25 Financial Health Metrics
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This document summarizes various financial assessment tools and techniques that can be used to evaluate an individual's or client's financial health. It discusses 12 categories of check-up tools covering financial statements, planning, investments, insurance, taxes, goals, and retirement planning. Specific tools outlined include calculating net worth, cash flow, financial ratios, spending plans/budgets, investment performance, asset allocation, retirement estimates, and life insurance needs. Worksheets are provided for many of the assessment areas. The overall goal is to help people improve their "financial fitness" and identify any potential problems, similar to a physical health checkup.
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25 Financial Health Metrics
- 1. 25 Financial Health Metrics Barbara O’Neill, Ph.D., CFP®, CFCS, CPFFE Rutgers Cooperative Extension [email protected] @moneytalk1
- 2. Workshop Objectives • Discuss assessment tools to determine financial strengths and weaknesses • Provide worksheets to set goals and make calculations • Provide suggestions to improve financial management • Improve “financial fitness” and “screen” for potential problems (like physical exams)
- 3. Background Information O’Neill, B. A Financial Practitioner Tool Kit: Assessment, Prescriptions, and Progress Checkup. Journal of Consumer Education (2013-2014), 30, 13-29. http://www.cefe.illinois.edu/JCE/archives/2013_201 4_vol_30/2013-2014_vol_30_pg13-29_ONeill.pdf
- 4. Question What check-up tools and techniques do you use to assess financial wellness (your own or your clients’)?
- 5. Workshop Topics • Financial goals • Net worth • Financial ratios • Cash flow (income and expense) statements • Spending plans (budgets) • Credit cards • Marginal tax brackets • Insurance analyses • Retirement analyses • Investment performance • Asset allocation • Retirement and estate planning
- 7. 1. Incremental Changes in Net Worth • Assets: everything that you own – Liquid (cash assets) – Tangible (property) – Investment • Debts: everything that you owe – Short-term (a.k.a., current debt; < 1 year) – Long-term • Assets minus debts equals net worth
- 8. 2. The “Wealth Test” Source: The Millionaire Next Door (Stanley & Danko) • Multiply your age by pre-tax income from all sources except an inheritance • Divide by 10 • This is what your net worth should be for your age and income level • Example: 35 x $40,000 = $1,400,000 divided by 10 = $140,000 minimum net worth
- 9. Wealth Test Worksheet Your net worth (assets minus debts) ________________ Your annual household income (from all sources (excluding income from inherited wealth) _______________ Your age (if both spouse work, average your ages) ________________ Multiply your income by your age ________________ Divide line 4 by the number 10 to get expected net worth for someone with your age and income __________ Divide your net worth (line 1 by line 5) to get your final score. ________________ Interpretation of your Score 2.0 or higher, you rank in the top 25% of wealth builders called PAWs (prodigious accumulators of wealth) 1 to 1.99, you rank in the top half of Americans in your wealth building prowess. 0.51 to 0.99, you’re a below average generator of wealth for your age and income level. 0.50 or lower, you are one of Stanley and Danko’s UAWs (under accumulators of wealth) Adapted from http://www.bauer.uh.edu/drude/Net.Worth.Worksheet.pdf.
- 10. 3. Cash Flow Statement • Relationship of income and expenses • Track expenses – Fixed – Variable – Periodic/irregular • Track income (all sources) • Income Minus Expenses = Cash Flow
- 11. Improving Cash Flow • Relationship between income and expenses – Positive cash flow – Negative cash flow • Three sustainable ways to improve cash flow – Increase household income – Decrease household expenses – Do both
- 12. 4. Review Irregular Expenses • List all expenses that come irregularly throughout the year – Examples: car registration, school tuition, birthdays, holidays, vacations, quarterly property tax payment, water and sewer bills, insurance premiums • Total each expense and divide by 12 • Save that amount monthly in a “holding” savings account to cover irregular expenses
- 13. Irregular Expense Worksheet Identify the months that you pay irregular expenses, what they are, & the cost (Example: February, property tax: $1,600). Then add up all of your irregular expenses and divide the total by 12 to determine the monthly savings amount • Jan ____________________ • Feb.____________________ • Mar ____________________ • Apr _____________________ • May ____________________ • June ___________________ • July ____________________ • Aug ____________________ • Sept ____________________ • Oct _____________________ • Nov _____________________ • Dec _____________________ • Total of Annual Irregular Expenses____________________ • Monthly Savings Amount __________
- 14. 5. Financial Ratios • Liquidity Ratio: Liquid assets divided by monthly expenses – Should be 3 (months expenses) or more – Example: $10,000/$4,000 = 2.5 • Consumer Debt-to-Income Ratio: Monthly consumer debt payments (not including a mortgage) divided by take-home pay – Should be less than 15% to 20% (overextension) – Example #1: $250/$2,000 = 12.5% – Example #2: $350/$2,000 = 17.5%
- 15. 6. Spending Plan/Budget Analysis • List after-tax sources of income • List expenses – Fixed (including revolving savings) – Variable – Irregular (periodic) • Compare budgeted amount with actual amount • Adjust as necessary
- 16. Spending Plan Worksheets • Excel Spreadsheet: http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/#resources • Downloadable printed worksheet: http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/pdfs/fs421works heet.pdf
- 18. 7. Incremental Progress Toward Financial Goals • Financial goals should be SMART – Specific (date, cost) – Measurable (progress) – Attainable – Relevant – Time-related (deadline) • Short-, intermediate-, long-term goals (match investments to goal time frame)
- 19. Financial Goal-Setting Worksheet http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/pdfs/goalsettingw orksheet.pdf 1 Goals 2 Approximate Amount Needed 3 Month & Year Needed 4 Number of Months to Save 5 Date to Start Saving 6 Monthly Amount to Save (2-4) Short-Term (under 3 years) Medium Term (3-10 years) Long-Term (10 or more years)
- 20. 8. Credit Check-Up • Are there credit cards you don’t use that can be cancelled without hurting your credit score? • Can you find or negotiate a better interest rate? • Have you checked your credit report? – www.annualcreditreport.com • Do you have a summary list of credit card info (e.g., account numbers and 800 numbers)? • What is the status of your rewards?
