2018 ridge, bitter gourd, leafy veg seed production advances
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1) The document discusses advances in seed production methodology for bitter gourd, ridge gourd, and leafy vegetables. It covers topics such as the floral biology, hybrid breeding methods, seed extraction, and popular varieties/hybrids for several cucurbit crops. 2) Key information provided includes the centers of origin and diversity for cucurbits, advantages of hybrid varieties, techniques for hybridization including use of gynoecious lines and chemical sex modification, and standards for seed quality. 3) Popular hybrids mentioned are Pusa Hybrid 1 and 2 for bitter gourd and Naga, Mallika, Rama for ridge gourd. The recently released ridge gourd variety Ar
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2018 ridge, bitter gourd, leafy veg seed production advances
- 1. Advances in Seed Production Methodology in Bitter gourd, Ridge gourd and Leafy Vegetables Dr. B. Varalakshmi, Principal Scientist Division of Vegetable Crops
- 2. Cucurbits : Largest vegetable family with 119 genera and 825 species Major centers of diversity: Africa, Persia, Southern Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, China Major cucurbits in India Several indigenous to India Used as salad (cucumber, gherkin, long melon) for cooking (all gourds) or sweet (ash gourd) or pickles (gherkin, bitter gourd, ivy gourd), desserts (melons).
- 3. Bitter gourd • Tropical vegetable • Cultivated mainly in the Asian & African countries. • Also known by the name, ‘Karela’. • Has a rough, warty skin. • Bitter in taste and green, dark green, white skin. • Great medicinal value. • Antidotal, antipyretic tonic, appetizing, stomachic, antibilious and laxative properties • Anti-diabetic • This is the main reason why the vegetable is used in a number of native medicines of Asia and Africa.
- 4. Ridge gourd • Ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L) Roxb] is a very popular vegetable for tropical and sub tropical parts of the country. • India is considered as centre of the origin of luffa.
- 5. Area, Production and Productivity of Cucurbits Cucurbits Area (Lakh ha) Production (Lakh tons) Productivity (t/ha) World India World India World India Pumpkin, Squash, Gourds 18.01 5.10 246.79 49.00 13.7 9.6 Cucumber and Gherkins 21.24 0.27 713.65 1.68 33.6 6.3 Muskmelons 11.88 0.44 294.62 10.00 24.8 22.5 Watermelons 34.91 0.28 1092.78 4.00 31.3 14.04 Total 86.05 6.09 2347.84 64.68 Share in world cucurbits (%) 7.08 2.76 Share in Indian Vegetables (%) 6.48 3.97 Indian Vegetable Scenario 95.75 1666.08 17. 04 Bitter gourd 0.90 9.83 10.92 Ridge gourd 0.73 6.85 9.3 Source: www.faostat.fao.org (2013) NHB Database (2013-14) Agricultural Statistics at a glance (2016)
- 6. Reasons to low productivity - limited availability of quality seed - lack of improved production technology and - environmental factors like high temperature and long photoperiod. “Seed is a basic input, therefore the effect of application of other inputs like fertilizer, irrigation for increasing yield and productivity is also depend upon the quality of seed”
- 7. Hybrid Seed Production Technology of Gourds Why hybrids in cucurbits Very high genetic diversity: resulting in heterosis as high as 150% in some cases Majority of agronomic traits possessing over-dominance gene action: better heterosis No inbreeding depression: resulting in robust inbred parents and ease in maintenance of parental lines Higher number of seeds/pollination and Low seed rate /unit area : efficiency of seed production Availability of pollination control mechanisms: MS, Gynoecy, monoecy and also chemical sex modification. Entomophily: Attraction to insect as a means of pollen transfer resulting in savings on manual pollination
- 8. Crop OP Varieties (T/ha) Hybrids (T/ha) % Yield advantage Bitter gourd 15 20 33.33 Ridge gourd 20 30 50.00 Potential yield advantage of hybrids in cucurbits Extent of heterosis in Gourd Vegetables Source Yield/plant Sirohi and Choudhury (1978) 84.0% Sirohi et al. (2000) 58% Dey (2008 ) using gynoecious parent 126.41% Bitter gourd Source Yield/plant Hedau (2002) 93.09%, Ram et al (2004) using hermaphrodite line 121.74% Girwani et al. (2008) 218.97% Hegade et al. (2009) 77.7% Ridge gourd
