4 sociological perspectives mental diseases
- 1. Sociological perspectives of Mental Health problems Dr/ Eman M. Mortada Associate professor In sociology, public health and preventive medicine 4th lecture
- 2. Describe the risk factors affecting mental health Impact of mental disorders and how to solve INTRODUCTION Some well known and most prevalent mental disorders Sociological Explanations Learning objectives By the end of this lecture the students will be able to: Define mental health and mental illness. Global and national burden of mental disorder Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 3. 1 Mental health Basic Facts Dr. Eman M.Mortada
- 4. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Are we protected against mental illness?
- 5. We are all vulnerable No one is immune
- 6. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Mental illness can affect any one of us.
- 7. Mental illness occurs in all societies and cultures. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 8. With the ever-increasing stress in today’s day-to-day life, psychiatric disorders are assuming more significant dimension Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 9. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Constitution of World Health Organization,1946 http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html “No health without mental health” What is Health? Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 10. Mental Health Not just the absence of mental illness. Living up to ones full potential. Having the skills necessary to cope with life’s challenges.
- 11. Can be defined as: brain disorders, that can affect the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of a person, preventing him or her from leading a happy, healthful, and productive life. Mental Disorder Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 12. Mental Disorders are Associated with Disturbances in 6 Primary Domains of Brain Function Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 13. Functions Of The Brain function Perception or Sensing Emotions Behavior Physical Functions Signaling (being responsive and reacting to the environment) Thinking or Cognition
- 14. Categories of Mental Disorders • e.g. PsychosisThinking or Cognition • e.g. Mood Disorder • depression, Bipolar Emotions • e.g. AutismPerception or Sensing • e.g. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Substance Abuse Behavior • e.g. Eating DisordersPhysical Functions • e.g. Anxiety DisordersSignaling
- 15. 2 Burden of Mental disorders Dr. Eman M.Mortada
- 16. ❖WHOsuggests that half the world's populations are affected by mental illness Dr. Eman M. Mortada Prevalence of mental health problems
- 17. • One in 10 will develop a serious mental illness
- 18. 9/27/2020Source: speakyourmindtexas.org • Three quarters of all mental health problems begin by age 24.
- 19. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Mental Disorders are illnesses of the youth
- 20. Age of Onset of Major Mental Disorders Onset following puberty: The most common disorders for children and youth account for approximately 70% ➢Anxiety Disorders ➢Behavior Problems ➢Mood Disorders (e.g. depressive disorders) ➢Substance Misuse Problems
- 21. Contrast with other disabling conditions Mental disorders are biggest health issue facing youth
- 22. Why is that???????? Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 23. Being a teenager has always meant dealing with lots of challenging issues. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 24. No longer a child- Not yet an adult Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 25. ❑ Complex period of rapid change, transition ❑ Challenges: fitting in, defining identity, competing demands (school, home) ❑ Sometimes - other home issues (divorce, violence or substance abuse) ❑ Bottom line: May display alterations of mood, distressing thoughts, anxiety, ❑ and impulsive behavior. Typical Teens
- 27. ❑ Experiencing more than normal developmental challenges, inability to form healthy relationships ❑ Without treatment, more likely to have serious problems: ❑ Academic ❑ Relationships ❑ Employment ❑ Troubled Teens
- 29. Anxious
- 30. Sad
- 32. HELP = Better academic achievement Less substance abuse Improved chances for their future
- 33. It can lead to: Suicide School Failure Family Conflicts Drug Abuse Violence An estimated $247 billion is spent each year on childhood mental disorders (CDC, 2013). Mental health problem can be tremendously costly when untreated Cost of mental health problems
- 34. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 35. People with severe mental illness die up to 20 years earlier Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 36. 3 Types of Mental disorders Dr. Eman M.Mortada
- 37. Categories of Mental Disorders • e.g. Mood Disorders (depression), Bipolar Emotions • e.g. PsychosisThinking or Cognition • e.g. AutismPerception or Sensing • e.g. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Substance Abuse Behavior • e.g. Eating DisordersPhysical Functions • e.g. Anxiety DisordersSignaling
- 38. .g. Mood Disorders • .g. Mood Disorders • Depression, • Bipolar Emotions
- 39. 1- Depression Constant sadness
- 40. Most common mental disorder (“Common cold of mental illness”) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 41. Depression is the 4th leading cause of DALYs (2nd by 2020) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 42. At its worst, it can lead to suicide (800.000 suicides per year) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 43. What is the difference between being sad and depression? Bell ringer
- 44. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 45. Symptoms OF Depression http://www.mentalhealthfirstaid.org/ Dr. Eman M. Mortada Emotions Sadness Guilty Low self esteem
- 46. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Behavior Frequent crying Withdrawal from the others Neglect opportunities Change in appearance Move slowly
- 47. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Thoughts Self critic Decreased concentration Confusion Indecisiveness Thoughts about suicide
- 48. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Physically Chronic fatigue Lack of energy Sleeping Unexplained body pain Wt gain
- 49. Adults with depression were more likely to be obese than adults without depression Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 50. Effects of teen depression Problems at school • can cause low energy and concentration difficulties Running away • run away or talk about running away Drug and alcohol abuse an attempt to ‘self medicate’ their depression. Low self-esteem’ Can trigger and intensify feelings of shame, failure Internet addiction go online to escape problems . Reckless behaviour may engage in high-risk behaviours Violence – (boys who are the victims of bullying) become violent.
