3 chapter moriculture
- 1. Moriculture By, Nayana, B. P. Msc. (Agri.) SRF UAHS, Shivamogga
- 2. Mulberry Kingdom Plantae Division Phanerogamae Sub division Angiosperm Class Di cotyledons Sub clan Mono chlamydae Series uni sexuales Family Moraceae Genus Morus • Mulberry – origin – northern hemisphere (Himalayan foothills) • Mulberry was cultivated in 2800 BC by Chin–nong taught cultivation of mulberry in China • Scientific cultivation of mulberry is called as “Moriculture” There are about 68 sps. of genus Morus
- 3. • Morus alba • Morus indica • Morus latifolia • Morus nigra • Morus laevigata • Morus serrata • Most of the Indian varieties belong to Morus indica Grown through out India Grown in Himalayan region Morus alba Morus indica Morus serrataMorus latifolia
- 5. Morphology of Mulberry • Mulberry is a fast growing – Deciduous – Woody – Perennial tree – Deep rooted taproot system • Leaves are alternate (both lobed & serrated leaves) • Leaves have glossy texture • Colour of bark/stem is greenish or grey to pink • Each node bears buds one vegetative bud and the other reproductive bud • Inflorescence – Catkin/Spike (Monoecious/ Dioecious) • After pollination and fertilization the entire inflorescence becomes a multiple fruit. • Diff. Sps. Can be identified by presence of lenticels in the bark
- 7. STUDY OF MULBERRY CULTIVATION, VARIETIES AND MANAGEMENT OF MULBERRY GARDEN Morus indica is grown extensively as a food plant of mulberry silkworm. Land preparation: Mulberry – perennial – land is prepared initially The field is leveled and ploughed (depth of 12” to 15”) to loosen the soil Weeds and gravels are to be removed. A basal dose of FYM is applied @ 10 t/ha for rain fed and 20t/ha for irrigated land. The manure is incorporated by repeated ploughings. Land should be ploughed deeply once, followed by two repeated harrowing to bring the soil to fine condition.
- 9. Following are the cultivated varieties of mulberry I) Local cultivar a) Mysore local: It is commonly called as local or Natikaddi and extensively cultivated in traditional sericulture tracts of Karnataka. It is a low yielding variety known for its adaptability to low agronomic inputs and poor management practices both under rain fed and irrigated conditions. Bushes open type, branches simple, vertical and dark greenish. Leaves are smooth, both lobed and unlobed types occurring on the same plant (heterophyllous ), alternately or spirally arranged, ovate to broadly ovate, palmately veined and membrane like. Leaf yields of around 8000 kg and 25000 kg are obtainable under rainfed and irrigated conditions respectively.
- 10. II) Improved cultivar a) Kanva –2 or M-5 – It is an open pollinated hybrid selection from the seedling population of Mysore local variety. It can be grown under varied agro-climatic conditions and responds well to agronomic inputs. Bushes open type, branches simple, erect, grayish green, leaves simple, unlobed, alternately or spirally arranged, ovate-broadly ovate, palmately veined, smooth and leathery. Leaf yield of about 30000 – 35000 kg/ha/yr can be obtained with assured agronomic inputs.
- 11. III ) High yielding varieties – The following 'S' series of varieties were evolved from the true breeding with i.e., Kollegal Mulberry -8 (selected from Berhampore variety) variety by treating with Ethyl Methane Sulphonate. These new varieties are known to give more leaf yield than M- 5 or Mysore local.
- 12. i) Varieties for irrigated conditions – a) S - 36 : Bushes open type, branches simple, vertical, greenish-grey with short internodes. Leaves pale green, simple, unlobed, alternately or spirally arranged, broadly ovate, palmately veined, smooth and coriaceous (leathery). Owing to its better leaf succulency and higher nutritive values, it is specially recommended for the young age silkworms ( Chawki rearing). Leaf yields of 40000 – 42000 kgs/ha/yr can be obtained. b)S – 41 : Bushes open type, branches simple, vertical, greyish – green with short internodes. Leaves are dark green, simple, unlobed, alternately or spirally arranged, broadly ovate, palmately veined, smooth and leathery. Young leaves aggregate more at the terminal portion. Leaf yields of 40000 – 45000 kgs/ha/yr can be obtained. c) S – 54 : Bushes open – spreading type, branches simple, rough, greyish – green with short internodes, lower branches spreading, leaves simple, unlobed, alternately or spirally arranged, broadly ovate, palmately veined, smooth and coriaceous. It was found to be more suitable for wider spacing with high agronomic inputs and assured irrigation facilities. Leaf yield up to 46000 kg/ha/yr can be obtained and gives up to 20 % higher yield over that of Kanava-2.
- 13. ii) Varieties for rain fed conditions a) S – 13 : It is a fast growing variety with straight branches and short internodes. Leaves are unlobed, medium in sized, pale green in colour with good moisture retention quality. It is recommended for red soil regions of south India under rainfed cultivation. Leaf yield up to 18000 kgs/ha/yr can be obtained under red soil conditions. b) S – 34 : It is recommended for black cotton soils. The variety has deep and extensive root system and grows well under moisture stress conditions. Leaves are large, unlobed and dark green with high moisture content and good moisture retention capacity. Leaf yield of 17000 kgs/ha/yr can be obtained under rainfed conditions.
- 14. IV) Hybrid mulberry – a) Victory –1 (V-1) : It is a hybrid ( S-30 x Ber C – 776 ) evolved at CSR&TI, Mysore. Erect and fast growing with large, unlobed dark green leaves. Leaves are succulent and thick with very high moisture content (75 %). The variety has performed excellent under efficient farming system with high fertilizer input (350 N : 140 P : 140 K Kg/ha/yr ) and irrigation. Since, the variety produces large bio mass, wide spacing is recommended with paired row system of planting. The variety has a potentiality to yield up to 65000 kg/ha/yr.