- 10. Floral biology Cucurbitaceae: • 119 genera and 825 species • Inflorescence axillary /solitary or clustered on racemes • Flowers are large, showy (white or yellow colour petal) • Staminate flowers mostly in long peduncles are borne singly-bitter gourd, bottle gourd, clusters in Luffa & Cucumber • Pistillate flowers are borne singly in short peduncles. More staminate flowers than pistillate flowers • Fruit is a berry, seeds many with characteristic shapes and colours
- 11. Flowering habits Monoecious: where staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers are separately produced on the same plant. Eg: Gourds, muskmelon, watermelon, cucumber Hermaphrodite: where only bisexual or perfect flowers are produced Eg: Satputia variety of ridge gourd Dioecious: where staminate and pistillate flowers are produced separately on separate plants. Eg: pointed gourd, ivy gourd
- 12. Crop Anthesis Dehiscence Pollen Fertility Stigma Receptivity Bitter gourd 9-13.30 hr. 7-8 hr. 5-12 hr. one day before one day after Ridge gourd 17-20 hr. 17-20 hr. day of anthesis to 2 to 3 days in 6 hr. before to 84 hr. after anthesis Sponge gourd 4-8 hr. 4-8 hr. on the day of anthesis 10 hr. before to 120 hr. after anthesis Anthesis, dehiscence, pollen fertility and stigma receptivity Sex ratio Ranges from 25 to 30:1 to 15:1 Greater no. of pistillate flowers/plant, consequently higher fruit set and yield. Highly sensitive to environment- high N, long days and high temperature - male flowers. Flowering starts in 40-45 days after sowing
- 13. Pollination behaviour • Anthesis, pollen dehiscence and fruit set are influenced by environmental factors • Cucurbits are cross pollinated by nature • Extent of cross pollination ranges from 60 to 80% • Main pollinating agents are bees - Apis florea, A. dorsata • One bee colony per acre for maximum fruit set and seed yield • Seed crop should be raised in such a seasons which remain dry at the time of seed maturity and seed extraction. • Summer season is preferred for raising seed crop. Major seed production regions in India Crop Areas Region Bitter gourd Eastern U.P., Faizabad and Jaunpur Northern Region Ridge gourd West Bengal (South West) Ranibennur (Karnataka) Eastern Region Sponge gourd Telangana, Karnool and (North A.P.) Ranibennur (Karnataka) Southern Region Bitter gourd Costal districts of A.P. Southern Region
- 14. Hybrid breeding Female line (A-1-2-1-2-3) X Male line (B-2-1-3-2-3) F1
- 15. Hybrid development in Gourd Vegetables Breeding objectives/ Market trends Fruit Shape Ridge gourd: Long, medium long, uniform Bitter gourd: Medium long (8-10 cm) free from bitterness Flesh Texture: Should not become fibrous quickly at edible maturity Fruit colour and texture Ridge gourd: dark green, continuous ridges Bitter gourd: Blunt tubercles, whitish green, light green, dark green High Yield • Medium vine length • Sex ratio: higher female to male (1:15) • Early female flower Biotic stresses: Downy mildew Powdery mildew Fruit fly Virus resistance
- 16. Ridge gourd Germplasm (109 lines)-Variability
- 17. Bitter gourd Germplasm (140 lines)-Variability
- 18. Seed Production practices • Released varieties • Notified varieties for certified seed production • Truthfully Labeled Seed (TFL)- any kind/variety can be multiplied Isolation requirements Certified Seed production - 400 m Foundation Seed production - 800 m Breeder seed production - 1000 m Rouging • Before flowering to avoid natural cross-pollination. • Fruit set and complete fruit development stages • Fruit shape, colour, stripe, neck etc.
- 19. Hybridization
- 20. Selfing & Crossing in Ridge gourd Female Flower Bagged selfed/ crossed female flower Male Flower Male Flower PollinationCovering crossed flower Male to female parent ratio = 1:3 to1:4
- 21. Selfing & Crossing in Bitter gourd Pollination Bagged selfed/ crossed female flower Selfed / Crossed fruit development Female Male Flower Male to female parent ratio = 1:3 to1:4
- 22. Increasing the fruit set and seed yield • Use the first or second pistillate flower buds opened on a vine as in later stages the fruit-setting is poorer. • Cutting the length of the vine on which the crossed or selfed pistillate flower is situated • Removing other female flower buds or other set fruits from the vine on which the hand-pollinated flower is placed • Applying growth-regulating substances.