- 21. 9. Housing Check-Up Renters • Is rent increase forthcoming? • Comparing rental options • Purchasing renter’s insurance Homeowners • Is property tax increase forthcoming? • Refinancing cost-benefit analysis • Review of home maintenance set-aside account
- 22. 10. Income Tax Check-Up • Determine federal marginal income tax bracket – http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/taxinfo/marginaltaxbrackets2015.asp • Use tax bracket information in financial decisions • Tax withholding analysis and revision with W-4 form
- 23. 11. Life Insurance Check-Up • Follow these steps to determine life insurance need: – Estimate annual income needed by survivors – Calculate # of years income is needed – Add expenses (e.g., funeral, debt, other) – Subtract income, such as government benefits and survivor’s income, and existing assets • Review periodically as needs change
- 25. 12. General Insurance Check-Up • Is your home insured for at least 80% of replacement cost? • Do you have replacement cost riders on property? • Do you have at least $300k of auto liability? • Do you have long-term disability insurance? • Do you have a umbrella liability policy? • Have you considered LTC insurance? • Have you recently compared health insurance options (coverage and cost)?
- 27. 13. Investment Performance Check-Up • Can do for each investment individually or for total portfolio • Write down beginning balance and ending balance • Add half of annual contributions (deposits) to beginning balance and subtract half of annual contributions from ending balance • Divide adjusted ending balance by adjusted beginning balance • Convert into a percentage
- 28. Example of Calculating Investment Performance • Invest $200 /month or $2,400 over a year • January 1 balance: $15,368 • December 31 balance: $19,627 • $15,368 + $1,200 = $16,568 • $19,627 - $1,200 = $18,427 • $18,427 ÷ 16,568 = 1.11 • Subtract one and multiply by 100 to convert to a percentage = 11.1%
- 29. 14. Investment Risk Tolerance Check-Up • Check online quizzes (Rutgers Cooperative Extension, investment firms) • Ideally risk tolerance should be stable • Most people are more sensitive to potential losses than potential gains • Have clients consider possible losses in dollar figures (e.g., $3,000)- NOT percentages
- 30. Investment Risk Tolerance Quiz http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/riskquiz/
- 31. 15. Investment Asset Allocation Check-Up • Review your desired asset allocation (% of portfolio in stocks, bonds, cash, real estate, etc. ) • Rebalance back to the original weightings – If percentages shift by a certain amount (e.g., 5%) – Periodically according to a certain schedule • Can rebalance by selling assets or directing new deposits to underweighted asset classes
- 32. Asset Allocation Basics • Important factor in overall investment success • The more stock in portfolio, the more aggressive the asset allocation • Guidelines: 100 to 115 – age = % of portfolio in stock • Conservative portfolio: lower stock percentage Conservative Moderate Aggressive C B S C B S C B S
- 33. Category #4 Later Life Financial Planning Check-Up
- 34. 16. Retirement Planning Check-Up • Estimate required annual income (% of pre-retirement income) • Subtract SS, pension, earnings, etc. • Estimate life expectancy and retirement age • Determine total required savings • Add up value of existing retirement savings • Subtract future value of savings • Calculate total savings needed and annual (or per-paycheck) savings amount
- 35. The Ball Park Estimate • Six easy steps; one of the simplest planning tools • Tells savings amount needed to reach retirement goal (can then divide by number of paydays) • Can download paper worksheet or do online at www.choosetosave.org • Flexible annual retirement income and life expectancy figures • Assumes a 3% constant real rate of return
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- 37. 17. Social Security and/or Pension Check-Up • Review annual SS benefit report: http://www.ssa.gov/myaccount/ – Retirement benefits at 62, full retirement age, 70 – Disability benefits – Annual earning amounts (check accuracy) • Get a benefit estimate (defined benefit) or check account balance (defined contribution) • Be alert to pension plan changes
- 38. 18. Estate Planning Check-Up • Do you have a current will? • Have you recently reviewed beneficiary designations on insurance and retirement accounts? – http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/pdfs/beneficiary-designations.pdf (Worksheet) • Are there any conflicts between your will and the titling of assets? • Do you have a living will, power of attorney, trusts (if needed)? • Do you have a list of your digital assets? http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/pdfs/Digital-Assets-Worksheet.pdf (Worksheet)
- 39. Quick Estate Planning Check-Up • Do you have a Will or Trust? (Yes/No) • Do you rent your home? (Yes/No) • Do you have a Power of Attorney for Financial Matters? (Yes / No) • Do you have a Power of Attorney for Healthcare Decisions? (Yes / No) • Do you have a Living Will? (Yes/No) • Have your estate planning documents (Wills, Trusts, Powers of Attorney been prepared or reviewed in the last five years? (Yes / No) • Are all of the beneficiaries of your estate over 18 years old? (Yes/No) • Are all of the beneficiaries of your estate without disabilities (i.e., not receiving any type of government assistance)? (Yes/No) • Do you want your estate to go to probate court after your death? (Yes/No) • Have you done any type of planning for long-term care? (Yes/No) If you answered “No” to any of these questions, you may need an estate planning review.
