390a gitintro 12au
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This document provides an introduction to version control with Git. It discusses the basic Git model and workflow, including cloning repositories, making local changes, staging files, and committing changes. It compares Git to centralized version control systems like Subversion and highlights Git's distributed and non-linear development advantages. Basic Git commands are explained like add, commit, status, diff, log, pull and push. Branching and merging with Git are also introduced.
![13
Create a local copy of a repo
2. Two common scenarios: (only do one of these)
a) To clone an already existing repo to your current directory:
$ git clone <url> [local dir name]
This will create a directory named local dir name, containing a working
copy of the files from the repo, and a .git directory (used to hold
the staging area and your actual repo)
b) To create a Git repo in your current directory:
$ git init
This will create a .git directory in your current directory.
Then you can commit files in that directory into the repo:
$ git add file1.java
$ git commit –m “initial project version”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/390agitintro12au-170206152201/85/390a-gitintro-12au-13-320.jpg)
![14
Git commands
command description
git clone url [dir] copy a git repository so you can add to it
git add files adds file contents to the staging area
git commit records a snapshot of the staging area
git status view the status of your files in the working
directory and staging area
git diff shows diff of what is staged and what is
modified but unstaged
git help [command] get help info about a particular command
git pull fetch from a remote repo and try to merge
into the current branch
git push push your new branches and data to a
remote repository
others: init, reset, branch, checkout, merge, log, tag](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/390agitintro12au-170206152201/85/390a-gitintro-12au-14-320.jpg)
![17
After editing a file…
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ emacs rea.txt
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ git status
# On branch master
# Changes not staged for commit:
# (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
# (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
# modified: rea.txt
#
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ git status -s
M rea.txt Note: M is in second column = “working tree”
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ git diff Shows modifications that have not been staged.
diff --git a/rea.txt b/rea.txt
index 66b293d..90b65fd 100644
--- a/rea.txt
+++ b/rea.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
Here is rea's file.
+
+One new line added.
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ git diff --cached Shows nothing, no modifications have been staged yet.
[rea@attu1 superstar]$](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/390agitintro12au-170206152201/85/390a-gitintro-12au-17-320.jpg)
![18
After adding file to staging area…
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ git add rea.txt
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
# modified: rea.txt
#
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ git status -s
M rea.txt Note: M is in first column = “staging area”
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ git diff Note: Shows nothing, no modifications that have not been staged.
[rea@attu1 superstar]$ git diff --cached Note: Shows staged modifications.
diff --git a/rea.txt b/rea.txt
index 66b293d..90b65fd 100644
--- a/rea.txt
+++ b/rea.txt
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
Here is rea's file.
+
+One new line added.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/390agitintro12au-170206152201/85/390a-gitintro-12au-18-320.jpg)
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390a gitintro 12au
- 1. 1 CSE 390 “Lecture 11” Version control with Git slides created by Ruth Anderson, images from http://git-scm.com/book/en/ http://www.cs.washington.edu/390a/
- 2. 2 Basic Intro to Git • We will: Discuss how Git differs from Subversion Discuss the basic Git model Pull/clone files from a repository on github Edit files in your own local Git repo Push files to a repo on github
- 3. 3 Git Resources • At the command line: (where verb = config, add, commit, etc.) $ git help <verb> $ git <verb> --help $ man git-<verb> • Free on-line book: http://git-scm.com/book • Git tutorial: http://schacon.github.com/git/gittutorial.html • Reference page for Git: http://gitref.org/index.html • Git website: http://git-scm.com/ • Git for Computer Scientists (http://eagain.net/articles/git-for- computer-scientists/)
- 4. 4 Git History • Came out of Linux development community • Linus Torvalds, 2005 • Initial goals: Speed Support for non-linear development (thousands of parallel branches) Fully distributed Able to handle large projects like Linux efficiently
- 5. 5 Git uses a distributed model Centralized Model Distributed Model (CVS, Subversion, Perforce) (Git, Mercurial) Result: Many operations are local
- 7. 7 Git uses checksums • In Subversion each modification to the central repo incremented the version # of the overall repo. • How will this numbering scheme work when each user has their own copy of the repo, and commits changes to their local copy of the repo before pushing to the central server????? • Instead, Git generates a unique SHA-1 hash – 40 character string of hex digits, for every commit. Refer to commits by this ID rather than a version number. Often we only see the first 7 characters: 1677b2d Edited first line of readme 258efa7 Added line to readme 0e52da7 Initial commit
- 8. 8 A Local Git project has three areas Unmodified/modified Files Staged Files Committed Files Note: working directory sometimes called the “working tree”, staging area sometimes called the “index”.