- 23. Other lesser adopted hybridization techniques in Gourds
- 24. A. Pinching of male flowers and pollination by insects: • Male flowers from female parent are pinched off day before of anthesis • The fruit set on female lines are hybrids • Male and female lines are grown in alternate rows in ridge gourd • Female-male parents ratio in bitter gourd is 3:1 • Pinching of male flowers in bitter gourd is easy- large & single • Cluster male flowers-may not be complete and effective in ridge gourd
- 25. B. Use of gynoecious sex forms: Bitter gourd: : DBGY-201,202 Ridge gourd : IIHR-24gy, IIHR-44gy & IIHR-46gy. Gynoecious plants- Ridge gourd and Bitter gourd IIHR-44Gy Gynoecious lines maintained by inducing male flowers using Silver nitrate /silver thiosulphate sprays @300-500ppm at 2-4 leaf stage At any stage of the growth – induces hermaphrodite flowers after 15 days C. Use of morphological markers: • Bitter gourd: - White flowered
- 26. D. Use of male sterile lines: • Ridge gourd: CMS system IIHRRGMS -1(Long fruit) IIHRRGMS -2(Medium long fruit) Male sterile line, IIHR-28MS sterile pollen Male sterile Male sterile Male fertile Male fertile Male Fertile Rudimentary male flowers IIHRRGMS -1 IIHRRGMS -2
- 27. E. Chemical sex modification Crop Chemical Stage of application Effect Ridge gourd Ehtrel (2-choloro- ethyl-phosphonic acid) 200-300ppm 2-4 leaf stage and before flowering Female flower comes first and higher fruit set Bitter gourd Silver nitrate 500 ppm Silver thiosulphate 300-400 ppm At any time during reproductive stage Induces hermaphrodite flowers in gynoecious lines for maintenance
- 28. Crop Variety Period in days (seed to seed) Bitter gourd Arka Harit, Pusa Vishesh 65 days Ridge gourd Arka Prasan Arka Sujat 90 days 105 days Maturity of fruit: Besides days to maturity, some other parameters like change in colour also used as criteria of maturity index. Bitter gourd : Fruit turn to bright yellow. Luffa : Complete drying/fruit turn to gray colour.
- 29. Change in colour of matured fruits
- 30. Seed Extraction Dry method: • Dried fruits are cut at blossom end and seeds come out by shaking Eg: sponge gourd, ridge gourd Wet method: • Fruits are cut longitudinally and seed is scooped out Eg: bitter gourd
- 31. In wet method, the seed extraction done by three ways : Mechanical Extraction: • Fruits are cut into pieces and macerated by machine. • seeds are separated out from pulp by floating with water. • quick, less expensive and seeds retain good luster, but require good amount of water. Eg: bottle gourd and ash gourd. Natural Fermentation: • Scooped material kept in wooden/plastic or steel vessel for 48 hours at room temperature and stirred 2-3 times • Then seed is washed thoroughly with water 2-3 times. • Main problem with this method are discoloration and poor luster of seed. Chemical Extraction: • 25-30 ml. of HCL or 8-10 ml. of H2SO4 added per 5 kg of pulp and some quantity of water is mixed, • Stirring of pulp is done to enhance the separation and left for 30 minutes. The impurities will float and seed will sink. • seed should be washed thoroughly with clean water. • quick method but accuracy of acid and time is important
- 32. Seed Yield • Seed yield depends upon the crop, variety, location, season and management of the seed crops. Crop Seed yield kg/ha No of seed/ fruit (g) 1000 Seed wt.(g) Ridge gourd 300-400 248 110-120 Bitter gourd 250-300 21 160-170
- 33. Seed standards Factor Standards for each class Foundation Certified Off types Maximum permitted 0.10 % 0.20% Pure seed (minimum) 98.0% 98.0% Inert matter (maximum) 2.0% 2.0% Other crop seeds (maximum) None None Weed seeds (maximum) None None Other distinguishable varieties (maximum) 5 / kg 10 / kg Germination (minimum) 60% 60% Moisture (maximum) 7.0% 7.0% For vapour-proof containers (maximum) 6.0% 6.0%
- 34. Popular Bitter gourd hybrids Pusa Hybrid-1 glossy-green. Yield 18-20 t/ ha. Pusa Hybrid-2 Fruits dark green, Yield 15-18 t/ha Indra Maya Palee Other Hybrids: Phule Priyanka, Co Bg H1, NBGH-167, NBTH-101, MBTH-102, Vivek Private sector hybrids
- 35. • East-west: Rama, Naga, Mallika • Namdhari seeds: NS-3 • IIHR Pre-released hybrids: IIHRG-27, IIHRG-43 NagaMallika IIHRGH-10/43 IIHRGH-10/27 Rama Popular Ridge gourd hybrids
- 36. Arka Prasan (IIHR-53-1-3) : • Ridge gourd variety has been identified for release by VTIC during December, 2016. • It is an open pollinated variety developed by inbred selection from the segregating germplasm, IIHR-53. • Early flowering variety, first female flower appears at 9th node, takes 42-45 days for first picking, • Green, long, tender fruits, excellent cooking quality • Nutritionally rich in antioxidant activity and minerals like phosphorus, Calcium and zinc. • Yields 26.0 t/ha in 120-135 days duration ICAR-IIHR recently released Ridge gourd variety Pre-IRC Arka Prasan 31/01/2017
- 37. Ridge gourd hybrid, Arka Vikram (RGH-63) Ridge gourd hybrid identified for release by VTIC during December, 2016. It is developed by crossing the inbreds, IIHR-6-1-1 x IIHR- 53-1-3. Early flowering and female flower at 9th node Takes 40 days for the first female flower appearance and 46 days for first picking of fruits Green, long, tender fruits Yields 34.1 t/ha in 120-135 days duration 31/01/2017 Pre-IRC
- 38. Advances in Production technology
- 40. Soil and Climate • Select deep, well drained soil with sandy or sandy loam texture. • pH : 5.5 - 6.5. • A long period of warm, dry weather with 30-35° C, temperature should not be below 18° C. • Slightly wet to semi dry ecological condition is suitable. • Night and day temperature of 18°-22° c and 30°-35° C respectively is optimum for its proper growth and high fruit set. • It grows very well in a warm hot climate, the optimum temperature being 25°-30° C. • Very high and low temperature affects the growth of this crop.
