21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World - TIMELINE.pdf
- 1. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING COLONIAL PERIOD 2 1 ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD Teacher Marjo Subject Teacher
- 2. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING PRE- COLONIAL PERIOD • The beginning period of Philippine literary history can be considered as the longest as evidenced by the artifacts of different periods recovered ranging from 50,000 years ago to 14th century A.D. in the Tabon Cave of Palawan. • The said exploration was headed by a team from the National Museum where they found the oldest known human skeletal and fossil in the Philippines. • The discovery later on led to the realization of our very own indigenous cultures before the presence of the Spanish colonizers through the analysis of collected oral literature preserved by our Filipino ancestors.
- 3. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING PRE- COLONIAL PERIOD ✔ Early Filipinos heavily believed on spirits and supernatural entities (animism). ✔ Social ranking and classes were practiced. ✔ Economic and political dimensions involved trading, marriage, feasting, and alliance.
- 4. DIMENSIONS OF PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE ✔ Philippine literature during the pre-colonial era is mostly based on oral traditions passed down from generation to generation. ✔ The language used pertains to daily life. ✔ Common forms of oral literature are riddles, proverbs, and songs to express a thought or emotion. ✔ Epic was considered as the most exciting poetic and narrative form of literature in which the ASEAN-sponsored study of Filipino asserted that there are more than 100 epics discovered where majority came from Palawan (as cited by Quindoza-Santiago, n.d.).
- 5. DIMENSIONS OF PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE ✔ Majority of proverbs, epigrams, and proverbs collected by researchers come from Tagalog, Cebuano, and Ilocano dialects. ✔ The ancient pre-Spanish form of writing called Baybayin which was often cited in the work of Pedro Chirino during the 1500s, was later on approved as the National Writing System of the Philippines through House Bill No. 1022. ✔ The experiences of the people during pre-colonial period such as food hunting, work at home, caring for the children, and creatures or objects of nature served as the common subject in oral literature.
- 6. DIMENSIONS OF PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE ✔ Anyone who knew the language and the convention and forms could be a poet, singer, or storyteller. ✔ All important events such as rites and ceremonies reflect religious observance where people commonly recite, sing, or utter a chant.
- 7. TYPES OF PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE ✔ Folk Tales. These are stories which can be characterized as anonymous, timeless, and placeless tales circulated orally among a group of people. ✔ Legends. These are a form of prose which deal with the origin of a thing, location or name. ✔ Myths. Unlike legends where the characters have realistic human qualities, the characters here usually have supernatural powers where the main purpose is to provide explanation about the existence of something or someone. ✔ Epics. These pertain to a type of a long narrative poem mainly focusing on the heroic achievements and deeds of the main character.
- 8. TYPES OF PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE ✔ Folk Songs. These can be considered as the oldest forms of Philippine literature that mirror the culture which expresses hopes, aspirations, lifestyles, and emotions of early Filipinos. Some examples are kundiman, kumintang, oyayi or hele and some drinking songs. ✔ Other Forms. Some examples are proverbs (salawikain), riddles (bugtong), chant (bulong), maxims or those with rhyming couplets of 5, 6, or 8 syllables, sayings (kasabihan), and idiom (sawikain). Tanaga is another favorite poem consisting of four rhyming lines of 7 syllables each.
- 9. DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ✔ The type of literature produced during this period used Spanish, Tagalog, and the vernacular form of languages. ✔ Spanish was introduced as the medium of communication and later shifted to Tagalog when a sense of nationalism arose during the revolutionary period. ✔ The introduction of the printing equipment called xylographic press by the Dominicans resulted in publication of various religious materials and earliest books. ✔ Poetically inclined writers led by Tagalog versifiers called Ladinos (natives who were also fluent in Spanish) such as Fernándo Bágongbantâ and Tomas Pinpin tackled mostly morality and religion.
- 10. DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ✔ Folk songs still existed. ✔ Drama, as another type of literary genre, as well as metrical tales based on European origin (such as awit and corrido) flourished. ✔ Diaryong Tagalog (1882), a Spanish-Tagalog newspaper, published bulk of Filipino writings. The publication signaled the open campaign for reforms. ✔ In 1889, the La Solidaridad, an underground newspaper, became the mouthpiece of the Reform Movement.