- 51. Marked change in school performance Sexual acting out Depression Abuse of alcohol/ drugs Internet addiction Self-injury/ Cutting Threats to run away Violence Unusual behavior
- 52. Suicide #1 cause is: Untreated depression 2ND leading cause of death among 15-24 yr. olds after accidents Most suicidal teens DO NOT WANT TO DIE, rather they feel it is the only way to end their pain. 9 out of 10 adolescents who commit suicide give clues to others before the suicide attempt (only 10% show no warning signs).
- 53. Talking about suicide Wanting to be left alone Saying final goodbyes to friends and loved ones Engaging in risky behavior, such as drug use Warning Signs of Suicide
- 54. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Top three methods used in suicides of young people: firearm (45 percent), suffocation (40 percent), and poisoning (8 percent)
- 55. Roben Williams
- 56. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Jim Karry
- 57. Depression that only occurs during the fall and winter months Oversleeping/difficulty staying awake Fatigue Social withdrawal Inability to cope 2- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
- 58. 3- Bipolar Disorder Mood swings
- 59. 2-Bipolar Disorder (Mood swings) ❑ aka: Manic Depression ❑ Affects about 60 million worldwide ❑ It typically consists of both manic & depressive episodes separated by periods of normal mood ❑ Manic are more common in young depression more common in old age group. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 60. Manic Symptoms: Severe changes in mood Increased energy Decreased need for sleep Increased talking (too fast or too much) Disregard of risk Overly-inflated self-esteem Mood swings
- 61. Ben Stiller
- 62. Vincent van Gogh
- 63. Categories of Mental Disorders • e.g. Anxiety DisordersSignaling
- 65. A condition in which Excessive real or imagined fears are difficult to control. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 66. Anxiety (anticipation of future threat) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 67. Behavioral responses (fight, flight, freeze) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 68. In general, for a person to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, Dr. Eman M. Mortada the fear or anxiety must: Be out of proportion to the situation or inappropriate for age People with anxiety disorders try to avoid situations that make them feel anxious or fearful.
- 69. More frequent in females to males (2:1) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 70. The most common mental illness in the U.S. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 72. There are several different types of anxiety disorders. Phobia a strong, irrational fear of something specific, such as heights or social situations Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Persistent thoughts, fears, or urges leading to uncontrollable repetitive behaviors Panic Disorder Attacks of sudden, unexplained feelings of terrors Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) A condition that may develop after exposure to a terrifying event. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Exaggerated worry and tension for no reason
- 73. ❑ A strong, irrational fear of something specific, such as heights or social situations. ❑ The three classes of phobias are social phobia (fear of public speaking, meeting new people or other social situations), agoraphobia (fear of being outside), and specific phobias (fear of other items or situations). A. Phobias
- 74. Social Phobia .
- 75. Disorder triggered by uncomfortable thoughts called obsessions and by repetitive behaviors called compulsions. •For example, the fear of germs leads to constant hand washing. B. Obsessive-compulsive disorderOCD Unwanted and persistent thoughts obsessions Ritual Acts Compulsive
- 76. Commons Compulsions (Repetitive and Ritual Acts) 1. Excessive hand washing 2. Repetitive checking. 3. Rearranging and organizing things.