- 41. Land preparation • Bring the soil to a fine tilth after 2- 3 ploughings and harrowings. • Broadcast 25 tonnes of farm yard manure/ha after the first ploughing. • Prepare the irrigation channels along the slope to irrigate the sowing channels. • Make shallow furrows in the sowing channels at the bottom of the ridges with the help of a pick axe. • Apply the fertilizer mixture in the shallow furrows made in the sowing channels and cover it with soil. • Irrigate the sowing channels two days before sowing.
- 42. Crop Seed Rate (kg/ha) Spacing (trellis) Fertilizer requirement (kg/ha) N P2O5 K2O Bitter gourd 5-8 1.5x0.5m 75 100 35-70 Ridge gourd 3 1.5x0.5m 75 100 35-70 Seed Rate & Fertilizer requirement
- 43. Sowing in the channel and training on the ground
- 44. Nutrient enrichment in FYM Trichodermma viridi + PSB + Multi K 15 days old enriched FYM Nutrient enrichment of FYM- Before application , to main field as basal dose (100 kg of FYM (sieved) + Add 1kg of each Trichogramma viridi + PSB + Multi-K +wet it + Covered with polythene sheet for 15 days then this would be mixed with 9 tons of well rotten FYM /acre)
- 45. Sowing: • Prepare sowing hills on the inner-side of the ridges of the sowing channel, 8-10 cm above the place where fertilizer has been applied • Sow 4-5 seeds per hill and cover them with soil and give a light irrigation. Seedling trays: • Coco-peat @ 2.5kg/tray • Single seed/hole, • Keep one above the other, tie 10 trays together with black polthene • Remove after 4-8 days and spread over poythene sheet • Keep in poly/net house • Transplant after 12-15 days of sowing Advantages: • Easy to manage nursery • Better establishment • Less seed rate
- 46. Quality seedling production Coco peat Seed placement in peg trays Trays covered with mulch Seed emergence15 days old seedlingTransplanted to field
- 47. Intercultural operations: • Irrigate once in 4-5 days depending upon the soil and weather conditions • Do the weeding and hoeing during the first 45 days of plant growth • Thinning of plants should be done 25-30 days after sowing, retaining 2 good seedlings in each hill.
- 48. • Top-dress the crop with nitrogen (25 kg/ha), (DAP+urea in 3:1 ratio) 30-35 days after sowing. • When the plants start vining (35-40 days after sowing), vine guiding should be done on trellis. This facilitates intercultural operations and minimizes disease incidence and fruit rot • Fruit rot control: Spray Borax @25mg/l + urea 1% or Vegetable special @ 2g/lit three times, starting from 15 days after sowing at 10- 15 days interval
- 49. Insect & Disease Management
- 50. Disease & Pest resistance breeding at IIHR –Ridge gourd Downy mildew: It is a serious disease during Kharif season and yield loss is up to 80-90%. Resistant lines developed : • IIHR-7-5-1, IIHR-17-2-1 and IIHR-17-1-7-3 with green, medium long fruits • Source of resistance is confirmed • genetics of resistance – two dominant complementary genes and recessive epistsis • molecular maker identification- RAPD-SCAR- polymorphism is lost Tomato leaf curl New Delhi Virus (Begomo): Of late, It is becoming very serious problem and the yield loss is almost 60-70%. If the infection occurs in the early stages, then the loss is >90%. Tolerant lines developed : • IIHR-25-6-3, IIHR-30-4-4, IIHR-34-1-5, IIHR-34-3-2 and IIHR-25-2-5 • Confirmation of resistance through artificial screening by whitefly transmission of begomo virus is done Fruit fly : It is a very serious pest causing >80% damage Tolerant lines identified : • IIHR-28, IIHR-31, IIHR- 43 and IIHR- 60 • Confirmation of tolerance under no-choice test –results are not consistant
- 51. • IIHR-7-5-1 (PDI-10.3 and 13.6t/ha), IIHR-17-2-1 (PDI-10.1 and 10.8t/ha) - downy mildew resistant with moderate yield (10-15t/ha) • These two had low AUDPC (417 and 430 respectively) and also low ‘r’ values (3.3 and 3.9 respectively) compared to susceptible checks, IIHR-52-1-30 (1263 and 8.5 respectively) and IIHR-23-8-10 (1808 and 10.8 respectively). IIHR-23-8-10 (HS) IIHR-7-5-1 (R) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 AUDPC value AUDPC for Downy mildew in ridge gourd Advanced inbred lines Artificial screening against Downy mildew