- 11. EMERGENCE OF OTHER TYPES OF LITERATURE DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD ✔ Books. In 1593, the book written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva entitled "Doctrina Cristiana" (The Christian Doctrine) was first printed. Among the other notable books printed are "Nuestra Señora del Rosario" by Fr. Blancas de San Jose, "Barláan at Jósaphát" (first published in 1708) translated from Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja, and "Urbana at Felisa" by Modesto de Castro who is considered as the Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. ✔ Folk Songs. These were songs modified based on the folkways of Filipinos during this period.
- 12. EMERGENCE OF OTHER TYPES OF LITERATURE DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD ✔ Recreational Plays. These were mostly poetic in nature and intended to be performed during the Spanish era. Cenaculo, Carillo, Zarzuela, Moro-Moro, Balagtasan, Duplo, and Karagatan are among the examples. ✔ Novels. These are fictitious prose usually lengthy and complex in nature. Pedro Paterno's work entitled "Ninay" is the first novel published by a Filipino author. This was originally written in Spanish language and translated into English and Tagalog in 1907 and 1908.
- 13. EMERGENCE OF OTHER TYPES OF LITERATURE DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD ✔ Newspapers. There has been a debate on whether newspapers should be categorized as literature or not. However, according to Britannica, some high level journalism like articles written in a newspaper such as columns and feature articles can be considered as literature for as long as they achieve a certain level of satisfaction under aesthetic, chronological, and psychological characterization. Bulk of Filipino writings produced were mostly published in Diaryong Tagalog. The underground newspaper La Solidaridad is considered as the mouthpiece of the Reform Movement.
- 14. SOME NOTABLE WRITERS • ✔ Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862) was hailed as the "Master of Traditional Tagalog Poetry". His well- known literary work, Florante at Laura (1838–1861), is regarded as the most famous metrical romance of the country. • ✔ Pedro Paterno (1857–1911) was the first Filipino who wrote poetry collection in Spanish entitled Sampaguitas y poesias varias (1880). His novel in Spanish Ninay (1885) was considered to be the first Filipino novel. • ✔ Jose Rizal (1861–1896), a prominent ilustrado and the country’s national hero, is famous for the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These novels portray the corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and the clergy.
- 15. SOME NOTABLE WRITERS • ✔ Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897), the founder of the Katipunan, wrote the poem “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa” which appeared in the official newspaper of the Katipunan called Kalayaan in March 1896. • ✔ Leona Florentino (1849–1884), known as the “Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature,” was a poet in both Ilocano and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were preserved and exhibited in Europe and were included in the Encyclopedia Internationaldes Oeuvres des Femme in 1889.
- 16. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1 91 0- 1 9 45 ) • ✔ American colonial period is divided into two periods: the period of apprenticeship (1910-1930) and the period of emergence (1920-1930). • ✔ The surrender of first Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901 signified the end of the military struggle for independence. • ✔ Aguinaldo promised allegiance to America but still continued to be very vocal of achieving independence for the Philippines. • ✔ In 1935, Aguinaldo was soundly defeated by Manuel L. Quezon as the first President of the Commonwealth.
- 17. DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ✔ During the transition period many Filipino writers still preferred to write in Spanish since English was still a foreign language to them. ✔ Filipino writers were into all forms of literature during the period of apprenticeship but most of their works were critiqued as an imitation of English and American models. ✔ Short stories became the most prevalent literary form during the latter part of American colonial period.
- 18. DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ✔ The existence of American literary works and periodicals as well as the coming of American teachers encouraged many aspiring Filipino writers to use the English language. ✔ A new type of literature began when American system of education and English language were introduced. ✔ At the beginning, most of the literary works written in English were considered imitative in nature, but then later on evolved to a new variety of subjects, styles, and conventions of writing. ✔ Common theme in plays was all about nationalism.
- 19. OTHER TYPE OF LITERATURE EXISTED DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD ✔ Short Stories. These are stories that can typically be read in one sitting revolving around one subject and may range between 1,000 up to 20,000 words. The first short story written in English is entitled "Dead Stars" by Paz Marquez Benitez. SOME NOTABLE WRITERS ✔ Juan C. Laya. He won first prize for his novel "His Native Soil" in the First Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940. ✔ Zoilo M. Galang. His work entitled "A Child of Sorrow" in 1921 is considered as the first Filipino novel in English.