- 41. 19. Human Capital Check-Up • Formal and informal education • Training • Experience • Networks (social capital) • Health status • Human Capital Calculator (based on age and income): http://www.qwema.ca/calc/humancapital.aspx
- 42. 20. Career Check-Up • Are you “leaning in”? – Improving job performance and visibility – Adding value to employer – Differentiating yourself from peers – Providing community or professional leadership – Taking advantage of advancement opportunities • Review salary and employee benefits with current and potential employers • Document accomplishments (e.g., update CV)
- 43. 21. Lifestyle Change Check-Up • Changes in personal life that affect finances – Marriage, children, empty nest, divorce, widowhood, remarriage, retirement, relocation, etc. • Implications include – Increased or decreased income and tax write-offs – Increased or decreased expenses – Need (or not) for life insurance – Changes in estate planning • Age-based milestones (e.g., RMDs at 70 ½)
- 44. 22. Health Finance Check-Up • Daily behaviors that improve health and personal finances: http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/health-finance-quiz/ • Out-of-pocket (OOP) health care expenses • Changes in employee health insurance benefits • Familiarity with Marketplace plans (if needed) • Annual review of plan options (costs and benefits) during open enrollment season
- 45. Category #6 Assessment and Comparison Tools
- 46. 23. Online Financial Self-Assessment Tools (Personalized Quizzes) • Financial Fitness Quiz (20 questions); available online at www.rce.rutgers.edu/money/ffquiz.asp • FFQ research study results (O’Neill & Xiao, 2012): http://www.afcpe.org/publications/journal- articles.php?volume=389&article=428
- 47. Other Online Assessment Tools • Identity Theft Risk Assessment Quiz: http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/identitytheft/ • Investment Risk Tolerance Quiz: http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/riskquiz/ • Personal Resiliency Assessment Quiz: http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/resiliency/ • Wise Credit Management Quiz: http://njaes.rutgers.edu/money/wise-credit/
- 48. 24. Compare Yourself With Other Americans • Median U.S. household income in 2013: $51,939: https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/MEHOINUSA672N • Median net worth of all U.S. households in 2011: $68,828 • Under age 35: $ 6,676 Age 35 to 44: $ 35,000 Age 45 to 54: $84,542 Age 55 to 64: $143,964 Age 65 to 69: $194,226 Age 70 to 74: $181,078 Age 75 and over: $155,714 Source: U.S. Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/people/wealth/
- 49. Net Worth: How Do You Stack Up? CNN Money Online Calculator http://cgi.money.cnn.com/tools/networth_ageincome/ Example: Age 40, $30,000 annual income
- 50. 25. Top Percentage Income and Asset Thresholds Household Annual Income Top 1%: $521,411 Top 5%: $208,810 Top 10%: $148,688 Top 20%: $107,628 Household Net Worth Top 1%: $6,816,200 Top 5%: $1,863,800 Top 10%: $952,200 Top 20%: $415,700 Source: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323300 404578205502185873348
- 51. Action Steps • Read the journal article: http://www.cefe.illinois.edu/JCE/archives/2013_2014_ vol_30/2013-2014_vol_30_pg13-29_ONeill.pdf • Give yourself a “financial check-up” • Work at your own pace • Consider one metric per week for 25 weeks • Compile personal information into an organized “financial notebook”
- 52. Questions? Comments Experiences? Barbara O’Neill, Ph.D., CFP®, CFCS, CPFFE Rutgers Cooperative Extension [email protected] @moneytalk1