- 15. Raising the mulberry saplings in nursery: Nursery beds of 6' x 4' are prepared. Sand and farmyard manure are properly mixed in 1: 1 proportion and spread uniformly on the nursery beds. The cuttings are planted at a distance of 4" between the plants, at 45 degree angle and the buds should face the sky. Nursery beds should be watered regularly. The buds start sprouting at 15 days after planting and the root initiation takes place after 45 days. A small quantity of urea is applied to hasten the growth of mulberry after two months of planting. The plants will be ready for transplanting in about four to six months. Of late, the saplings are raised in polythene bags of 8" x 4" size. These saplings are easy to transplant and planting can be done without damaging the plants. One hectare of land requires about 12,346 saplings when 3’ X 3’ spacing is followed.
- 16. Planting season: JULY - AUGUST (onset of monsoon) Planting method: Planting can be done in a pit, row or paired row system. Cuttings should be from a healthy main shoots with three sound buds. They should be planted in a slanting position with one bud above the ground level. Saplings raised in the nurseries can also be used for planting in the main field. Spacing: a) Pit system (under rain fed condition)- 3' x 3' (90 X 90 cm) b) Row system (irrigated condition) - 3' x 3' ( Heavy soils, deep black cotton soils and heavy rainfall area ) - 2’ x 2’ ( Plain land ) - 4’x 2’ (Sloppy lands in hilly areas ) c) Closer system or Kolar system (irrigated condition) - 2' x 1', 1' x 1', 1.5’ x 1’ d) Paired row system or strip system ( irrigated ) – 6 x ( 3 x 2 ), 5 x ( 3 x 2 ), 4 x ( 2 x 1 )
- 18. Manuring; 10 to 12 tons of FYM or compost per hectare for rainfed and 20 to 25 tons of FYM or compost per hectare for irrigated garden should be given at the time of annual pruning or as a basal dose. Fertilizers: Recommended fertilizers Kg Per hectare per year. a) Rain fed mulberry garden - N P2O 5 K2O (NPK in the ratio of 2:1:1) 100 50 50 50:50:50 kg of NPK has to be given as a basal dose and remaining 50 kg of N is given as top dressing after the first leaf harvest.
- 19. b) Irrigated mulberry garden (NPK in the ratio of 2.5:1:1 applied in 5-6 split doses corresponding to leaf harvests) Harvest FYM (MT/ha/yr) Fertilizer kgs / ha / harvest Shoot harvest Leaf harvest N P K N P K 1st 20 60 60 60 60 60 60 2nd - 60 - - 40 - - 3rd - 60 60 60 40 - - 4th - 60 - - 60 60 60 5th - 60 - - 40 - - 6th - - - - 40 - - Total 20 300 120 120 280 120 120
- 20. Irrigation should be given at least once in 8 days for sandy loam soils, 10 days for red loamy soils, 12 for black clay soils. Ridging: Ridging between mulberry rows and plants helps in weeding, prevents water runoff and thus improves water penetration. Mulching: Pruned mulberry branches can be spread in between mulberry rows as good surface mulch. Green manure crops like cowpea, Horsegram, Sunhemp or Dhaincha in between mulberry rows should be grown, which also serves as mulch.
- 21. Pruning: a. Bottom pruning or low-cut pruning: Rain fed mulberry shoots should be pruned during July month at a height of 10-15 cm above the ground level to produce profuse branches and maximum bush development. This is referred as bottom pruning or annual pruning b. Middle pruning: During winter, the mulberry shoots are cut at a height of 2½ to 3’ or about 1 meter (middle pruning). c. Top pruning or high cut pruning: In irrigated mulberry garden, under closer spacing the shoots should be pruned to the soft portion at 4 to 6” height above the ground after the first leaf harvest and thereon. d. Kolar system: Branches are cut to the ground level, where in the pruning and harvesting are done together.
- 22. Harvesting and Yield: Different methods of harvesting includes: a. Leaf picking b. Branch cutting c. Whole-shoot harvest The first leaf harvesting (leaf picking) in rain fed garden is done after 10 weeks of pruning followed by 7-8 weeks intervals. About 5-6 harvests can be done in a year. An average of 6000 to 8000 kg of leaves can be obtained per annum per hectare. Irrigated mulberry is generally harvested by shoot harvest at 8-10 weeks intervals. Thus about five crops in a year can be raised and 30000 kg of leaf per hectare per year can be obtained. Selection of leaves: Suitable leaves are harvested depending on the larval instar: I instar: top 3rd, 4th, 5th leaves II instar top 4th, 5th, 6th leaves III instar top 5th, 6th, 7th leaves IV & V instar mature leaves
- 23. Preservation of leaves: The leaves for feeding young worms must be kept in basket lined with clean wet gunny cloth and also covered with wet cloth. When the leaves are to be stored in bulk quantities for feeding the grown up leaves, leaf preservation chamber can be used, which are lined with wet gunny cloth. The leaves should be heaped loosely and should be periodically turned to provide aeration and also to prevent rise in temperature inside the heap of leaves. Optimum temperature and humidity range for preservation of leaves to reduce loss of water and nutrients are 200C and 90% RH. Shoot rearing method, whole cut shoots should be kept in straight position with the top ends upwards and covered with wet gunny cloth which should be periodically moistened, especially during summer.
- 24. Thank you
Editor's Notes
- #6: Lenticels are the airy cells in the bark or sometimes in roots which are involved in direct exchange of gases takes place between internal organ and atmosphere Monoecious/ Diocious – unisexual/bisexual