2.GeneralAnatomicalTerminology,MajorBodyRegions,BodyCavitiesandMembranes,andOrganSystems.ppt
- 1. General Anatomical Terminology, Major Body Regions, Body Cavities and Membranes, and Organ Systems. RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES – MARBEL, INC. SECOND SEMESTER/PRELIM S.Y. 2023-2024 MR. IAN C. GARDE, LPT, MAT (CAR) Instructor
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to discuss the General Anatomical Terminology, Major Body Regions, Body Cavities and Membranes, and Organ Systems.
- 3. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology… •Anatomy – The study of the shape and the structure of the human body. •Physiology – The study of body function.
- 4. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology… Anatomical Terminology •Based on Ancient Greek or Latin. •Provides Standard Nomenclature Worldwide.
- 5. GROUPS OF GENERAL ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 1. Directional Terms 2. Planes of the Body 3. Body Cavities and Membranes
- 6. DIRECTIONAL TERMS It describes the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. 1. SUPERIOR or CRANIAL - toward the head end of the body; upper (for example, the hand is part of the superior extremity). Superior – refers to points nearer to or towards the head. Cranial – relating to the head.
- 7. DIRECTIONAL TERMS It describes the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body. 2. INFERIOR or CAUDAL - away from the head; lower (for example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity). About, situated in, or toward the tail or the hind part or below another structure.
- 8. DIRECTIONAL TERMS 3. ANTERIOR or VENTRAL – the front (for example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg). 4. POSTERIOR or DORSAL – the back (for example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).
- 9. DIRECTIONAL TERMS 5. MEDIAL – toward the midline of the body (for example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot). 6. LATERAL – away from the midline of the body (for example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).
- 10. DIRECTIONAL TERMS 7. PROXIMAL – toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (for example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone). 8. DISTAL – away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (for example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm).
- 11. PLANES OF THE BODY CORONAL PLANE (Frontal Plane) – A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. SAGITTAL PLANE (Lateral Plane) – A vertical plane running from front to back; that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
- 12. PLANES OF THE BODY AXIAL PLANE (Transverse Plane) A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. MEDIAN PLANE (Sagittal Plane) through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves.
- 13. BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANE The cavities, or spaces, of the body, contain the internal organs or viscera. The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities. The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a dome- shaped respiratory muscle. Viscera – the organs of any cavity.
- 14. Body Cavities and Membranes • Dorsal Body Cavity • Cavity is subdivided into the Cranial Cavity and the Vertebral Cavity. • Cranial Cavity houses the brain. • The Vertebral Cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord.
- 15. Body Cavities and Membranes • Ventral Body Cavity – subdivided into: • Thoracic Cavity – divided into three parts: • (Right and Left) each containing Two Lateral Parts a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity • Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
- 16. Body Cavities and Membranes • VENTRAL BODY CAVITY • The Abdominopelvic Cavity – is divided into two parts: • Abdominal Cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs. • Pelvic Cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
- 17. Body Cavities and Membranes • Serous Cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane. • Pleura, Pericardium, and Peritoneum are the pericardium that surrounds the heart, the pleura that surrounds the lungs, the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal cavity and associated organs, and the tunica vaginalis that surrounds the testes. • Parietal Serosa – the outer wall of the cavity • Visceral Serosa – covers the visceral organs
- 18. Body Cavities and Membranes
- 19. Other Body Cavities • Oral Cavity • Nasal Cavity • Orbital Cavities • Middle Ear Cavities • Synovial Cavities
- 20. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants ABDOMINAL REGIONS DIVIDE THE ABDOMEN INTO NINE REGIONS
- 21. Abdominal Quadrants • Right Upper and Left Upper Quadrants • Right Lower and Left Lower Quadrants
- 22. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Figure 1.1
- 23. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL – atoms form molecules. 2. CELLULAR LEVEL – cells and their functional subunits. 3. TISSUE LEVEL – a group of cells performing a common function. 4. ORGAN LEVEL – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue. 5. ORGAN SYSTEM – organs working together for a common purpose. 6. ORGANISMAL LEVEL – the result of all simpler levels working in unison.
- 24. The Integumentary System • Forms External Body Covering • Protects deeper tissues from injury • Synthesizes Vitamin D • Site of Cutaneous Receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain. The integumentary system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails.
- 25. The Skeletal System • Protects and Supports Body Organs • Provides a Framework for Muscles • Blood Cells formed within Bones • Stores Minerals The skeletal system is your body's support structure. It gives your body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for your organs, and stores minerals. The skeletal system is also called the musculoskeletal system.
- 26. The Muscular System • Allows Manipulation of Environment • Locomotion • Facial Expression • Maintains Posture • Produces Heat The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction.
- 27. The Nervous System • Fast-acting Control System • Responds to Internal and External Changes Your nervous system uses nerve cells called neurons to send signals, or messages, all over your body. These electrical signals travel among your brain, skin, organs, gland, and muscles. The messages help you move your limbs and feel sensations, like pain.
- 28. The Endocrine System • Glands Secrete Hormones that regulate: • Growth • Reproduction • Nutrient Use The endocrine system made up of all the body's different hormones, regulates all biological processes in the body from conception through adulthood and into old age, including the development of the brain and nervous system, the growth and function of the reproductive system, as well as the metabolism and blood sugar.
- 29. The Cardiovascular System • Blood Vessels Transport Blood • Carries Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide • It also carries nutrients and wastes • The Heart pumps blood through blood vessels. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart and vessels work together intricately to provide adequate blood flow to all parts of the body.
- 30. The Lymphatic System • Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels • Disposes of debris in the Lymphatic System • Houses White Blood Cells (Lymphocytes) • Mounts attack foreign substances in the body The lymphatic system is part of the immune system. It keeps body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. Lymphatic vessels, tissues, organs, and glands work together to drain a watery fluid called lymph from throughout the body.
- 31. The Respiratory System • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes Carbon Dioxide • Gas Exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs. The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.
- 32. The Digestive System • Breaks down food into absorbable units • Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces The digestive system is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and ends at the anus. The digestive system breaks down food into simple nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
- 33. The Urinary System • Eliminates Nitrogenous Wastes • Regulates Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance. The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
- 34. The Reproductive System • Overall function is to produce offspring • Testes produce Sperm and Male Sex Hormones • Ovaries produce Eggs and Female Sex Hormones • Mammary Glands produce milk To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these cells. To nurture the developing offspring. To produce hormones.