- 52. Inheritance of downy mildew resistance in ridge gourd • Analysis of F2 and backcross populations of IIHR-23-8-10 x IIHR-7-5-1 revealed that the inheritance of downy mildew resistance is governed by two Dominant Complementary genes (9:7 ratio). • In the cross, IIHR-52-1-30 x IIHR-17-1-7-4 it is governed by Dominant suppression Epistasis (3:13 ratio) • At least 4 additive genes and the narrow sense heritability was 69.63%. (Xie-WenHua and Xie-DaSen, 1999) Downy mildew screening block
- 53. • 8 advanced resistant inbred lines along with a susceptible line, IIHR-102 were artificially screened with virulent whiteflies under the controlled conditions • Out of 80 plants screened, only 11 IPS of four advanced lines viz., IIHR-25-6-3- 1-1 (2,10), IIHR-25-6-3-1-2(3,4,5,6,10), IIHR-34-1-5-1-6 (8,9) and IIHR-25-2- 5-1 (1,8) were free from the virus symptoms throughout the crop growth period. • DSG-6 and DSG-7, the sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) germplasm Sabina Islam et al (2010) IIHR-25-6-3-1-1 IIHR-34-1-5-1-6 Source of resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus (ToLCNDV)
- 54. • At ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru, IIHR-144-1 was highly resistant to powdery mildew with PDI=1.4 and IIHR-80-1-3 (PDI=0.00) was immune • Powdery mildew resistance in IIHR-144-1 is governed by Dominant inhibitory epistasis • One powdery mildew resistant gene linked Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker (McSSR 57) was identified Source of resistance to Powdery mildew in bitter gourd IIHR- 80-1-3 (R) IIHR- 144-1 (R)IIHR Sel.5 (HS)
- 55. Integrated Pest Management Leaf Miner: • Apply neem cake 250 kg/ha to soil immediately after germination and repeat at flowering. • Destroy cotyledon leaves infected with leaf miners after germination as the primary infestation occurs on cotyledon leaves. • Clip leaves infected by leaf miner at weekly intervals up to 20 DAS. If the incidence is high remove all severely infested leaves and destroy. Pumpkin beetles: • Mechanically collect and destroy pumpkin beetles • Spray (only if unavoidable) neem formulations with azadirachtin 2ml/l or NSPE (neem seed powder extract) 4%, once in 10 days. Fruit borer Aphids
- 56. Fruit fly damage
- 57. • Fruit fly control: crush pumpkin 1 kg and add 100g jaggery + 10ml malathion and keep in the plot (4-6 places/acre). Adults of fruit fly get attracted to the fermenting pumpkin and lay eggs and get killed. • Repeat 2-3 times in cropping season. Alternatively erect cuelure traps at 10 traps/acre to annihilate male flies or spray deltamethrin 1ml/l + 1% Jaggery or Carbaryl 50 WP at 3g/l +1% Jaggery at fruit formation/ ripening stage. • Collect and destroy all infested fruits by burning or burying deep in the soil. Fruit fly trap
- 58. • Mite control: mix neem soap or Pongamina soap at 10g/l with Ethion 50 EC at 1ml/l. • Thrips control: spray Acephate 75 WP 0.75g/l +Pongamia oil (2ml/l) + sticker 1ml/l (for emulsification) • Leaf eating caterpillar control: - Spray Bacillus thuringiensis formulation at 1ml/l when oviposition is noticed on the leaves. - Spray contact insecticide carbaryl 50 WP at 3g/l or Indoxacarb 14.5 SC at 0.5ml/l. alternatively spray Neem or Pongamia soap at 7.5g/l.
- 59. Integrated Disease management • Raise the seedlings using portrays under nylon net/poly house. • Seed treatment with Captaf / Thiram (0.2%) or with Trichoderma harzianum at 5g/kg. • Apply Trichoderma enriched FYM at 1kg/10kg FYM to the basins. • Foliar application of Mancozeb (0.2%) or Fosetyl Al (0.2%) or Cymoxanil Mancozeb (0.2%) at 10 days intervals from the onset of downy mildew disease. • Foliar application of Dinocap (0.1%) or Hexaconazole (0.075%) at 15 days interval when powdery mildew disease is observed. • Foliar application of Mancozeb (0.25%) or Chlorothalonil (0.25%) to control Alternaria blight. Downy mildew
- 60. Powdery mildew
- 61. Cucurbit aphid borne Yellow virus (CABYV/ Namamarako) • In the Philippines, the East-West Seed Company initiated the screening of bitter gourd germplasm for CABYV resistance in 2002 • EW 1696 was identified as a reliable source of resistance to CABYV. • Inheritance -Two partially dominant genes. • In 2008, they released the first hybrid bitter gourd with intermediate resistance to CABYV named ‘Galactica F1.