- 77. ❑ Attacks of sudden, unexplained feelings of terror. ❑ “Panic attacks” are accompanied by trembling, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, or dizziness. ❑ People who experience panic attacks can use a number of lifestyle changes like aerobic exercise, avoiding alcohol, caffeine, and illicit drugs, as well as stress-management techniques to help decrease anxiety. C. Panic disorder
- 78. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 79. •A condition that may develop after exposure to a terrifying event. •Symptoms include: ➢ flashbacks, ➢ nightmares, ➢ emotional numbness, ➢ guilt, ➢ sleeplessness, and ➢ problems concentrating. D. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- 80. ❑ Exaggerated worry and tension for no reason. People with GAD startle easily and have difficulty concentrating, relaxing, and sleeping. ❑ About 4 million adult Americans suffer from GAD during the course of a year. ❑ It most often begins in childhood or adolescence, but can begin in adulthood. ❑ It is more common in women than in men. E. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- 81. Categories of Mental Disorders • e.g. Psychosis Thinking or Cognition
- 82. Schizophrenia What is it? Signs/Symptoms Frightened, withdrawn, strange speech and behavior Hear voices, see people, believe people are trying to control their mind. “Split Mind”
- 83. Severe mental disorder characterized by losing touch with reality Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 84. Loses ability to distinguish fantasy from reality Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 85. Symptoms typically appear in adolescence or early adulthood.
- 86. More common among males than females (4:3) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 87. Hallucinations – hearing, seeing or feeling things that are not there Schizophrenia (Split Mind) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 88. Delusions – fixed false beliefs or suspicions that are firmly held even when there is no evidence to the contrary Schizophrenia (Split Mind) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 89. Abnormal behavior – strange appearance, self-neglect, incoherent speech, wandering aimlessly, mumbling or laughing to self 4-Schizophrenia (Split Mind) Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 90. People with schizophrenia are 2-2.5 times more likely to die early than the general population due to physical illnesses, such as CVDs, metabolic & infectious diseases Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 92. Two or more separate identities or personality traits Ability to control individual’s behavior and thinking Create alters to distance themselves from pain and trauma 6. Multiple Personality Disorder (Dissociative Identity Disorder)
- 93. Categories of Mental Disorders • e.g. Eating DisordersPhysical Functions
- 94. 7- Eating Disorders A psychological disorder characterized by disturbed patterns of eating and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight. Unrealistic thoughts about weight 1 in 20 teens suffer; 90% females. Influences of eating disorders ➢ Pleasing others ➢ Perfectionism ➢ Body Image ➢ Depression/Anxiety Eating disorders may come in the form Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Binge-Eating Disorder
- 95. Anorexia Nervosa A disorder in which Restriction of food intake leading to significantly low body weight 15% or more below their desired weight To be classified as anorexic, the patient must meet four specific criteria 1. Self-starvation – tremendous self-control to limit eating. 2. Has an intense fear of gaining weight 3. Has a distorted body image; feels fat when really extremely thin 4. Amenorrhea
- 96. Anorexia: health risk Dehydration Depression Impaired immune system Hair loss Fainting, fatigue, overall weakness Muscle loss and weakness Reduction in bone density, OP Hormonal changes, Amenorrhea Cold intolerance Heart failure (death)
- 97. Common Signs: Hair loss
- 98. Osteoporosis is common! (lack of calcium)
- 99. Cold Intolerance
- 100. B. Bulimia nervosa Bulimia is Recurrent episodes of Binging and purging Binge eating Eating an amount of food within any 2-hour period that is significantly larger than what most individuals would eat and a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode Purging ➢ Recurrent behaviors to prevent weight gain ➢ Self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, misuse of diuretics, fasting or excessive exercise
- 101. Bulimia: Symptoms Guilt Emotional ups and downs Frequent trips to the bathroom Staining of teeth Swelling of cheeks/jaw Fatigue
- 102. Eating an amount of food within any 2-hour period larger than what most people would eat and a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode Binge-eating episodes associated with: ➢ eating rapidly, ➢ eating until uncomfortably full, ➢ eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry, ➢ eating alone due to embarrassment over the amount of food eaten, or ➢ feeling depressed or guilty after the episode 102 C. Binge-Eating Disorder
- 103. Binge Eating Disorder Consequences of binge eating disorder include: Becoming overweight or obese Developing the health problems associated with obesity
- 104. Categories of Mental Disorders • e.g. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, • Substance Abuse Behavior
- 106. Problems paying attention, Can seriously impact ability to learn Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 107. Combination of problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 108. Three subtypes within the disorder is less known Dr. Eman M. Mortada Predominantly Inattentive Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Combined
- 109. 9- Conduct Disorder A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others are violated. Conduct Disorder Bullies/threatens/intimidates others Initiates physical fights Has used a weapon that can cause serious harm Physically cruel to people or animals Has stolen while confronting a victim; broken into someone’s home, building or car May lie to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligation Has forced someone into sexual activity
- 111. Children with this disorder are extremely unresponsive to others, uncommunicative, repetitive, and rigid Dr. Eman M. Mortada Symptoms appear early in life, before age 3 Around 80% of all cases appear in boys
- 112. The central feature of autism is the individual’s lack of responsiveness, and lack of interest in people Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 113. One common speech peculiarity is echolalia, the exact echoing of phrases spoken by others Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 114. Another is pronominal reversal, or confusion of pronouns Dr. Eman M. Mortada Parent: What are you doing, Johnny? Child: He's here. Parent: Are you having a good time? Child: He sure is.