- 10. 10 Basic Workflow Basic Git workflow: 1.Modify files in your working directory. 2.Stage files, adding snapshots of them to your staging area. 3.Do a commit, which takes the files as they are in the staging area and stores that snapshot permanently to your Git directory. •Notes: If a particular version of a file is in the git directory, it’s considered committed. If it’s modified but has been added to the staging area, it is staged. If it was changed since it was checked out but has not been staged, it is modified.
- 11. 11 Aside: So what is github? • GitHub.com is a site for online storage of Git repositories. • Many open source projects use it, such as the Linux kernel. • You can get free space for open source projects or you can pay for private projects. Question: Do I have to use github to use Git? Answer: No! • you can use Git completely locally for your own purposes, or • you or someone else could set up a server to share files, or • you could share a repo with users on the same file system, such as we did for homework 9 (as long everyone has the needed file permissions).
- 12. 12 Get ready to use Git! 1. Set the name and email for Git to use when you commit: $ git config --global user.name “Bugs Bunny” $ git config --global user.email [email protected] 1. You can call git config –list to verify these are set. 2. These will be set globally for all Git projects you work with. 3. You can also set variables on a project-only basis by not using the --global flag. 4. You can also set the editor that is used for writing commit messages: $ git config --global core.editor emacs (it is vim by default)
- 13. 13 Create a local copy of a repo 2. Two common scenarios: (only do one of these) a) To clone an already existing repo to your current directory: $ git clone <url> [local dir name] This will create a directory named local dir name, containing a working copy of the files from the repo, and a .git directory (used to hold the staging area and your actual repo) b) To create a Git repo in your current directory: $ git init This will create a .git directory in your current directory. Then you can commit files in that directory into the repo: $ git add file1.java $ git commit –m “initial project version”
- 14. 14 Git commands command description git clone url [dir] copy a git repository so you can add to it git add files adds file contents to the staging area git commit records a snapshot of the staging area git status view the status of your files in the working directory and staging area git diff shows diff of what is staged and what is modified but unstaged git help [command] get help info about a particular command git pull fetch from a remote repo and try to merge into the current branch git push push your new branches and data to a remote repository others: init, reset, branch, checkout, merge, log, tag
- 15. 15 Committing files • The first time we ask a file to be tracked, and every time before we commit a file we must add it to the staging area: $ git add README.txt hello.java This takes a snapshot of these files at this point in time and adds it to the staging area. • To move staged changes into the repo we commit: $ git commit –m “Fixing bug #22” Note: To unstage a change on a file before you have committed it: $ git reset HEAD -- filename Note: To unmodify a modified file: $ git checkout -- filename Note: These commands are just acting on your local version of repo.