- 62. Fig. A: Incidence of BiGYMV disease on bitter gourd (Variety Preethi) in field showing severe curling of leaves with yellow mosaic Fig, B: Bitter gourd plant showing upward curling of leaves Fig, C: Symptoms of yellow mosaic on bitter gourd leaves Fig, D: Crinkling, curling thickening of veins on leaves of bitter gourd Fig, E: Rat tail type of symptom observed on severely infected bitter gourd leaf in field ToLCND Virus
- 63. Integrated Disease Management- contd… Harvesting should be done only after 10 days (at least) of insecticide / fungicide application. Powdery mildewDowny mildew. ToLCND virus.
- 64. Advances in Seed Production Methodology in Amaranth & Palak
- 65. Amaranth (Amaranthus species) • Most common and cheapest leafy vegetable because of its low production cost and high yield • Amaranth leaves & tender stems are rich in protein, minerals, vitamin A and C • Origin : India • Taxonomy: Genus Amaranthus -Amaranthaceae 65 genera and 250 species. 50 to 60 edible species of the genus Amaranthus. • Important species of leafy amaranth are Amaranthus tricolor L, A. dubius Mart exThell , A. lividus, A. blitum, A tristis L., A. spinosus L and A. viridis. Introduction
- 66. A. blitum A. Cruentus – dual purposeA. spinosus A. viridis Important species
- 67. Component & RDA Amaranth Palak Protein (g) 60 4 3.4 Minerals (g) 2.7 2.2 Fibre (g) 1.0 0.7 Calcium (mg) 400 397 380 Phosphorus (mg) 83 30 Iron (mg) 28 25.5 16.2 Vitamin A (I.U) 5250 9200 9770 Vitamin C (mg) 50 99 70 Nutrient Composition - Leafy Vegetables (per 100g)
- 68. • Two sections in Amaranthus i.e., Amaranthus and Blitopsis with equal numbers of species in each. • Amaranthus: only terminal flower clusters and includes important grain types • Blitopsis: the species which have flower clusters in axils and includes the green types. • All amaranth species have diploid chromosome number 2n=32 (n=16) or 2n=34 (n=17) • A. blitum which has x = n = 8 and • A. dubius which is a tetraploid (2n=64). Botany
- 69. • Annual, erect or trailing herb with deep tap root system. • Stem green to purple with mixed shades of these two colours, • glabrous and succulent leaves are simple and alternate, opposite, exstipulate, entire, lanceolate to obovate, with green to purple colours of petiole and lamina. • The basic unit of inflorescence is dichasial cyme called glomerule. • Flowers are small, mostly unisexual, monoecious, pentamerous, bracteate and bracteiolate, perianth parts are 4-5, • stamens 2-5, carpels 2-3, syncarpous, ovary superior with one ovule, style single to 2 or 3 branched, • fruit utricle, indehiscent, seed varying in colour, black, brown or white, compressed, smooth, shiny with floury endosperm. Botany
- 70. • The monoecious species have two types of arrangement of the staminate and pistillate flowers I. first flower of each flower cluster is staminate, and all the secondary ones are pistillate. Eg: All species except A. spinosus II. all flowers of each cluster are of same sex but the clusters of pistillate flowers develop only in the axils of the branches and at the base of the terminal inflorescence, while staminate flower clusters are borne terminally on the main axis and lateral branches. Eg: A. spinosus. Floral Biology
- 71. • The percentage of male flowers per glomerule 10 to 25 in leafy types. • The vegetable types are predominantly self pollinated due to the presence of a number of male flowers per glomerule, small non showy terminal inflorescence and greater development of axillary glomerules. • The method of pollen transfer is generally through wind, some times by honey bees and bugs. • The stigma of pistillate flowers is receptive 2-3 days prior to the opening of staminate flowers. • Anthesis starts from the base of the inflorescence and proceeds towards the tip.
- 72. • Techniques of selfing and crossing: As vegetable types are predominantly self pollinated, covering the inflorescence with butter paper bags when the first basal flower starts opening is enough for effective self pollination. • But, from the breeding point of view, the small closely grouped flowers in glomerules make emasculation extremely difficult. • For making crosses, the receptive stigmas are heavily pollinated and the staminate flowers are removed. Kauffman (1979) reported in detail the crossing technique. • The lower florets which are already fertilized must be trimmed with a razor and similarly the apical portion. •
- 73. • Emasculation is done in the middle portion of inflorescence. • Pollen from previously bagged inflorescence of male parent is collected by shaking the stamens into half a size gelatin capsules, which is then placed over the emasculated flower head. • High seed set was obtained when pollination was done on three successive days. • For covering the pollinated flower heads gelatin capsules were found to be the best. • The flower heads are wrapped with a wisp of cotton which keeps the capsule in place until the head swells sufficiently to fill the capsule.
