1. The Universe and the Solar System.pptx
- 1. The Universe and the Solar System
- 2. Theories behind the Origin of the Universe Big Bang Theory -according to this theory, about 10-20 billion years ago, matter and energy were compressed and condensed in a hot tiny dense mass. In fact, matter and energy back then were theorized as the same and indistinguishable from each other. But due to random fluctuation, this tiny dense and compact point exploded tremendously.
- 3. Theories behind the Origin of the Universe Big Bang Theory
- 4. Theories behind the Origin of the Universe Big Bang Theory
- 5. Planet While knowledge of the planets predates history and is common to most civilizations, the word planet dates back to ancient Greece. Most Greeks believed the Earth to be stationary and at the center of the universe in accordance with the geocentric model and that the objects in the sky, and indeed the sky itself, revolved around it.
- 7. Planet Eventually, when Copernicus's heliocentri c model was accepted over the geocentric, Earth wa s placed among the planets and the Sun and Moon were reclassified, necessitating a conceptual revolution in the understanding of planets.
- 9. The Planets of the Solar System Terrestrial Planets -Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars -has solid mineral containing crust and Earth like composition Jovian Planets -Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune -Jupiter like and Gas giants *Pluto is not included in either category because of its great distance and small size.
- 10. Planet Accdg to International Astronomical Union - states that a planet is a body that orbits the Sun, is massive enough for its own gravity to make it round, and has “cleared its neighborhood" of smaller objects around its orbit.
- 11. The Planets of the Solar System
- 12. The Planets of the Solar System
- 14. The Planets of the Solar System
- 15. Mercury -Planets closest to the sun -It takes only 88 Earth days to make one revolution. -It rotates only three times for each two revolutions around the sun. -Because of its its small size and weak gravitational field, it holds very little atmosphere. -its day temperature is 315°C and the night temperature drop to - 149°C
- 16. Venus -brightest planet in the solar system -it is often the first star like object to appear after the sun goes down hence often called “evening star” during March & April and “morning star” during September and October -most closely resembles to Earth with respect to size. -takes 243 Earth days to make one revolution. -rotates in a opposite direction of Earth’s rotation -the surface temperature can reach 480°C and the atmosphere consists of carbon monoxide.
- 17. Earth -blue planet, with more water surface than land -temperature extremes of day and night are conducive to life. -presence of atmosphere -only inhabitable planet -period of revolution is equivalent to 365 ¼ days -rotates 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds
- 18. Mars -a little more than half the Earth’s size Has a core, mantle and crust as well as thin atmosphere -takes two earth years to orbit the sun -atmosphere is about 95% CO2 with only 0.15 % oxygen -temperature is 30°C at day nd - 130° at night. -has two small moons: Phobos and Deimos
- 19. Jupiter -is the largest planet of the solar system -it has a mass 318 times that of the Earth. -appears to be covered with alternating bands of multicolored clouds parallel to the equator. -rotates once in less than 10 hours. 16 moons orbit around Among the four largest moons discovered by Galileo, Lo and Europa are about the size of Earth’s moon
- 21. Saturn -has a mean diameter which is nearly 10 times that of the Earth --Saturn’s rings lie in a plane coincident with Saturn’s equator. -It has four major rings and hundreds of ringlets -Saturn’s rings consist of three bands. -The innermost ring is about 12,000 km from the surface. The middle is the brightest. -Saturnhas 23 moons beyond its ring. The largest is Titan which is 1.6 times larger than Earth’s moon. Revolves once each 16 days and has a methane atmosphere. Surface temperature is -170°C
- 22. Uranus -has a diameter of 47,000 km and a mass that is 14.6 times that of the Earth -discovered by William Herschel in 1781. Its atmosphere has hydrogen and methane. Its temperature is -170°C Also surrounded by rings. It has at least 17 moons. Cold planet Axis tilted 98° Uranus' blue color is the result of absorption of red light by methane in the upper atmosphere.
- 23. Neptune Twin planet of Uranus Appears green due to methane in the atmosphere Neptune’s diameter is about 3.9 times that of the Earth, its mass is 17 times greater that of the Earth Has at least 8 moons Has also ring system Largest moon is Triton which orbits 5.9 days A smaller moon Nereid, takes a year to orbit Neptune
- 24. Pluto -not anymore considered as planet in the solar system American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto in 1930. From 1930 until 2006, Pluto sat comfortably beyond Neptune as the ninth planet in our solar system It takes approximately 248 earth years for Pluto to make one trip around the sun.
- 25. Pluto Pluto is about 40 times farther from the sun than Earth is. Pluto is in an area of space called the Kuiper (KY-per) Belt. Thousands of small, icy objects like Pluto but smaller are in the Kuiper Belt This dwarf planet has five moons. Its largest moon is named Charon (KAIR- n). Charon ə is about half the size of Pluto. Pluto's four other moons are named Kerberos, Styx, Nix and Hydra. • Pluto is very, very cold. It is much colder than Antarctica. It is so cold that Earth’s air would freeze into a kind of snow there. • Pluto has less gravity than Earth. This means a person would weigh much less on Pluto than on Earth.