- 20. JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1 9 42 - 1 9 45 ) ✔ Japan invaded the Philippines on December 8, 1941 which was strongly opposed by the Guerillas. ✔ Captured soldiers and American deportees were forced to have "Death March" to a prison camp where they walked for 100 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died here. ✔ Aguinaldo cooperated with the Japanese to end Filipino and American opposition. ✔ Japanese colonizers failed to gain the trust of Filipinos.
- 21. ✔ The resurgence of World War II forced former President Manuel L. Quezon and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña Sr. to immediately leave the Philippines and sought residence in the United States as the Commonwealth government was suddenly in exile. ✔ There was a great tension between the two major groups: HUKBALAHAP (unified guerilla army against Japanese invasion) and KALIBAPI (political party approved by the Japanese). ✔ Jose P. Laurel was appointed as the President of the Philippines under the Japanese-sponsored Republic. ✔ In 1942, Mc Arthur escaped but promised to return which he did in 1944. The US victory in the battle of Leyte gulf signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese.
- 22. DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ✔ All forms of writings were censored during this time because there was no freedom of speech and of the press. ✔ Only those who were living in the United States such as Carlos P. Romulo and Manuel L. Quezon could write freely. ✔ The use of English language was stopped in almost all publications and only Tagalog and the vernaculars were permitted. ✔ Few literary works were printed and mostly considered as pessimistic and bitter according to the author Victoria Abelardo. ✔ Another type of poetry that emerged is the Haiku consisting of three lines with 5-7-5 syllables or 17 syllabic poetry in all.
- 23. DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ✔ Tagalog short stories flourished and some of the best works were compiled by the Liwayway magazine editors in Ang Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943. Some notable stories were “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway Arceo, “Nayon at Dagat-dagatan” by N. V.M. Gonzalez, and “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario Pineda. ✔ Opera and classical music gained popularity. ✔ Among the other types of literature emerged were essay (e.g. "Literature and Society" by Salvador P. Lopez) and autobiography (e.g. "The Good Fight" by Manuel Quezon).
- 24. SOME NOTABLE WRITERS • ✔ Carlos P. Romulo. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his notable works such as "I Saw the Fall of the Philippines", "I See the Philippines Rise", "Mother America", and "My Brother Americans". • ✔ Narciso Reyes. He won first prize with his short story "Lupang Tinubuan".
- 25. ✔ In 1944, Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. assumed the presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon while the Philippine Commonwealth government was in exile in the U.S. ✔ Manuel A. Roxas defeated Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr. as the President in April 1946 for the Second Republic of the Philippines. ✔ Elpidio R. Quirino assumed the remaining term of Roxas when the latter died of a heart attack in 1948. POST-COLONIAL PERIOD (1 9 45 -present) AFTER THE WAR
- 26. ✔ In 1953, Ramon F. Magsaysay was elected as the new president but died in an airplane crash on March 16, 1957. ✔ Magsaysay's position was assumed by Carlos P. Garcia who was re-elected and served until 1961. ✔ Diosdado P. Macapagal became the President after Carlos P. Garcia. He changed the date of Philippine Independence from July 4, 1946 (Liberation from America) to June 12, 1896 (Liberation from Spanish by the revolutionists). He also recognized the presidency of Jose P. Laurel. POST-COLONIAL PERIOD (1 9 45 -present) AFTER THE WAR
- 27. SUMMARING AND QUESTIONING Summarizing helps the reader comprehend and retain important information. If the reader knows they will be summarizing a section after reading it, they are more likely to be focused and engaged during the reading. Once a reader has summarized the section, questions or points of confusion may arise. Readers can consult others to discuss any questions. Sometimes though, questions are purposefully left unanswered in a story to build suspense or curiosity.
- 28. REFLECTING AND CONNECTING Once the reading is done, it is important for a reader to think about the text and look over annotations and personal summaries. Reflecting allows the reader to deepen their understand and see the big picture of the reading. After reflecting on what the text is saying, then consider any possible connections that can be made from personal experiences, other texts, history, or current events. Although the events of the story might not be similar to a reader's personal experience, a strong reader will look beyond the surface of the story to try and find connections. This will help the reader remember the reading and build a deeper understanding of the story.
- 29. Although complex literature can be intimidating to readers, attempting to read difficult works will lead to strengthened abilities and increased confidence in reading. Try these strategies and see what is most helpful to you.