- 74. • Presently there are three points for amaranth germplasm collection, breeding and research: • USA: Rodale Organic Gardening and Farming Research Center, Pennsylvania and National Seed Storage Laboratory, Colorado, USA, • Nigeria: National Horticultural Research Institute and other Institutes at Ibadon. • India, NBPGR, New Delhi, TNAU, Coimbatore, Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, IIHR, Bangalore, (working collections) and IARI, New Delhi. Genetic Resources Total Amaranth Germplasm at IIHR : 202 Sources: Indigenous:- farmer’s fields, Institutes, seed shops Exotic:- AVRDC, Pakistan, Nepal etc.,
- 75. 5131 75 45 636 62 29 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 A m aranth P alakC oriander C om m on M ethi K asuriM ethi B asella germplasm number Leafy Vegetable Germplasm Status in National Seed Gene Bank
- 76. Salient features of Amaranth variety, Arka Suguna • It is a pure line selection from an exotic collection from Taiwan (IIHR-47). • The variety was released in 1996 and notified for Karnataka in 2006 • It has broad, light green foliage and succulent stem. • First harvest in 25-30 days after sowing and 5-6 cuttings can be taken without the stem being fibrous in 90 days • It has got excellent cooking quality. • It is rich in dry matter content, protein, Carotenes, Vitamin C, and minerals like Phosphorus and Potassium. • Yield is 25- 30 t/ha. Moderately resistant to white rust Arka Suguna IIHR released amaranth varieties
- 77. • This variety has been developed by pure line selection (IIHR –49). • It is released in 1998 • It is a multi-cut variety and about 3 cuttings can be taken without the stem being fibrous. • It has broad, succulent and purple leaves and stem • Yields about 26-28t/ha over a period of 60 days. It is resistant to white rust. • It has low oxalate and nitrate contents. • It has got excellent cooking quality and is rich in dry matter content, protein and minerals like Potassium. Arka Arunima Salient features of Amaranth variety, Arka Arunima
- 78. Salient features of Amaranth variety, Arka Samraksha • It has been developed by the modified bulk method of selection from the segregating population of the cross, IIHR – 4 x IIHR – 70 in F6 generation. • Pulling type amaranth with green stem, medium large, lanceolate shaped green leaves • Yields 10.9 t/ha in 30- 35 days duration. • Antioxidant activity is 500mg and Nitrate content is 27.3mg /100g FW • Oxalate content is 1.34g / 100g FW Leaf protein is 4.0 %
- 79. Salient features of Amaranth variety, Arka Varna • It has been developed by the modified bulk method of selection from the segregating population of the cross, IIHR - 7 x IIHR - 30 in F6 generation. • Pulling type amaranth with pink stem, petiole and veins. Small ovate shaped pinkish green leaves • Yields 10.58 t/ha in 30-35 days duration • Antioxidant activity is 417 mg (AEAC units) and Nitrate content is 37.6 mg / 100 g FW. • Oxalate content is 1.42g / 100 g fr. wt. Leaf protein is 4.1 % Arka Varna
- 80. • IARI: It has released Choti Chawlai, Badi Chawlai, which are pulling types. • PUSA KIRTI: The leaf and stem both are edible. The Leaves are green with broad ovate lamina, 30-35 days, yield 55 tonnes/ha. • PUSA KIRAN: Leaves are glossy green with broad ovate lamina, 70-75 days, yield 35 tonnes/ha. • PUSA LAL CHAULAI: Leaves are purplish-red and stem is deep-red in colour. 33 days, yield is 49 tonnes/ha PUSA KIRAN PUSA KIRTI PUSA LAL CHAULAI
- 81. • Co.1 (A. dubius): retains succulence even at mature stage, 30-35 days, Yield is 10t/ha. • Co. 2 (A. tricolor): Suited for `tender green’ harvest. 20-25 days, Yield is 13t/ha. • Co. 3 (A. tricolor var. tristis): It is cutting type Totally yields about 30t/ha of green yield in 90 days with 10 clippings. • Co.4 (A. hypochondriacus): It is dual purpose variety useful for grain and leaf. Yields about 8t/ha. of green leaf in 35 to 40 days • Co-5: Greenish purple leaves TNAU Co.5 Co.3 Co.1 Co.2
- 82. The normal agronomic practices followed for a vegetable crop are also usually employed for seed production. Amaranth responds well to the fertilizer schedule of 50kg each N and P and 30 kg K per hectare in respect of seed yield. Spraying urea at the rate of 12kg N/ha and micro nutrients at the rate of 400g/ha once in 10days from first flowering, increases the yield and quality of seed. An isolation distance of about 400m has been recommended between two cultivars. 10-12 weeks time is required for the seed production from sowing. In cutting types, only few last cuttings can be omitted to produce seeds. Seed Production
- 83. Off-type plants should be rogued out at different stages. Harvesting starts from 35 days after flowering, when the glumes turn brown in colour and seeds turn black. Seed spikes are sun dried and threshed with bamboo sticks. Seeds are then strained through 2mm sieve. Seed yield ranges from 400 to 1000kg/ha depending on the variety. Dried seed is treated with Bavistin at the rate of 2g/kg seed and stored. The viability of the seeds can be maintained upto 10 months in ordinary containers and over months in moisture proof 700 gauge polythene bags
- 84. most common leafy vegetables of tropical and sub tropical regions rich and cheap source of vitamin A Leaves are mildly laxative Origin: Indo-Chinese region. Taxonomy: Chenopodiaceae, Beta vulgaris. 2n=18, like beet root and Swiss chard, which indicates their close relationship. Palak (Spinach Beet) Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis L.