- 26. Planet as Planet Accdg to International Astronomical Union -Planets must be round -Must orbit the sun -A planet must have “cleared the neighborhood" of its orbit. This means that as a planet travels, its gravity sweeps and clears the space around it of other objects. Some of the objects may crash into the planet, others may become moons.
- 27. Planet as Planet Pluto follows the first two rules: It is round, and it orbits the sun. It does not, however, follow the third rule. It has not yet cleared the neighborhood of its orbit in space. Because it does not follow this rule, Pluto is no longer considered a planet. Pluto’s orbit is so eccentric and at times closer to the sun than Neptune.
- 28. Planet as Planet • Pluto is a dwarf planet that lies in theKuiper Belt. It's an area full of icy bodies and other dwarf planets at the edge of our solar system. Because Pluto is the biggest object in this region, some call it"King of the Kuiper Belt." • One thing is certain. Pluto and its neighborhood are very peculiar. If scientists could unravel some of their mysteries, we would know more about how our solar system formed.
- 29. Planet as Planet Orbit - the path one object in space takes around another. Rotation -spinning motion of the planet around its own axis Revolution -spinning motion of the planet around the sun -spinning motion of a satellite around the planet
- 30. Planet as Planet Perihelion • - the point in the orbit of the planet at which it is nearest from the Sun Aphelion -the point in the orbit of the planet at which it is farthest from the Sun
- 31. Identify the following: 1. the red planet 2. Ringed planet 3. Earth’s twin planet 4. Largest planet 5. Smallest planet 6. The evening star 7. Fastest planet 8. Fourth largest planet 9. Blue planet 10. Derived from the Greek deity of sea
- 32. Solar System
- 33. Other Members of the Solar System Asteroids Meteoroids Meteor Meteorite Comet
- 34. Other Members of the Solar System
- 35. Other Members of the Solar System Asteroids -are small, airless rocky worlds revolving around the sun that are too small to be called planets. They are also known as planetoids or minor planets. In total, the mass of all the asteroids is less than that of Earth's moon -small rocky bodies that are found between Mars and Jupiter. -Some have irregular shapes, some are spherical -The largest is the Ceres
- 36. Other Members of the Solar System Asteroids -many asteroids circle the sun, others do not -they are thought to have failed to become a planet during the formation of the solar system -many circle the sun, others do not -Hermes is the closest to the Earth -Vesta is the only asteroid which can be seen by the naked eyes.
- 37. Other Members of the Solar System Asteroids
- 38. Other Members of the Solar System Meteoroids -is a piece of stony or metallic debris which travels in outer space. -these are asteroids which are smaller than a few hundred kilometers a. Meteor -The light phenomena which results when a meteoroid enters the Earth's atmosphere and vaporizes; a shooting star. b. Meteorite -A meteoroid that survives its passage through the Earth's atmosphere and lands upon the Earth's surface.
- 39. Other Members of the Solar System
- 40. Other Members of the Solar System Comets - a celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a “tail” of gas and dust particles that orbits the sun in elliptical orbits. - Derived from the Greek word meaning “long haired”. - Aristotle compared the physical appearance of what he believed to be rare emissions from Earth to hair flowing from a human head. He called them kometes, which literally meant “long haired”.
- 41. Other Members of the Solar System Parts of Comet Nucleus: Coma Dust Tail Ion Tail/ Gas tail
- 42. Other Members of the Solar System Nucleus: the nucleus of a comet is composed of ice and rocky material. The nucleus of most comets ranges from about 10 to 100 km in diameter, though they can be as large as 100 km in diameter. Coma: the cloud of gases that forms around the nucleus. These gases are usually a mixture of water vapor, ammonia, carbon dioxide. Dust Tail: the dust tail of a comet is composed of gases and tiny dust particles blown away from the nucleus as the comet is heated. The dust tail is the most visible part of a comet. Ion Tail: the ion tail is a stream of ionized gases that are blown directly away from the Sun as a result of the comet’s contact with the solar wind.
- 43. Other Members of the Solar System Comets -Comets follow a path, therefore we see them from time to time. Halley’s comet appears every 76 years. Other examples of comets include Halebopp, Schwassmann, Ikeya Zhang and Wachmann
- 44. Other Members of the Solar System
- 45. Other Members of the Solar System
- 46. Sun the star that is the central body of the solar system, around which the planets revolve and from which they receive light and heat: its mean distance from the earth is about 93 million miles (150 million km), its diameter about 864,000 miles (1.4 million km), and its mass about 330,000 times that of the earth; its period of surface rotation is about 26 days at its equator but longer at higher latitudes.
- 47. Sun
- 48. Sun The energy from the sun is the energy of thermonuclear fusion that takes place in the interior of the sun, where hydrogen nuclei are being crushed together to form helium.