- 115. A physical or psychological craving need for higher and higher doses of a substance that leads to bodily harm, social maladjustment, or economic hardship; dependence on a substance, habit, or behavior. 11- Addiction Will be displayed next week
- 116. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 117. 4 Risk Factor of Metal disorders Dr. Eman M.Mortada
- 118. Early Views of Mental Illness In ancient times, mental illness was usually explained through a supernatural model; the person was possessed or a sinner During the Middle Ages treatment methods were inhumane and cruel (trepanation)
- 119. So, What Are The CAUSES Of Mental Illness?? Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 120. The causes of mental illness are COMPLICATED Genetics Environment+ → Brain Disorder Dr. Eman M. Mortada Imbalance of brain chemicals.
- 121. The Medical Model Psychological disorders are similar to a physical illness. Diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. Psychological disorders can be diagnosed based on their symptoms and treated through therapy.
- 122. Mental illness vs physical illness – They are both painful and possibly dangerous to a person’s health – Many people need to recover using therapists and prescription drugs Public Opinion; mental illness seems to be a “hush hush” situation, people don’t want to discuss going to therapists for depression but will happily see a doctor for a broken arm Dr. Eman M. Mortada Similarities: Differences:
- 123. Bio-Psycho-Social Model Perspective of mental illness which assumes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders Psychologists typically emphasize internal processes Biologists focus on the role of physiological aspects of mental illness Sociologists do not discount biology and psychology in studying mental illness but they believe a social lens is critical to gaining the whole picture of mental illness
- 124. Risk Factors of Mental Disorders: Genetic predisposition: Genetics play an important role in determining vulnerability to most major psychiatric disorders Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 125. Life Cycle Approach Dr. Eman M. Mortada Risk Factors of Mental Disorders: Age:
- 126. Crucial points in Life cycle Prenatal period :Pregnancy is a stressful period for some women First 5 years of life :Roots of mental health are in early childhood. Broken homes are likely to produce behavior disorders in children. School child :Everything that happens in school affects mental health of child. Adolescence :The transition from childhood to manhood is often a stormy one and fraught with dangers to mental health manifested in form of mental ill health among the young. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Risk Factors of Mental Disorders: Age:
- 127. Many mental illnesses begin during childhood and persist into adolescence. Some of these include: ✓ Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ✓ Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) ✓ Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) BUT… some illnesses begin during adolescence., include: ✓ Major Depression (MD) ✓ Schizophrenia ✓ Bipolar Disorder (BD) ✓ Panic disorder ✓ Social Anxiety Disorder ✓ Eating Disorders ✓ Addictions Dr. Eman M. Mortada Risk Factors of Mental Disorders: Age:
- 128. ❑ Environmental toxins: lead in children→ MR or ↓ intelligence. ❑ Nutritional factors- deficiency of thiamine, iodine ❑ Homeless people: schizophrenia or substance abuse. ❑ Traumatic factor Environmental factors that cause ill mental health Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 129. Early psychological trauma & Life events Dr. Eman M. Mortada ➢ Domestic violence (victim or witness), ➢ Sexual abuse, ➢ Parental death, divorce, separation, ➢ Accident (including witness) ➢ Serious medical illness or disability ➢ Natural disaster
- 130. Social Factors Dr. Eman M. Mortada Technology Social media – exposure to harassment/bullying Exposure to violent images School Related Pressures Increased focus on scores Overall increases of time in school and doing homework “Time on Learning” focus
- 131. Social Factors Dr. Eman M. Mortada Parental Styles: Helicopter Parents Increased supervision and control Doesn’t allow for independence and skill development Contributes to child’s lack of internal locus of control
- 132. Remember: everyone in the classroom has a story that leads to misbehavior 9 times out of 10, the story behind the misbehavior wont make you angry. It will break your heart
- 133. Perspectives on Mental Illness Functionalism
- 134. Functionalist perspective, a mentally sick individual is not a productive member of society. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 135. Parsons argued that the best way to understand illness sociologically is to view it as a form of deviance that disturbs the social function of the society. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 136. Therefore this needs to be controlled, which is the role of the medical profession. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 137. People with MH conditions face discrimination even in health care settings; poor treatment by non-psychiatric professionals Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 139. Interactionist perspective – focus is on the social construction of mental illness Dr. Eman M. Mortada ▪How we define mental illness is a matter of dispute ▪People from different backgrounds interpret it differently
- 140. People with mental illness are treated irresponsibly and are denied access to normal activities Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 141. Stigma of mental illness Dr. Eman M. Mortada •It is a negative label used to identify a person with mental illness •Negative attitudes and beliefs that motivate society to fear, reject, avoid and discriminate against people with mental illness
- 142. Terms related to stigma Stereotype: Attitudes about a group of people, e.g. “All people with mental illness are dangerous.” Prejudice: Agreeing with the stereotypes, e.g. “I think people with mental illness are dangerous.” Discrimination: The behavior that results from prejudice, e.g. “I won’t be friends with or hire someone with a mental illness.”
