15 Biotechnology topics every Microbiologist should know.pptx
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The document outlines 15 essential topics in biotechnology that every microbiologist should know, including DNA extraction, plasmids as cloning vectors, and genetic engineering techniques like restriction enzymes and ligation. It covers various methods for expressing recombinant proteins, gene transformation, and the production of microbial enzymes and antibiotics. Additionally, it discusses the genetic improvement of microorganisms and the comparative studies of ethanol production from different substrates.
15 Biotechnology topics every Microbiologist should know.pptx
- 1. 15 TOPICS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LAB EVERY MICROBIOLOGIST SHOULD KNOW By Okechukwu Francis PhD scholar, UPES, Dehradun
- 2. 1. Isolation of Plasmid and Genomic DNA: The process of extracting and purifying specific types of DNA from cells. Plasmid DNA refers to small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and used in genetic engineering. Genomic DNA refers to the total DNA content of an organism's genome. 2. Plasmid as Cloning Vector: A plasmid is a small, circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently within a host cell. In biotechnology, plasmids are often used as carriers or vectors to transfer specific genes into host organisms for cloning and expression purposes. 3. Restriction Enzymes and Their Role in Biotechnology: Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA at specific recognition sites. They play a crucial role in genetic engineering by allowing precise cutting and manipulation of DNA molecules. They are used for tasks like generating
- 3. 4. Ligation Method: Ligation is the process of joining DNA fragments together using DNA ligase, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent DNA strands. It's a fundamental step in creating recombinant DNA molecules. 5. Expression of Recombinant Proteins Using Bacterial, Animal, and Plant Vectors: Recombinant proteins are proteins produced by introducing foreign genes into host organisms. Bacterial, animal, and plant vectors are systems used to express these genes and produce the desired proteins in the respective hosts. 6. Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transformation: Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium used to introduce foreign DNA into plants.
- 4. 7) Preparation of Competent Cells and Transformation: Competent cells are cells that have been treated to become more receptive to taking up foreign DNA. Transformation is the process of introducing exogenous DNA into these cells. This is a key step in genetic engineering to insert foreign DNA into host organisms. 8) Microbial Cell and Enzyme Immobilization: Immobilization refers to the technique of attaching cells or enzymes to a solid matrix, often for industrial processes. Immobilized cells/enzymes can be used in various applications, like wastewater treatment or biofuel production. 9) Designing of Gene-Specific Primers: Primers are short DNA sequences used in PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to target and amplify specific DNA regions. Gene-specific primers are designed to specifically bind to regions of interest in a gene for amplification and
- 5. 10. Estimation of Protein, RNA, and DNA: Techniques to quantify the amounts of protein, RNA, and DNA in a sample, often using spectroscopy, electrophoresis, or PCR-based methods. 11. SDS-PAGE of Proteins: SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) is a technique used to separate proteins based on their molecular weight using an electric field and a polyacrylamide gel. 12. Ethanol Production, Antibiotics, Microbial Enzymes: These refer to processes involving the production of ethanol (alcohol), antibiotics (substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria), and microbial enzymes (enzymes produced by microorganisms) for various
- 6. 13. Genetic Improvement of Microorganisms for Metabolite Production: Modifying the genetic makeup of microorganisms to enhance their ability to produce specific metabolites, which are molecules important for various biological processes. 14. Comparative Studies of Ethanol Production Using Different Substrates: Investigating and comparing the efficiency of producing ethanol from different raw materials (substrates) in various fermentation processes. 15. Production of Antibiotics and Microbial Enzymes: The cultivation of microorganisms to produce antibiotics or enzymes that have practical applications, such as medicine or industrial processes.