- 50. Parts of the Sun Photosphere -The innermost part of the sun's atmosphere and the only part we can see. visible surface of the sun Chromosphere -The area between the photosphere and the corona; hotter than the photosphere. -comes from the Greek root chroma(meaning color), for it appears bright red when viewed during a solar eclipse.
- 51. Parts of the Sun Corona The extremely hot outermost layer, extending outward several million miles from the chromosphere. Core The center of the sun, comprising 25 percent of its radius.
- 52. Parts of the Sun Radiative zone --The section immediately surrounding the core, comprising 45 percent of its radius. Convective zone -- The outermost ring of the sun, comprising the 30 percent of its radius.
- 53. Parts of the Sun
- 54. Parts of the Sun
- 55. Parts of the Sun During a total solar eclipse, the solar corona can be seen by the naked eye
- 56. Moon - is an astronomical body that orbits the planet Earth, being its only permanent natural satellite. Earth’s moon is one of the largest in the solar system -It has Its gravitational pull is 1/6 of the Earth -the moon began with a molten surface cooled too rapidly for plate motion, formed an igneous crust thicker than the Earth and underwent intense meteoroid bombardment early in its evolution.
- 57. Moon
- 58. Moon Perigee - the point in the orbit of the moon at which it is nearest from the Earth Apogee -the point in the orbit of the moon at which it is farthest from the Earth
- 59. Moon From the earth, we always see the same side of the moon. The moon rotates slowly, once about every 27 days. The rotational rate matches the rate it revolves around the Earth.
- 60. Moon The moon is in a synchronous orbit around the Earth; in other words, as the moon goes around the Earth it also rotates on its axis at exactly the right speed to ensure that the same side is always facing the Earth.
- 61. Moon
- 62. Phases of the Moon are the different ways the Moon looks from Earth over about a month. the different shapes of the lit portion of the Moon that can be seen from Earth are known as phases of the Moon. Each phase repeats itself every 29.5 days.
- 63. Phases of the Moon
- 64. Phases of the Moon -The variation in the area of illumination that gives the moon its varied shapes are attributed to the relative orientation or position of the moon in relation to the earth and the sun. -The light that we see from the moon is light reflected from the sun.
- 65. Phases of the Moon -A new moon is when the Moon cannot be seen because we are looking at the unlit half of the Moon. The new moon phase occurs when the Moon is directly between the Earth and Sun. A waxing crescent moon is when the Moon looks like crescent and the crescent increases ("waxes") in size from one day to the next.
- 66. Phases of the Moon -The first quarter moon (or a half moon) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon is visible after the waxing crescent phase. A waxing gibbous moon occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape increases ("waxes") in size from one day to the next. The waxing gibbous phase occurs between the first quarter and full moon phases
- 67. Phases of the Moon A full moon is when we can see the entire lit portion of the Moon. The full moon phase occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, called opposition A waning gibbous moon occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape decreases ("wanes") in size from one day to the next. The waning gibbous phase occurs between the full moon and third quarter phases.
- 68. Phases of the Moon The last quarter moon (or a half moon) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon is visible after the waning gibbous phase. A waning crescent moon is when the Moon looks like the crescent and the crescent decreases ("wanes") in size from one day to the next.
- 69. Phases of the Moon
- 70. Eclipse An eclipse occurs when one object in space blocks an observer from seeing another object in space. The planets and their satellites are opaque bodies in space. As they travel around the sun, they sometimes block the path of the light coming from the sun and their shadows are cast.
- 71. Solar Eclipse In a solar eclipse, the moon moves between the Earth and the Sun. When this happens, part of the Sun's light is blocked. The sky slowly gets dark as the moon moves in front of the Sun. When the moon and Sun are in a perfect line, it is called a total eclipse.
- 72. Lunar Eclipse A lunar eclipse happens when the Earth moves between the Sun and the moon, blocking part of the Sun's light from reaching the moon. During a lunar eclipse, you will see the Earth's shadow on the moon.
- 74. Tides -rhythmic movements of ocean water that change the level of the ocean’s surface. -tides occur in all bodies of water but are noticeable in oceans and large lakes.
- 75. Spring Tides -high tides are higher than usual and low tides are lower than usual.
- 76. Neap Tides -high tides are lower than usual and low tides are higher than usual.
- 77. Stars -A huge ball of gas held together by gravity producing its own heat and light by nuclear reactions (nuclear fusion). -the life span of a star depends on the rate at which it burns fuel. -the sun has an expected life span of some billion years -hydrogen fusion gives the star its glow. -A star’s life begins when it ignites its nuclear fuel and ends when its fires go out
- 78. Black Holes Created from a very massive star that undergoes gravitational collapse. The collapsed star is black because the gravitational force is so enormous that light cannot escape.
- 79. Supernova A supernova is a large explosion that takes place at the end of a star's life cycle. A supernova could also happen when too much matter is stolen from a companion star.