- 143. Dr. Eman M. Mortada What are some of the negative things you have heard about people with mental illness?
- 144. People with mental illness are violent and dangerous. Dr. Eman M. Mortada In fact, they are far more likely to be the victims of violence than to be violent themselves.
- 145. People with mental illness are poor and/or less intelligent. Dr. Eman M. Mortada Many studies show that most mentally ill people have average or above- average intelligence.
- 146. Mental illness is caused by a personal weakness. It is an illness, and it has nothing to do with being weak or lacking will-power. Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 147. Although people with mental illness can play a big part in their own recovery, they did not choose to become ill, and they are not lazy because they cannot just "snap out of it." Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 148. • The prevalence of mental health disorders is inversely related to economic status Those who have the least resources in society are more likely to have a mental illness People who have more resources are properly cared for while those who are underprivileged are less likely to receive proper treatment Conflict Theory •Conflict perspective – focus is on how mental illness is associated with economic and social inequality in society
- 149. Gender inequality • Studies conflict as to whether women or men have higher rates of mental illness and about which groups suffers more social stress ?
- 150. Men have higher rates of: ❑ antisocial personality and ❑ paranoia, and ❑ substance abuse disorders Women have higher rates of certain illnesses ❑ Depression and ❑ Anxiety
- 151. WHY? The gender difference is because Socialization to Social Roles Women more likely to turn stress inward Men more likely to turn stress outward Women believed to be more socially connected and integrated so less likely to act out aggressively against others Men more vulnerable to “material loss” than women
- 152. Race, and Mental Health • Some research shows that African Americans are more prone to mental illness than European Americans and Latino Americans • These differences may be due to stresses associated with racism in society • The differences may also be due to the higher concentration of Blacks in poverty
- 153. Dr. Eman M. Mortada The Impact of Mental Disorders:
- 154. The Impact of Mental Disorders: Mental illness and poor mental health are public problems, they have great impact on: • Distressing symptoms. • Unable to participate in work and leisure. • Quality of life continues to be poor: stigma and discrimination. Individuals • Economic burden • Disruption of the house hold routine and • Restricted social activities. Family • Cost of providing care. • Loss of productivity. • Legal problems including violence. Community
- 155. Impact of Stigma Higher level of stigma and negative attitudes may lead to Discrimination Delay in mental health treatment seeking Present for treatment with more severe symptoms
- 156. 4 Solving the problem of Mental disorders Dr. Eman M.Mortada
- 157. Help the Silent Dr. Eman M. Mortada Eradicating the taboo aspect of getting mental assistance • Mental illness is still quite taboo in our society • It is considered normal to attend a therapist or doctor for a physical illness but embarrassing and usually secretive for mental illness Educating others about mental illness • Mental illness needs to have a different light so that people can get the help that they need
- 158. Much can be done Everyone can contribute to better mental health Dr. Eman M. Mortada
- 159. Assignment Choose one of the following topics a. Parenting styles and mental disorders b. Adolescence and mental disorders. c. Celebrities suffered from mental disorders d. How movies portrayed variety of mental problems e. Stigma of mental illness Prepare a presentation Due date for uploading the ppt on bb will be on TUESDAY. 11:30 AM