305 lect 11 RUE and resource recylcing.pptx
- 1. LECTURE NO.11 Resource use efficiency and optimization techniques - Resource cycling and flow of energy in different farming system
- 3. Efficiency Efficiency in any system is an expression of obtainable output with the addition of unit amount of input. The ratio of energy intake and energy of the produced biomass i.e. of input and output is called ecological efficiency. This can be studied at any tropical level. Resource use efficiency (fertilizer, water etc.) is the output of any crop or any thing else per unit of the resource applied under a specified set of soil and climatic conditions.
- 4. Resource requirement and use efficiency Resource use efficiency is an important yardstick for evaluation of cropping systems. Estimation of total requirement of various resources is a vital for decision on choice and management of cropping systems. Estimates of use efficiency of resources like land, water, nutrients, light, energy etc. serve as guidelines for choice of cropping systems. (E.g) Land use efficiency, water use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency, energy use efficiency, light interception and use efficiency.
- 5. • Resource use efficiency in agriculture is defined to include the concepts of technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and environmental efficiency. • Technical efficiency is the ability of a firm to produce a given level of output with minimum quantity of inputs under a given technology. • Allocative efficiency is a measure of the degree of success in achieving the best combination of different inputs in producing a specific level of output considering the relative prices of these inputs. • Economic efficiency is a product of technical and allocative efficiency.
- 6. Land use efficiency Cultivated Land Utilization Index ( CLUI): Cultivated land utilization Index (Chuang, 1973) is calculated by summing the products of land area to each crop, multiplied by the actual duration of that crop divided by the total cultivated land times 365 days. Where, n total number of crops; ai area occupied by the ith crop, di, days that the ith crop occupied and A = total cultivated land area available for 365 days. CLUI can be expressed as a fraction or percentage. This gives an idea about how the land area has been put into use. If the index is <1 (100%), it shows that the land has been left fallow and more than 1, tells the specification of intercropping and relay cropping.
- 7. 1. Relative Yield Total (RYT): RYT compares the combined yield of two crops grown together (intercropping) with their yields when grown separately (monocropping). Formula: Interpretation: • RYT > 1: The intercrop is more productive than the monocrop, indicating a synergistic effect. • RYT = 1: The intercrop is equally productive as the monocrop. • RYT < 1: The intercrop is less productive than the monocrop. RYT Mechanism of yield advantage in intercropping
- 8. 2. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER): LER compares the area needed under monoculture to achieve the same yield as in an intercrop system. It measures how much land is saved by intercropping. Formula: Interpretation: • LER > 1: Intercropping is more efficient in land use compared to monocropping (e.g., LER = 1.2 means a 20% higher land-use efficiency). • LER = 1: The land use efficiency is the same for both intercropping and monocropping. • LER < 1: Monocropping is more efficient than intercropping. LER Key Difference: Both RYT and LER assess intercropping's benefits, but RYT focuses on relative yield comparison, while LER emphasizes land-use efficiency.
- 9. Fertilizer use efficiency • FUE is the output of any crop per unit of the nutrient applied under a specified set of soil and climatic conditions. • The NUE/FUE can be expressed in several ways. Mosier et al. (2004) described 4 agronomic indices to describe NUE: 1. Partial factor productivity (PFP) = kg crop yield per kg input applied. 2. Agronomic efficiency (AE) = kg crop yield increase per kg nutrient applied 3. Apparent recovery efficiency (RE) = kg nutrient taken up per kg nutrient applied 4. Physiological efficiency (PE) = kg yield increase per kg nutrient taken up. PFP
- 10. Energy use efficiency 1. Energy efficiency = 2. Net energy (MJ/ha) = Energy output (MJ/ha) - Energy input (MJ/ha) 3. Energy productivity (Kg/MJ) = 4. Energy intensity (in physical terms , MJ/ha) = 5. Energy intensity (in economic terms , MJ/Rs) = EE EP EI (in economic terms , MJ/Rs ) EI (in physical terms , MJ/ ha )
- 11. Water use efficiency Crop water use efficiency • Crop water use efficiency is a ratio between Marketable crop yield and water used by the crop in evapotranspiration • WUE (kg/ha-mm) = Y/ETc • Where, WUE = Water use efficiency in Kg/ha-mm Y = Marketable crop yield in Kg/ha • ETc = Crop evapotranspiration in mm
- 12. Field water use efficiency • Field water use efficiency is a ratio between marketable crop yield and field water supply which includes water used by the plant in metabolic activities, ET and deep percolation losses. • WUE (kg/ha-mm) = Y/WR • Where, • FWUE = Field water use efficiency in kg/ha-mm = Y/WR • Y = Crop yield in kg/ha • WR = Water used in metabolic activities, ET and deep percolation losses in mm.
- 13. Water use efficiency Water Conveyance efficiency x 100 Water Application efficiency x 100 W x 100 Water Storage efficiency (WSE) Water Application efficiency (WAE) Water Conveyance efficiency (WCE)
- 14. Effective recycling of resources • The effective recycling of farm resources is possible by adoption of farming system research. • Crop by-product is utilized as fodder for animals and animal by-product i.e., milk, and dung may be utilized for increasing income and soil fertility, respectively.
- 15. Resources allocation to different enterprises in a farming system 1. Relative importance of each activity 2. Relative size of each activity. 3.Yield potential, cost and profitability of enterprises. 4. Requirement of management skills and labour availability 5. Payback period and break-even point 6. Potential for resource recycling within the system
- 16. Organic cycling in farming system Types of organic wastes: 1. Crop residues; about 300 mt 2. Animal wastes 3. Terrestrial and aquatic weed biomass Method of cycling in FS: A. Within the system a. As nutrient supplement/substitute-bulkiness, high C:N ratio, nutrient content, transport, spreading and incorporation problems.
- 17. b. For biogas generation c. For soil-water conservation d. As input to associated enterprises B. Outside the system a. As extra manure sold out b. As raw material for manufacturing industries
- 18. Resource recycling with productivity linkages in lowland farming systems
- 22. Nutrient recycling among different components of the 1 acre IFS model
- 23. Residue Recycling in IFS Model, 2016-17