harm like personal injury and illness or damage to property or loss of time. • Major causes of accidents in construction activities are mainly unsafe act, unsafe working conditions, and environmental factors.
- 32. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety The Accident • Unsafe acts are due to the unsafe practices committed by the workers because of lack of knowledge or skills. • Unsafe acts can be avoided by giving education and training of safe working procedures. • Unsafe working conditions can be avoided by maintaining safe working conditions.
- 33. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety Safety • Safety is defined as “a tool or device designed to prevent accidents, incidents and injuries” (OSHA 18001). • Human life is precious and it should be the constant endeavor of all stakeholders to make the construction site a safe place to work. • Safety can be achieved only by eliminating or reducing hazards and risks involved in construction activities.
- 34. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety Safety • Safety is an act of being safe and keeping safe to others. • Safety is of prime importance in any construction. • In initial days, scope of safety was restricted to accident prevention and to analyze the cause of accident.
- 35. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety Safety • WHO promoted occupational health of industrial workers globally. • ILO identified the need for reducing risks of accident and adopted a convention concerning safety standard in construction industry.
- 36. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety 1. Technological Aspects. i. Traditionally taken as manual activities. ii. True to some extent. iii. But could not remain as manual only. iv. Design and drawing. v. Management. vi. Tools, plants and equipment. vii. Methods.
- 37. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety 2. Organizational aspect. a. Nature of construction companies. i. Large number. ii. Small firms. iii. Do not care for compliance. iv. No organizational strength. v. No motivation. vi. Sub-contracting.
- 38. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety 2.Organizational aspect. b.Contracting. i. Short term employment of labor. ii. Piece rate is common. iii. Specific task.
- 39. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety 2.Organizational aspect. c.Physical environment i. Remote place ii. Labor gangs brought in iii. Family employed
- 40. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety 2. Organizational aspect. d. Safety legislation i. Quarries covered under ‘Mines Act’ ii. Repair shop under ‘Factory Act’ iii. Vehicles under ‘Motor vehicle Act’ iv.Office under ‘Shops & Commercial Establishment Act v. Labor employment ender ‘Labor Act’ vi.Labor Payment under ‘Workmen Compensation Act’
- 41. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety 3. Behavioral Aspect i. Labor behavior. ii. Contractor behavior. iii. Trade unions. iv. Contractor’s associations. • Federation of Contractors Association Nepal (FCAN). • Regional associations. • District associations. v. Allied industry association.
- 42. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety Various aspect of construction safety are: 1. Design: Incorporate safety needs in the design to prevent work-related hazards and risks associated with the construction. 2. Risk assessment: Identify hazards and assess the potential risks. 3. Safety officer: Safety officer can train, guide and inspire workers to work safely.
- 43. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety Various aspect of construction safety are: 4. Risk management: Risk management attempts to identify and manage to reduce impact of risk. 5. Construction workers: Educate and train workers to adopt safety practices. 6. Safety management: Strive to achieve reasonable degree of safety standard.
- 44. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety Various aspect of construction safety are: 7. Safety practices: Keep the safety rules in mind while working at site. 8. Workplace safety: Educate people to improve working condition. 9. Occupational health: Promote a safe and healthy work environment.
- 45. 1.3 Various Aspect of Construction Safety The most common fatalities are caused by the fatal four: 1. Falls. 2. Being struck by an object. 3. Electrocutions (the injury or killing of someone by electric shock). 4. Being caught in between two objects.
- 46. 1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Construction work involves many hazardous jobs and conditions. • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an wearable equipment designed to protect the wearer from hazards and dangers on the job site. • Construction is one of the largest industries using PPE to protect from hazards.
- 47. 1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Hazards that can endanger the worker’s body: • Heat • Splashes from hot metals and liquids • Acid and other corrosive materials • Sparks • Toxic dust • Vapors and gases
- 48. 1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Safety precautions play a vital role in protecting workmen from injury while executing the work. • Some safety kits (PPE) requiring to protect worker’s body must be maintained in good condition as follows:
- 49. 1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE requiring to protect worker’s body: 1.Hard hat: Safety helmets are used where work is in progress at different heights to protect the Head against falling objects. 2.Safety belts are used by those workmen working at height on exterior of building.
- 50. 1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE requiring to protect worker’s body: 3.Safety glasses, face shields and goggles: Safety goggles are used to protect the Eyes and Face during gas welding, cutting, grinding, drilling in the ceiling, pavement breaking or handling hazardous materials. 4.Support belt: to protect the Back against muscle strains while lifting heavy objects.
- 51. 1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE requiring to protect worker’s body: 5.Boots or Shoes: Gumboots are used during asphalting, cutting of hard rock, concreting works etc. • Wear Boots or Shoes with slip-resistant and puncture-resistant soles to protect Foot when working around heavy equipment or falling objects.
- 52. 1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE requiring to protect worker’s body: 6.Gloves: Gloves should fit comfortably and tightly to protect Hand; use heavy-duty rubber gloves for concrete work; welding gloves for welding; insulated gloves and sleeves when exposed to electrical hazards.
- 53. 1.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE requiring to protect worker’s body: 7.Earplugs: to protect Hearing in high noise work areas where chainsaws or heavy equipment are used. Clean or replace earplugs regularly. 8.Apron or Suit: Wear full body Apron or Suit to protect from extremely hazardous acids or corrosive chemicals.
- 54. BAM BAHADUR BHANDARI TNAK YOU FOR ANY QUESTION End of Chapter