4.04.pptx
- 1. Brown v Board of Education Bettmann. “Brown V. Board of Education” LDF Legal Defense Fund, May 18, 1954, https://www.naacpldf.org/brown- vs-board/. December 30, 2022. "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1)." Oyez, www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483. Accessed 30 Dec. 2022. In a case known as Plessy v. Ferguson the separate but equal doctrine was established. It held that public facilities could be racially segregated as long as the facilities for black and white people were equal. Cases arising in Kansas, south Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, and Washington DC challenged this doctrine, claiming that African American students have been denied access to certain public schools based on their race, and that such actions violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment. Linda Brown was an African American girl who could not attend a less-crowded white school close to her home in Kansas due to the racial segregation laws, and the case filed by her parents was the one that consolidated all the cases in different states addressing the same concern. The supreme court held that “Separate but equal educational facilities for racial minorities is inherently unequal, violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment” (Oyez). This case advanced civil rights as it officially declared that racial segregation was unconstitutional, a major advancement in civil rights and racial equality.
- 2. Arizona Department of Corrections. “Mugshot of Ernesto Miranda” Thirteen Media Impact, March 13, 1963, https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_miranda.html. December 30, 2022. "Miranda v. Arizona." Oyez, www.oyez.org/cases/1965/759. Accessed 30 Dec. 2022. Ernesto Arturo Miranda was arrested because he was accused of kidnapping and raping a woman. During the interrogation he confessed to the crime and wrote a confession where he stated that he had full knowledge of his legal rights. Despite having written that he was not informed of his right to have an attorney present or his right to remain silent. This case consolidated four other cases in which defendants confessed after being interrogated without being informed of their fifth amendment rights. The court declared that “The Fifth Amendment requires that law enforcement officials advise suspects of their right to remain silent and to obtain an attorney during interrogations while in police custody” (Oyez). This was a major advancement in civil rights as it ensured that the fifth amendment was applied correctly so that even those who were not originally informed about their rights can get justice and have an attorney present to make sure that no injustices are done. This makes sure that people who are arrested are aware of their right to an attorney or their right to not self-incriminate by staying silent. Miranda V. Arizona
- 3. The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription. National Archives, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 4 December 2022, www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution- transcript. Macon, Ga. “Voter Registration” The New York Public Library, 1870 https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_mi randa.html. December 30, 2022. After slavery was outlawed by the 13th amendment and African Americans were granted citizenship by the 14th amendment many states still persisted with their attempts to grant African Americans less rights than white people. Reconstruction acts after the war called to allow black people to vote in Southern states. The acts, however, did not apply to the north and in 1868 11 of the 21 states in the North did not allow black people to vote, in addition to the majority of the border states. The fifteenth amendment stated that “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (“Constitution of the United States,” amendment 15, sec. 1). This was a major advancement when it comes to civil rights as it was one step towards equality by allowing black men to vote.
- 4. “19th amendment” League of Women Voters of Kent county, Delaware, 1919 https://my.lwv.org/delaware/kent-county-delaware/about-lwv/19th-amendment. December 30, 2022. The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription. National Archives, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 4 December 2022, www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript. Although the passage of the 15th amendment seems to imply that everyone had the right to vote by 1870, the amendment only applied to men, so that men of all races were allowed to vote but women were not guaranteed that right constitutionally. Beginning in the mid 19th century women started protesting through literature, assemblies, and lobbying in order to be allowed to vote. The amendment was introduced in 1878 and was ratified around 40 years later in 2020. The 19th amendment states that “The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex” (“Constitution of the United States,” amendment 19, sec. 1). This is a great advancement when it comes to civil rights as the passage of this amendment guarantees that all citizens of the United States are able to vote regardless of race or sex. Therefore, anyone above the legal age to vote would not be discriminated against based on such characteristics.