- 16. 16 Status and Diff • To view the status of your files in the working directory and staging area: $ git status or $ git status –s (-s shows a short one line version similar to svn) • To see what is modified but unstaged: $ git diff • To see staged changes: $ git diff --cached
- 17. 17 After editing a file… [rea@attu1 superstar]$ emacs rea.txt [rea@attu1 superstar]$ git status # On branch master # Changes not staged for commit: # (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) # (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) # # modified: rea.txt # no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") [rea@attu1 superstar]$ git status -s M rea.txt Note: M is in second column = “working tree” [rea@attu1 superstar]$ git diff Shows modifications that have not been staged. diff --git a/rea.txt b/rea.txt index 66b293d..90b65fd 100644 --- a/rea.txt +++ b/rea.txt @@ -1,2 +1,4 @@ Here is rea's file. + +One new line added. [rea@attu1 superstar]$ git diff --cached Shows nothing, no modifications have been staged yet. [rea@attu1 superstar]$
- 18. 18 After adding file to staging area… [rea@attu1 superstar]$ git add rea.txt [rea@attu1 superstar]$ git status # On branch master # Changes to be committed: # (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) # # modified: rea.txt # [rea@attu1 superstar]$ git status -s M rea.txt Note: M is in first column = “staging area” [rea@attu1 superstar]$ git diff Note: Shows nothing, no modifications that have not been staged. [rea@attu1 superstar]$ git diff --cached Note: Shows staged modifications. diff --git a/rea.txt b/rea.txt index 66b293d..90b65fd 100644 --- a/rea.txt +++ b/rea.txt @@ -1,2 +1,4 @@ Here is rea's file. + +One new line added.
- 19. 19 Viewing logs To see a log of all changes in your local repo: •$ git log or •$ git log --oneline (to show a shorter version) 1677b2d Edited first line of readme 258efa7 Added line to readme 0e52da7 Initial commit •git log -5 (to show only the 5 most recent updates, etc.) Note: changes will be listed by commitID #, (SHA-1 hash) Note: changes made to the remote repo before the last time you cloned/pulled from it will also be included here
- 20. 20 Pulling and Pushing Good practice: 1.Add and Commit your changes to your local repo 2.Pull from remote repo to get most recent changes (fix conflicts if necessary, add and commit them to your local repo) 3.Push your changes to the remote repo To fetch the most recent updates from the remote repo into your local repo, and put them into your working directory: $ git pull origin master To push your changes from your local repo to the remote repo: $ git push origin master Notes: origin = an alias for the URL you cloned from master = the remote branch you are pulling from/pushing to, (the local branch you are pulling to/pushing from is your current branch) Note: On attu you will get a Gtk-warning, you can ignore this.
- 21. 21 Branching To create a branch called experimental: •$ git branch experimental To list all branches: (* shows which one you are currently on) •$ git branch To switch to the experimental branch: •$ git checkout experimental Later on, changes between the two branches differ, to merge changes from experimental into the master: •$ git checkout master •$ git merge experimental Note: git log --graph can be useful for showing branches. Note: These branches are in your local repo!
- 22. 22 SVN vs. Git • SVN: central repository approach – the main repository is the only “true” source, only the main repository has the complete file history Users check out local copies of the current version • Git: Distributed repository approach – every checkout of the repository is a full fledged repository, complete with history Greater redundancy and speed Branching and merging repositories is more heavily used as a result
- 23. 23 Do This: 1. $ git config --global user.name “Your Name” 2. $ git config --global user.email [email protected] 3. $ git clone https://github.com/rea2000/santalist.git Then try: 1. $ git log, $ git log --oneline 2. Create a file named userID.txt (e.g. rea.txt) 3. $ git status, $ git status –s 4. Add the file: $ git add userID.txt 5. $ git status, $ git status –s 6. Commit the file to your local repo: $ git commit –m “added rea.txt file” 7. $ git status, $ git status –s, $ git log --oneline *WAIT, DO NOT GO ON TO THE NEXT STEPS UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO!! 1. Pull from remote repo: $git pull origin master 2. Push to remote repo: $git push origin master
Editor's Notes
- #5: Initial goals were to support development of Linux
- #6: http://git-scm.com/book/en/Getting-Started-About-Version-Control
- #21: $ git remote -v origin https://github.com/rea2000/santalist.git (fetch) origin https://github.com/rea2000/santalist.git (push)