- 85. • annual with tap root system. • Leaves are long, entire margin and long petioles. • Inflorescence is racemose with bracts of cymose type and emerges either in the axil of leaf or from a spurious terminal bud • Flowers are small, sessile, bisexual, perfect, bracteate (leafy) and are borne in axil of leaf in a group of 2-3 • 5 stamens opposite to perianth lobes on a fleshy disc within unilocular perigynous ovary. Botany:
- 86. • whole phase of flower bud development takes 35 days to come in bloom. • anthesis peak period -between 11 A.M and 1P.M. • Anther dehiscence - peak period between 12.30 and 2.30 P.M • Stigma receptivity - 8 hrs. before anthesis, continues for another 10 hrs. • fruit is a seed ball containing two to three seeds. • Flowers produce abundant, small and light pollen grains which are carried by wind leading to wind pollination. • Hence the crop is highly cross pollinated. Floral Biology
- 87. Selfing: Entire plant or a few flowering branches are enclosed in a thick muslin bag or preferably in a craft-paper bag Bags must be shaken once or twice daily and must not be opened on windy days. Crossing: Rogue out the selfed plants with help of a dominant marker gene in seedling stage and it is not necessary to emasculate flowers If the pollen parent does not posses any marker genes it would be necessary to emasculate the flowers before crossing During pollination, great care must be taken to avoid contamination from foreign pollen by wind. The bags covering the plants of the male and female parents should not be opened on a windy day and pollination must be done when the air is still, preferably in a glass house or plastic cage. Selfing and crossing Techniques
- 88. • All green: released by IARI, New Delhi, produces uniformly green leaves and yields about 12.5t/ha in 6-7 cuttings. • Pusa Palak: It is a selection from a cross between Swisschard and local palak and released by IARI. It is a late bolting cultivar. • Pusa Jyoti: It is developed through polyploidy breeding and gives 49t/ha in 6-8 cuttings, can be grown through out the year, rich in nutrition. • Pusa Harit: A late bolting cultivar developed by hybridization between sugar beet and local palak at IARI, Regional Station, Katrain. SAU’s • Jobner green: Evolved by University of Udaipur as a result of spontaneous, mutation detected in local collection yields about 29t/ha. • HS-23: Released by HAU, medium large leaves, green color, high yielding Varieties- IARI
- 90. Arka Anupama • This variety has been developed by crossing IIHR-10 and IIHR-8 followed by pedigree method of selection up to F7 generation (IIHR-Sel.6) • The variety was released in 2004 by SVRC and notified in 2007 by CSC on CSN&RV. • Area of Adoption (States): Karnataka Salient features • It is a multicut, late bolting variety. • It has dark green, thick, medium large, succulent foliage. • Moderately resistant to cercospora leaf spot under field conditions. • Yields about 40-42 t/ha in 4 cuts over a period of 65- 70 days • It has got excellent cooking quality and is rich in dry matter content, protein, Carotenes, Vitamin C, and minerals like Phosphorus and Potassium. • Very good flowering and seed producing ability under tropical conditions Arka Anupama- IIHR
- 91. Palak is a more prolific seed producer, because of its hermaphrodite flowers. For seed crop, field preparation, cultural practices are the same as for green leaf crop. Maximum seed yield can be obtained at a spacing of 60cm x 20cm. Usually after taking 3 or 4 cuttings, the crop is left for seed production. Application of 20kg N/ha and one cutting gave maximum yield of good quality seeds. Since palak is a highly cross pollinated crop and readily crosses with Swiss chand and pig weed, an isolation distance of 1600m is recommended. Seed Production
- 92. • Off types, early bolters, pig weed plants have to be rogued out carefully from the seed production plots before flowering. • Palak crop generally takes 75 days after sowing for bolting and 150-180 days for seed maturity. • Seeds do not shed, hence the harvesting is done after full ripening of the whole crop. • Dried plants are threshed by beating with sticks. • Seeds are cleaned by winnowing and dried to 9% moisture before storage. Seed Yield: 600 -800kg/ha Diseases & Pests: Damping off- Captaf Leaf spot – Blitox Caterpillar- Endosulfan
- 93. Thank You