2 × 3 = 6
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A brief overview of six, a module of “utilities for wrapping between Python 2 and 3,” and cross-version compatibility as a whole.
![Python 2
>>> lv = {}!
>>> exec 'x = 3, y = 4' in {}, lv!
>>> with open('foo.txt', 'w') as f:!
...
print >>f lv['x'], lv['y']!
...!
>>>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/236-140117022657-phpapp01/85/2-x-3-6-15-320.jpg)
![Python 3
>>> lv = {}!
>>> exec('x = 3, y = 4', {}, lv)!
>>> with open('foo.txt', 'w') as f:!
...
print(lv['x'], lv['y'], file=f)!
...!
>>>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/236-140117022657-phpapp01/85/2-x-3-6-16-320.jpg)
![six
>>> from six import exec_, print_!
>>> lv = {}!
>>> exec_('x = 3, y = 4', {}, lv)!
>>> with open('foo.txt', 'w') as f:!
...
print_(lv['x'], lv['y'], file=f)!
...!
>>>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/236-140117022657-phpapp01/85/2-x-3-6-17-320.jpg)
![six
Python 2
Python 3
b
str, bytes (2.7)
bytes
u
unicode
(allows escaping)
str
unichr
unichr
chr
int2byte
chr
bytes([integer])
byte2int
ord(bytestr[0])
bytestr[0]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/236-140117022657-phpapp01/85/2-x-3-6-28-320.jpg)
![six
Python 2
Python 3
indexbytes(buf, i)
ord(buf[i])
buf[i]
iterbytes(buf)
an iterator for a bytes instance buf
StringIO
StringIO.StringIO
io.StringIO
BytesIO
StringIO.StringIO
io.BytesIO](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/236-140117022657-phpapp01/85/2-x-3-6-29-320.jpg)
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2 × 3 = 6
- 1. 2×3=6
- 2. six • Utilities for wrapping between Python 2 and 3 • Multiplication is more powerful • “Five” has already been snatched away by the Zope Five project http://pythonhosted.org/six/
- 4. Python 2 >>> text = 'Lorem ipsum'! >>> isinstance(text, str)! True
- 5. Python 2 >>> text = u'Lorem ipsum'! >>> isinstance(text, str)! False
- 6. Python 2 >>> text = u'Lorem ipsum'! >>> isinstance(text, str)! False! >>> isinstance(text, unicode)! True
- 7. Python 2 >>> text1 = 'Lorem ipsum'! >>> text2 = u'Lorem ipsum'! >>> isinstance(text1, (str, unicode))! True! >>> isinstance(text2, (str, unicode))! True
- 8. Python 2 >>> text1 = 'Lorem ipsum'! >>> text2 = u'Lorem ipsum'! >>> isinstance(text1, basestring)! True! >>> isinstance(text2, basestring)! True
- 9. Python 3 >>> text = 'Lorem ipsum' >>> isinstance(text, str)! True # "Unicode"!
- 10. Python 3 >>> text = u'Lorem ipsum' ! # Python 3.3+! ! >>> isinstance(text, unicode)! Traceback (most recent call last):! File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>! NameError: name 'unicode' is not defined
- 11. Python 3 >>> text = 'Lorem ipsum'! >>> isinstance(text, basestring)! Traceback (most recent call last):! File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>! NameError: name 'basestring' is not defined
- 12. six >>> import six! >>> text = 'Lorem ipsum'! >>> isinstance(text, six.string_types)! True! >>> text = u'Lorem ipsum' # Python 3.3+! >>> isinstance(text, six.string_types)! True
- 13. six Python 2 Python 3 class_types type, types.ClassType type integer_types long, int int string_types basestring str text_type unicode str binary_type str, bytes (2.7) bytes MAXSIZE sys.maxsize (2.6+) sys.maxsize
- 15. Python 2 >>> lv = {}! >>> exec 'x = 3, y = 4' in {}, lv! >>> with open('foo.txt', 'w') as f:! ... print >>f lv['x'], lv['y']! ...! >>>
- 16. Python 3 >>> lv = {}! >>> exec('x = 3, y = 4', {}, lv)! >>> with open('foo.txt', 'w') as f:! ... print(lv['x'], lv['y'], file=f)! ...! >>>
- 17. six >>> from six import exec_, print_! >>> lv = {}! >>> exec_('x = 3, y = 4', {}, lv)! >>> with open('foo.txt', 'w') as f:! ... print_(lv['x'], lv['y'], file=f)! ...! >>>
- 18. Python 2 class MetaFoo(type):! pass! ! class Foo(object):! __metaclass__ = MetaFoo
- 19. Python 3 class MetaFoo(type):! pass! ! class Foo(object, metaclass=MetaFoo):! pass
- 20. six from six import add_metaclass! ! class MetaFoo(type):! pass! ! @add_metaclass(MetaFoo)! class Foo(object):! pass
- 21. six from six import with_metaclass! ! class MetaFoo(type):! pass! ! class Foo(with_metaclass(object, MetaFoo)):! pass
- 22. six Python 2 Python 3 exec_ exec (statement) exec (function) print_ print (statement) print (function) reraise exception re-raising (can contain previous tracebacks) with_metaclass metaclassing (creates an intermediate class) add_metaclass metaclassing (no intermediate class)
- 23. Use Case: Texts
- 24. Python 2 a_byte_string = 'Lorem ipsum'! still_bytestr = b'Lorem ipsum' a_unicode_obj = u'Lorem ipsum' # 2.7!
- 25. Python 3 a_unicode_obj = 'Lorem ipsum'! still_unicode = u'Lorem ipsum' a_byte_string = b'Lorem ipsum' # 3.3+ !
- 26. six from six import b, u! a_byte_string = b('Lorem ipsum')! a_unicode_obj = u('Lorem ipsum')
- 27. six a_unicode_obj = u('Lorem ipsum') Be careful with this on Python 2!
- 28. six Python 2 Python 3 b str, bytes (2.7) bytes u unicode (allows escaping) str unichr unichr chr int2byte chr bytes([integer]) byte2int ord(bytestr[0]) bytestr[0]
- 29. six Python 2 Python 3 indexbytes(buf, i) ord(buf[i]) buf[i] iterbytes(buf) an iterator for a bytes instance buf StringIO StringIO.StringIO io.StringIO BytesIO StringIO.StringIO io.BytesIO
- 31. Python 2 from itertools import izip! ! u = raw_input()! ! for i, v in izip(xrange(len(u)), u):! print i, v
- 32. Python 3 u = input()! ! for i, v in zip(range(len(u)), u):! print i, v
- 33. six from six.moves import input, zip, range! ! u = input()! ! for i, v in zip(range(len(u)), u):! print i, v
- 34. Caveats from six.moves import ConfigParser! ! # This will fail on Python 3!! parser = ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser()
- 35. Read the Doc (Too many to list) http://pythonhosted.org/six/#module-six.moves
- 36. Advanced Usage • Customised renames • Object model compatibility • six.PY2 and six.PY3 (when all others fail)
- 37. In the Meantime • pies • Supports 2.6+ only (six supports 2.4+) • Lightweight • python-future • Based on six • Let you write in pure Python 3